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Operation Vigilant Guardian En Militaire Openbare Ordehandhaving Doorgelicht: De Juridische Zin En Onzin Van Militairen Op Straat

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Operation Vigilant Guardian En Militaire Openbare Ordehandhaving Doorgelicht: De Juridische Zin En Onzin Van Militairen Op Straat OPERATION VIGILANT GUARDIAN EN MILITAIRE OPENBARE ORDEHANDHAVING DOORGELICHT: DE JURIDISCHE ZIN EN ONZIN VAN MILITAIREN OP STRAAT Aantal woorden: 48.626 Jens Claerman Studentennummer: 01203211 Promotor: Prof. dr. Jelle Janssens Copromotor: Prof. dr. Antoinette Verhage Masterproef voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad Master of Laws in de Rechten Academiejaar: 2017 – 2018 DANKWOORD Toen ik mijn opleiding in de rechten begon, had ik een duidelijk doel voor ogen. Waar velen hun passie in het recht gaandeweg ontdekken, lag mijn voorkeur reeds vanaf het begin bij het strafrecht. Dit heeft zonder twijfel alles te maken met mijn beoogde carrière als politieambtenaar. Ik vatte deze studies aan met de bedoeling om later mijn steentje te kunnen bijdragen tot de vorming van een veiligere maatschappij. Met trots kan ik zeggen dat mijn vastberadenheid nog geen enkel moment van verslapping heeft gekend. Dit zou zonder de steun en begeleiding van zij die reeds vanaf dag één aan mijn zijde stonden en zij die ik doorheen de jaren aan de universiteit heb leren kennen, nooit mogelijk zijn geweest. Ik wil dan ook gebruik maken van dit moment om deze personen te bedanken: In de eerste plaats ben ik mijn dankbaarheid verschuldigd aan mijn promotor Prof. dr. Jelle Janssens. Ik wens hem te bedanken om mij de mogelijkheid te bieden dit thesisonderwerp, dat zeer nauw aansluit bij mijn persoonlijke interesses, te mogen uitwerken. Onze aangename samenwerking heeft substantieel bijgedragen tot het resultaat van deze thesis. Daarnaast wens ik ook mijn copromotor Prof. dr. Antoinette Verhage te bedanken voor haar bijdrage in het beoordelen van deze thesis. Vervolgens wil ik mij richten tot mijn trouwste supporters: mijn familie. Dankjewel Pa, voor mijn interessegebieden vorm te geven en op die manier te hebben bijgedragen aan de conceptie van deze thesis. Dankjewel Ma, voor alle hulp gedurende mijn loopbaan aan de universiteit. Zonder jou zou geen woord hiervan op papier staan. Dankjewel Cédric, om zoals het een tweelingbroer beaamt, steeds te zorgen voor momenten van afleiding. Tot slot kan een eerbetoon aan mijn vrienden, die de afgelopen zes jaar hebben doen voorbijvliegen, niet ontbreken. Een speciale vermelding komt toe aan: Jan-Willem, voor de honderden uren aan hilariteit; Nicolas, mijn collega strafrechtsjurist en muziekliefhebber; en Heleen, mijn luisterend oor. Lochristi, 9 mei 2018 I II INHOUDSTAFEL Dankwoord .................................................................................................................................. I Inhoudstafel .............................................................................................................................. III 1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Onderzoeksvragen ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Onderzoeksmethode .................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Militaire ordehandhaving: terug van nooit weggeweest ....................................................... 6 2.1. De openbare orde en de handhaving ervan ................................................................................................. 6 2.1.1. Het begrip openbare orde ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2. De wijze waarop de openbare orde wordt gehandhaafd ..................................................................... 8 2.2. Een historiek van de Belgische (militaire) openbare ordehandhaving ....................................................... 11 2.2.1. De krijgsmacht ..................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2. De burgerwacht ................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.3. De rijkswacht ....................................................................................................................................... 15 2.3. De terugkeer van militaire ordehandhaving anno 2015 ............................................................................ 17 2.3.1. Aanleiding............................................................................................................................................ 19 2.3.2. Het verloop van Operatie Vigilant Guardian ....................................................................................... 21 2.4. Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 24 3. De juridische basis voor de inzet van de krijgsmacht .......................................................... 25 3.1. Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2. Inzet door de regering ................................................................................................................................ 26 3.2.1. Bevel over de krijgsmacht (art. 167, §1 van de Grondwet) ................................................................. 26 3.2.1.1. De Grondwet en de krijgsmacht in het algemeen ........................................................................ 26 3.2.1.2. Wie heeft het bevel over de krijgsmacht? ................................................................................... 27 (i) Prerogatief van de Koning? ............................................................................................................... 28 (ii) Delegatie van het bevel over de krijgsmacht? ................................................................................. 30 (iii) Bevel tot ordehandhavingsinzet ..................................................................................................... 33 3.2.2. Opdrachten van de krijgsmacht (de wet van 20 mei 1994 en het koninklijk besluit van 6 juli 1994) . 35 3.2.3. Artikel 151 van de programmawet van 2 augustus 2002.................................................................... 43 3.2.4. Het protocolakkoord van 13 maart 2015 ............................................................................................ 44 3.3. Opvordering door een overheid die niet het bevel over de krijgsmacht heeft.......................................... 47 3.3.1. Definitie en overheden die beschikken over een opvorderingsrecht ................................................. 47 3.3.2. Materiële voorwaarden voor opvordering ......................................................................................... 49 3.3.2.1. Uitzonderlijke omstandigheden ................................................................................................... 49 (i) Openbare orde sensu lato of openbare orde sensu stricto? ............................................................. 49 (ii) Preventieve vordering? .................................................................................................................... 51 III 3.3.2.2. Subsidiariteit ................................................................................................................................ 52 3.3.3. Formele voorwaarden voor opvordering ............................................................................................ 53 3.3.4. Gevolgen van de opvordering ............................................................................................................. 54 3.4. De staat van beleg ...................................................................................................................................... 54 4. Bevoegdheden van de krijgsmacht bij openbare ordehandhaving ..................................... 57 4.1. Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................... 57 4.2. Het gebruik van (dodelijk) geweld en vuurwapens .................................................................................... 58 4.2.1. Omschakeling naar een ander juridisch kader .................................................................................... 58 4.2.2. Het gebruik van geweld en vuurwapens in het kader van het EVRM ................................................. 58 4.2.3. Gebruik van geweld en vuurwapens door militairen in België ........................................................... 60 4.2.3.1. Regelgevend kader ....................................................................................................................... 60 (i) Wettige verdediging ......................................................................................................................... 60 (ii) De wet op het politieambt ............................................................................................................... 62 (iii) Rules of Engagement (ROE)............................................................................................................. 63 4.2.3.2. Militair geweld tijdens OVG ......................................................................................................... 64 4.3. De veiligheidsfouillering ............................................................................................................................
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