Peoples, Identities and Regions. Spain, Russia and the Challenges of the Multi-Ethnic State
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Institute Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy of Sciences Peoples, Identities and Regions. Spain, Russia and the Challenges of the Multi-Ethnic State Moscow 2015 ББК 63.5 УДК 394+312+316 P41 Peoples, Identities and Regions. Spain, Russia and the Challenges of the Multi-Ethnic State / P41 edited by Marina Martynova, David Peterson, Ro- man Ignatiev & Nerea Madariaga. Moscow: IEA RAS, 2015. – 377 p. ISBN 978-5-4211-0136-9 This book marks the beginning of a new phase in what we hope will be a fruitful collaboration between the Institute Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy of Science and the University of the Basque Country. Researchers from both Spain and Russia, representing a series of scientific schools each with its own methods and concepts – among them anthropologists, political scien- tists, historians and literary critics-, came to the decision to prepare a collective volume exploring a series of vital issues concerning state policy in complex societies, examining different identitarian characteristics, and reflecting on the difficulty of preserving regional cultures. Though the two countries clearly have their differences – political, economic and social –, we believe that the compar- ative methodology and the debates it leads to are valid and indeed important not just at a theoretical level, but also in practical terms. The decision to publish the volume in English is precisely to enable us to overcome any linguistic barriers there might be between Russian and Spanish academics, whilst simultaneously making these studies accessible to a much wider audience, since the realities be- hind many of the themes touched upon in this volume are relevant in many other parts of the globe beyond our two countries. ISBN 978-5-4211-0136-9 © Institute Ethnology and Anthropology RAS, 2015 CONTENTS Marina Martynova, David Peterson, Roman Ignatiev, Nerea Madariaga. Introduction: Spain, Russia and the chal- 5 lenges of the multiethnic state Iñaki Bazán. Greetings from the dean of the Faculty of Arts 10 of the University of the Basque Country Part 1: Ethnic policies in Spain and Russia Valery Tishkov. Understanding and governing diversity in 12 complex societies Aleksandr Kozhanovski. Parallels between the Spanish 38 and Russian post-imperial experiences Asier Blas. The Spanish state´s response to ethno-cultural 45 diversity in Spain Part 2: Euskal Herria and Basque identity within Spain David Peterson. Minorities in early medieval Rioja 66 Iñaki Bazán. The formation of the Basque institutional framework at the end of the Middle Ages and its historical 79 legacy Joseba Zuazo. Basque identity and the Enlightenment 93 during the 18th century Santiago de Pablo. Basque nationalism: from its origins to 101 the present Iñaki Moro. Recent transformations in the territorial model of the Basque Autonomous Community (Euskadi): 119 from polynuclear urban region to city region Aritz Irurtzun & Nerea Madariaga. Bilingualism and the 129 Basque language Virginia Díaz Gorriti. Immigrants and Euskera: strategies 151 of acculturation in the Basque Country Part 3: The challenges facing multi-ethnic Russia Alexandr Buganov. On Russian identity in history and mo- 164 dernity. Sergei Cheshko. The challenges of self-determination 174 Sergei Sokolovskiy. Indigenous identity and the construc- 191 tion of indigeneity in Russian political practice and law Elena Filippova. «Russia needs everyone»: observations on 209 the 2010 population census in the Russian Federation Marina Martynova. The language of school education in 239 the context of identity. The Russian experience Sergei Alymov. ‘Perestroika’ in the Russian provinces 256 Galina Komarova. Ethnic and confessional aspects of the 296 “Maiak” accident Elena Pivneva. Local government and the indigenous peo- 325 ples of Yugra: the experience of cooperation Irina Babich. Legal identity of the peoples of the North Caucasus as a key aspect of modern national and religious 333 identity Natalia Belova. Attitudes towards migrant workers in the 345 Kostroma region of the Russian Federation Part 4: Towards cultural interaction: Russia and the Basques Roman Ignatiev. The Russian tradition of Basque studies 353 Jon Kortazar. Basque literature translated into Russian 371 Marina Martynova, David Peterson, Roman Ignatiev, Nerea Madariaga. SPAIN, RUSSIA AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE MULTIETHNIC STATE Marina Martynova, David Peterson, Roman Ignatiev & Nerea Madariaga This book marks the beginning of a new phase in what we hope will be a fruitful collaboration between the Institute of Ethnolo- gy and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Science and the University of the Basque Country. Researchers from both Spain