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Fish Biology and Fisheries of the Floodplain Rivers in the Alitash National Park, Northwestern Ethiopia by Alamrew Eyayu

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Fish Biology and Fisheries of the Floodplain Rivers in the Alitash National Park, Northwestern Ethiopia by Alamrew Eyayu FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES OF THE FLOODPLAIN RIVERS IN THE ALITASH NATIONAL PARK, NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA BY ALAMREW EYAYU GRADUATE PROGRAMS COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCES FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES STREAM A thesis submitted to the Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences) Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia May, 2019 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Alamrew Eyayu entitled “Fish biology and fisheries of the floodplain rivers in the Alitash National Park, northwestern Ethiopia", and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Stream) complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards regarding originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee: Examiner _______________________ Signature _______________ Date___________ Examiner _______________________ Signature _______________ Date___________ Advisor ________________________ Signature _______________ Date___________ ____________________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator ii Abstract Ethiopia is a landlocked country endowed with over 13637 km2 of standing water surface area and 8065 km river length arranged into 12 drainage basins and harbor unevenly diversified fish species of which about 20% are endemic. However, there is lack of a trust worthy quantitative ichthyofaunal accounts of these basins. Among the notable ones in the country, the Blue Nile and Tekeze-Atbara Basins span the northwestern parts of the country and are fed by many floodplain tributaries originating from the Ethiopian highlands. Except that of the Lake Tana sub-basin, the middle and lower reaches of the floodplains of the two basins generally lack an inclusive study on ichthyofaunal diversity, ecology, biology and fisheries. This study was thus undertaken to fill these gaps in some floodplain rivers in the Alitash National Park (ALNP) for management options. Fishes were sampled using gillnets (mono- and multi-filament) of different mesh sizes, cast nets, electro-fishing, traps and mosquito nets from six sampling sites of the three “temporary” rivers (Gelegu, Ayima and Shinfa Rivers) for two dry and two wet months (April 2015 to November 2016). Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed to examine habitat preferences of fishes. A static bioassay toxicity test was done to test the piscicidal efficacy of Balanites aegyptiaca on a pond experiment. A focus group discussion and structured interview were also employed to assess the fishing activities and socio-economic returns of the small scale fisheries in the ALNP area. Different statistical tools and methods were used to compute both biological and environmental data. From the total of 2719 specimens, 43 fish species with some new records of the two basins, included into 25 genera, 15 families and 6 orders were identified. A total of 11 species are new records of the present study. The Cyprinidae which constituted 10 species was the dominant family followed by Mormyridae, Alestidae and Mochokidae represented by 6, 5 and 4 species, respectively. Gelegu River was species rich and abundant. Based on frequency of individual occurrence (%FOi) in all assemblages, only 5 species fell in the category of “euconstant occurrence” or their FOi was >75%, while many species were laid in the “constants range of occurrence” (FOi=50.1-75%). About 77.5% of the total importance of relative index (IRI) was contributed by 12 species. In Ayima, Gelegu and Shinfa Rivers 16, 12 and 17 species had a significant contribution in relative abundance and accounted for 84.7, 85.9 and 95.3% of the total IRI, respectively. Among the group of physico-chemical and environmental variables; EC, site depth, secchi depth and river channel diameter were the key environmental factors determining fish community structure. Similarity percentage (SIMPER) produced an overall average Bray-Curtis dissimilarity of 60.8% between the fish communities of the three rivers and about 51.2% of this global average dissimilarity is accounted by 17 dominant fish species. As a result of fish species abundance and environmental variables association, the redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that eigenvalues of the first axis (λCC1 = 69.0%) and second axis (λCC2 = 24.0%), where CCA2 and CCA4 axes accounted for 79.7% and 96.5%, respectively of the species environmental relation. The final model accounted for 77.2% of the total variance in fish composition and all canonical axes were significant (Monte Carlo test 499, p = 0.002). Length-weight relationship, condition factor (CF) and feeding habits of five selected commercially important fish species with a total sample of 449 from the Ayima and Gelegu Rivers have been identified and examined. All species