Spain Report
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Country Report Spain Tina Magazzini November 2019 This Country Report offers a detailed assessment of religious diversity and violent religious radicalisation in the above-named state. It is part of a series Covering 23 countries (listed below) on four continents. More basiC information about religious affiliation and state-religion relations in these states is available in our Country Profiles series. This report was produCed by GREASE, an EU-funded research project investigating religious diversity, seCularism and religiously inspired radiCalisation. Countries covered in this series: Albania, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Egypt, FranCe, Germany, Greece, Italy, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia, Morocco, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey and the United Kingdom. http://grease.eui.eu The GREASE projeCt has reCeived funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 770640 Spain Country Report GREASE The EU-Funded GREASE project looks to Asia for insights on governing religious diversity and preventing radicalisation. Involving researChers from Europe, North AfriCa, the Middle East, Asia and OCeania, GREASE is investigating how religious diversity is governed in over 20 Countries. Our work foCuses on Comparing norms, laws and praCtiCes that may (or may not) prove useful in preventing religious radiCalisation. Our researCh also sheds light on how different soCieties Cope with the Challenge of integrating religious minorities and migrants. The aim is to deepen our understanding of how religious diversity Can be governed suCCessfully, with an emphasis on countering radiCalisation trends. While exploring religious governanCe models in other parts of the world, GREASE also attempts to unravel the European paradox of religious radiCalisation despite growing seCularisation. We consider the claim that migrant integration in Europe has failed beCause seCond generation youth have beCome marginalised and radiCalised, with some turning to jihadist terrorism networks. The researchers aim to deliver innovative academiC thinking on seCularisation and radiCalisation while offering insights for governanCe of religious diversity. The projeCt is being coordinated by Professor Anna Triandafyllidou from The European University Institute (EUI) in Italy. Other consortium members include Professor Tariq Modood from The University of Bristol (UK); Dr. H. A. Hellyer from the Royal United ServiCes Institute (RUSI) (UK); Dr. Mila ManCheva from The Centre for the Study of DemoCraCy (Bulgaria); Dr. Egdunas Racius from Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania); Mr. Terry Martin from the research communications agenCy SPIA (Germany); Professor Mehdi Lahlou from Mohammed V University of Rabat (MoroCCo); Professor Haldun Gulalp of The Turkish EconomiC and SoCial Studies Foundation (Turkey); Professor Pradana Boy of Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang (Indonesia); Professor Zawawi Ibrahim of The StrategiC Information and Research Development Centre (Malaysia); Professor Gurpreet Mahajan of Jawaharlal Nehru University (India); and Professor MiChele Grossman of Deakin University (Melbourne, Australia). GREASE is scheduled for completion in 2022. For further information about the GREASE projeCt please contact: Professor Anna Triandafyllidou, [email protected] http://grease.eui.eu/ GREASE - Radicalisation, SeCularism and the GovernanCe of Religion: Bringing Together European and Asian Perspectives 2 Spain Country Report GREASE Contents RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY IN SPAIN: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND RADICALISATION CHALLENGES ........................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 4 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................... 4 MAIN TRENDS AND CHALLENGES ..................................................................................................................... 9 HISTORY AND CURRENT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: A MULTI-TIER SYSTEM .................. 10 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND CURRENT CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .................................................... 10 CURRENT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................... 13 VIOLENT RELIGIOUS RADICALISATION CASES AND RESPONSES .............................................. 18 TERRORIST ATTACKS, CIVIL SOCIETY AND POLICY RESPONSES .................................................................... 18 THE STRATEGIC PLAN AGAINST VIOLENT RADICALIZATION ....................................................................... 20 CONCLUDING REMARKS .......................................................................................................................... 22 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 24 3 Spain Country Report GREASE Religious diversity in Spain: socio-demographic context, institutional framework and radicalisation challenges Introduction In sCholarly researCh on religious diversity governanCe, the two models that are typiCally put forward when talking about European approaches to religiosity are France’s laicité or radiCal seCularism (CharaCterised by its refusal to aCknowledge and aCCommodate religious diversity in the publiC spaCe) and Britain’s moderate or ‘multiCulturalised seCuralism’ (Moodod 2018, p. 2). As this report aims at showing, Spain’s model—whiCh sits half-way between these two poles— offers a Compelling Case study for at least three reasons. Firstly, Spain constitutes one of Europe’s oldest states, yet one that has always been strongly CharaCterized by its multinational, multilinguistiC and multiCultural population. It has therefore struggled to reconcile centralization tendencies with the need to reCognise and aCCommodate multiple belongings and overlapping identities and loyalties within one politiCal unit. SeCondly, differently from Britain and FranCe, it is a Country of reCent immigration, whiCh has seen a rapid growth in its Muslim population over the past few deCades. Having been heavily hit by the 2008 eConomiC Crisis, Spain Can offer some pointers and insights to Eastern European states that are currently struggling both with a weaker eConomy than their Western neighbours, and with immigration as a new phenomenon to be managed. Thirdly, despite having witnessed Europe’s deadliest terrorist attack in Madrid in 2004 and another attaCk Claimed by ISIS in BarCelona in 2017, anti-Muslim sentiments have not found widespread representation in Spanish political parties. The general elections of 28 April 2019 saw a strong turnout in favour of the soCialist party, and while an extreme right-wing party entered parliament for the first time, it did so by foCusing on territorial and gender issues more than on religious or ethniC diversity. Bearing in mind these issues, the report is organised in the following manner: the first section provides a socio-demographiC Context and an overview of the most pressing challenges regarding religious diversity governanCe in Contemporary Spain. The seCond seCtion traCes the historiCal developments of ChurCh-State relations in Spain, in order to understand the Current Constitutional and institutional framework. Finally, the third section analyses how the threat of violent radicalisation linked to religious Claims has emerged, shifted and been addressed over the past years. Socio-demographic context Emerging from 40 years of diCtatorship in 1975, Spain developed plural liberal institutions and joined the European Union one decade later. In parallel to the juridical and politiCal Changes, over the past deCades the Country has also seen important soCiologiCal Changes in terms of the weakening of religion as a widely shared identity marker, new immigration fluxes arriving from outside the Country, and the demographiC Composition of its population. Regarding the role of religion in society, even though in line with art. 16.2 of the Constitution—whiCh postulates that no individual may be Compelled to answer 4 Spain Country Report GREASE questions regarding religion or religious beliefs— no religious affiliation indicator has ever been inCluded in the national Census, and therefore no offiCial Comprehensive data on religiosity exists, the public Spanish Center for Sociological Research (Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas, henceforth CIS) has been conducting periodic surveys whiCh include a question on religious self-identification1. The result of such surveys over the years provide a clear picture of the overall and ongoing process of secularization of Spanish society, even though the question on religiosity was dropped by the CIS for some years during the 1990s (during whiCh one Can assume that the trend remained the same, even though we unfortunately have no data). Table 1. Religious self-identification in Spain (1965-2019)2 Year CatholiCs (%) Other religions (%) Non-believers/ No answer (%) atheists (%) 1965 98 0 2 0 1975 88 0,2 2 4 1985 87 1 11 2 2000 83 2,5 13 1,5 2005 79 2 17 2 2006 77,3 1,7 19,4 1,6 2007 76,7 1,5 19,7 2,1 2008 77,4 1,6 19,3 1,7 2009 77,4 1,7 19 1,8 2010 76,4 1,5 20,2 1,9 2011 74,3 2,6 21,7 1,4 2012 72 2,8 23,3 1,9 2013 72,4