and Russia, representing a series of scientific schools each with its own methods and concepts – among them anthropologists, political scientists, historians and literary critics – came to the decision to prepare a collective volume exploring a series of vital issues con- cerning state policy in complex societies, examining different iden- titarian characteristics, and reflecting on the difficulty of preserv- ing regional cultures. Though the two countries clearly have their differences – political, economic and social –, we believe that the comparative methodology and the debates it leads to are valid and indeed important not just at a theoretical level, but also in practical terms. The decision to publish the volume in English is precisely to enable us to overcome any linguistic barriers there might be be- tween Russian and Spanish academics, whilst simultaneously mak- ing these studies accessible to a much wider audience, since the realities behind many of the themes touched upon in this volume are relevant in many other parts of the globe beyond our two countries. Our collaboration started in 2011 when, to commemorate the Dual Year Russia-Spain, the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences organised an International Con- gress with the title Pueblos, regiones y unidad de estado: España y Rusia / Народы, регионы и государственное единство: опыт Испании и России (Peoples, regions and state unity: Spain and Rus- sia). The papers published in this volume were first presented at either the conference itself in Moscow in September 29-30th or at a related event held in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) some weeks later (October 18th). The initiative for this joint venture came from the Russian Acad- emy of Sciences and its desire to explore the reality and future of the multi-ethnic state. However, rather than directly comparing Rus- 5 Spain, Russia and the challenges of the multi-ethnic state sian and Spanish approaches to the problem, it was decided to adopt an asymmetrical approach: on the one hand the view from Moscow of the challenges faced in one of the most multi-ethnic states in the world, and on the other hand the experiences of one of the ethnic mi- norities that has historically proved one of the greatest challenges to a unitary Spain, namely, the Basques. In both cases we are dealing with largely unresolved issues, and perhaps even unresolvable ones. Indeed, in the years between the orig- inal conference and this publication, that has become even more the case as recent events in Catalunya and Ukraine amply demonstrate. In this series of articles, different authors from different perspectives address how these issues, and indeed they are a plurality of issues, have been tackled in the past and might be addressed in the future. The volume is split into four sections, in the first of which (“Ethnic policies in Spain and Russia”) many of the themes tackled in more detail in subsequent papers are outlined. In a broad introduction to the multi-faceted reality of cultural diversity around the globe, Valery Tishkov touches on the range of themes and problems which makes this issue so complex, with special reference to ethnicity, linguistic diversity and xenophobia. Aleksandr Kozhanovski then sketches a series of striking historical parallels between Russia and Spain, above all their imperial past, their rather complex relationship with Europe and their democratic reinvention in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Indeed, this historical parallelism fed directly into the deci- sion to host the bipartite congress, regarding the Spanish experience -in both success and failure- as a possible model for Russian policy. This leads us to Asier Blas’s article outlining the Spanish Constitu- tion’s (1978) approach to the problem of ethnic diversity, the State of Autonomies, while also exploring the parallels with the Russian case. This paper immediately warns us that, viewed from within though at the same time from the periphery, the Spanish solution to the riddle of accommodating ethno-cultural diversity is far from perfect, while also introducing us to the diversity of the Spanish state. The second part of the volume (“Euskal Herria and Basque identity within Spain”) sees a change of approach. In a series of es- says which, while wide-ranging in themes and chronology, all focus on just one region of Spain: the Basque Country, also known as Eu- skadi. Going back to the Middle Ages, David Peterson shows how the Basques were fully integrated into the nascent Christian kingdoms, to the point of invisibility, and compares their situation to that of other 6 Marina Martynova, David Peterson, Roman Ignatiev, Nerea Madariaga. ethnic minorities such as Jews and Muslims, fewer in number but much more prominently legislated for in texts of the period. Iñaki Bazán then traces the emergence