had a growth pattern of negative allometry to isometric and positive allometry, while only Labeobarbus bynni had a CF value greater than 1.0. All fish species consumed a large variety of prey, however only fish, macrophytes and iii detritus were the most important contributors to the dietary variation in predator fishes. Although, all fish species were a generalist feeder, some fishes also seemed to be specialist feeders for a particular prey category. A significant dietary overlap was calculated for three combinations and much higher in the combination made between Heterotis niloticus and L. bynni (α=0.91) from the Gelegu River. Ontogenetic and seasonal dietary variations were encountered on relative basis for a particular prey, not a complete shift from one prey to another. The fishing communities of the ALNP are using different piscicides for fishing; however B. aegyptiaca is a widely used and effective poisonous plant. A 96 h static toxicity bioassay in ponds was carried out to examine fish responses and to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of B. aegyptiaca stem bark aqueous extract on adults of Brycinus nurse, L. bynni and Labeobarbus intermedius. Experimental fish were exposed to piscicide extracts of 0.0 (control), 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, and 25.0 mgL-1. Fish exposed to these extracts except the control showed symptoms of toxicity. These responses were specific to species and level of concentration. The 96 h LC50 value for the different test fishes were 18.832, 20.720 and 20.724 mgL-1 for L. bynni, L. intermedius and B. nurse, respectively. Based on the present investigation, applying B. aegyptiaca extract causes lethal toxic effects on different fishes even at low concentrations and hence, indiscriminate use of the plant for fishing should be discouraged and regulated to protect fish biodiversity lose in the ALNP area. The riverine fisheries of the ALNP is small-scale only dominated by individual fishers who owned mono-filament and hook fishing that provided livelihood, income and employment to full-time, part-time and occasional fishers. The Amhara National Regional State should take a prime responsibility related to infrastructure organization, controlling and enforcing of poison fishing and handling the ethnic based conflict arising due to resource utilization for sustainable use and development of the fisheries in the ALNP. Key words/phrases: Alitash National Park, Blue Nile Basin, diversity, Ethiopia, feeding habit, floodplain rivers, identification key, LC50, Length-weight relationship, piscicide, poison fishing, socioeconomics, Tekeze-Atbara Basin. iv Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my father Ato Eyayu Zeleke, who passed away in 2000 who, attaining no formal education, led me to go to school in areas where my peers couldn’t get the chance. Let his soul rest in peace in heaven. I always miss you DAD! v Acknowledgements First and foremost, I am very much grateful to my advisor and research supervisor, Professor Abebe Getahun for the continuous support of my research, from the very inception through the entire process. This study would have not been realized without additional funds secured by Professor Abebe. Many thanks to the Quara Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Office (QWARDO) and staff of animal production department, for the permission to conduct this study. I am thankful to all those whom I worked with during the field work in the Ayima, Gelegu and Shinfa areas, especially officers of Quara Woreda Police Bureau for their support regarding security matters, Mr. Eyasu (community leader of Gumuz people) and Mr. Babaw for their kind help in organizing fishermen during the entire fieldworks. My special appreciation goes to the fishermen Mr. Ashagrie Fetene, Amanuel Babaw, Whabi Biyakoy, Medhane Ali, Awoke Belete and Baqaw Lakew who were with me during the very tough time. Special thanks are extending to Mr. Nigatu for his kind permission to dig ponds for piscicide study on his own private land at the river side of Gelegu. My families and friends from Gelegu: Mr. Eshetie Mulat, Mr. Deresse Adugna (Mayor of Gelegu town, former), Mr. Mekete Fenta, Mrs.Woletemichael Abebe who provide a lot of support during my stay and I felt Gelegu as home throughout the whole research expedition and I am obliged to acknowledge them. The MoE is acknowledged for the financial support through AAU and Debre Berhan University (DBU) (my home institute) and DBU granted me a study leave during the study period. The field cost of the first trip was covered by Prof. E Zhang from Chinese Academy of Sciences and I am thankful. The Middle Stone Age (MSA) research group covered the costs of one field trip at Shinfa River and I would like vi to acknowledge Prof. John Kappelman, leader of MSA research team. Words are too small to acknowledge my beloved wife, Yordanos Arage, for a heavy burden she shouldered in caring for our children alone while I was away for the study. I am very much grateful to my sons Nahom and Nathan for their great understanding while I am away for field studies. I am very much grateful to my colleagues Mr.
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