Otostegia Persica (Lamiaceae): a Review on Its Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology
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Review Otostegia persica (Lamiaceae): A review on its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology Zahra Sadeghi 1, Maryam Akaberi *2, Jafar Valizadeh 3 1Agricultural Research Center, High Educational complex of Saravan, I. R. Iran 2Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I. R. Iran 3Department of Biology, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, I. R. Iran Article history: Abstract Received: Jun 6, 2013 Objective: The current study summarizes the updated information Received in revised form: Aug 20 , 2013 concerning the ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Accepted: Oct 21, 2013 pharmacology of Otostegia persica Boiss. (Lamiaceae), an endemic Vol. 4, No . 2, Mar -Apr 2014 , medicinal plant in south and southeast of Iran. 79-88 Materials and Methods: Information was collected through bibliographic investigation from scientific journals, books, theses, * Corresponding Author: reports, and electronic search (databases SCOPUS, Google Scholar, Tel: +989151254802 Web of Science, and Science Direct). Moreover, documentation from Fax: +985118823251 unpublished resources and ethnobotanical surveys has been used. The Akaberim911 @mums.ac.ir present review covers the literature available from 2003 to 2013. Results: In traditional systems of medicine, this plant is reputed for Keywords: treating diabetes, arthritis, gastric discomfort, headache, rheumatism, Otostegia sedative activities, regulating blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia. Pharmacology Phytochemistry Phytochemical screening of active components and mineral element Toxicity evaluation of this species have been reported. Several types of Therapeutics diterpenoids and flavonols including morin, kaempferol, and quercetin Traditional Medicine are identified from the plant. Most of the pharmacological activity of this plant resides in its flavonoid fraction which causes antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Various pharmacological studies on O. persica show antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti- diabetic, anti-aphid, and hepatoprotective activities. Conclusion: Being an endemic plant of Iran, this species is an important medicinal herb which can be used for various purposes. This review might be helpful for scientists and researchers to find new chemical entities responsible for its claimed traditional uses and discover new lead compounds for diseases mentioned. Please cite this paper as: Sadeghi Z, Akaberi M , Valizadeh J. Otostegia persica (Lamiaceae): A review on its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Avicenna J Phytomed , 2014; 4 ( 2): 79-88. AJP, Vol . 4, No. 2, Mar-Apr 2014 79 Sadeghi et al. Introduction Víctor Benavides, 2010). Otostegia genus Natural products have provided some of consists of about 33 species (Table 1) which the important life saving drugs used in the grows mainly in the Mediterranean region armamentarium of modern medicine. and adjoining Asia Minor (Khan et al., However, among estimated 250,000-400,000 2009). In Iran, only three species are plant species, only 6% have been studied for available, Otostegia aucheri, O. michauxi, biological activity and 15% have been and O. persica , of which the last two are investigated phytochemically. This shows the endemic to Iran (Ayatollahi et al., 2009). need for planned activity-guided Phyto- Otostegia persica is called "Golder" locally pharmacological evaluation of herbal drugs (Yassa et al., 2005) and occurs mostly in dry (Chaudhary et al., 2012). tropical and subtropical habitats of Iran. Lamiaceae family is one of the largest and This article aims to provide an overview most distinctive families of flowering plants of the chemical constituents present in O. with about 220 genera and almost 4000 persica and ethnobotanical and species worldwide (Naghibi et al., 2005; pharmacological actions of this plant. Table 1. Otostegia species Otostegia ambigens Otostegia kaiseri Otostegia olgae Otostegia arabica Otostegia kotschyi Otostegia persica Otostegia aucheri Otostegia limbata Otostegia repanda Otostegia benthamiana Otostegia ongipetiolata Otostegia scariosa Otostegia bucharica Otostegia megastegia Otostegia sinaitica Otostegia ellenbeckii Otostegia michauxii Otostegia somala Otostegia erlangeri Otostegia migiurtiana Otostegia steudneri Otostegia fruticosa Otostegia minuccii Otostegia schimperi Otostegia glabricalyx Otostegia modesta Otostegia tomentosa Otostegia schennikovii Otostegia hildebrandtii Otostegia moluccoides Scharasch Otostegia integrifolia Otostegia nikitinae Scharasch Otostegia sogdiana Kudr Morphological description (botanical upper lip (Figure 1) (Bezenjania et al., 2012; description ) Recshinger, 1982). O. persica is a spiny shrub plant with According to flora of Pakistan, O. persica about 1.5 m height and with rectangular is a shrub with dense glandular stems and woody stems. Its leaves are opposite on suborbicular-obovate, cuneate leaves which stems with short petiole and obovate blade have a prominent indumentum of glandular and covered with dense white hairs. Flowers hairs and numerous sessile oil globules. They have funnel-shaped calyx with longitudinal are creneate to dentate with spines which are ridges and bilabiate white corolla with hairy present in axils of lower and upper leaves. AJP, Vol. 4, No. 2, Mar-Apr 2014 80 A review on Otostegia persica Spiny bracts are horizontally spreading. are summarized in Table 3 and are as Calyx being densely pilose, is 10-nerved or follows: ribbed. Obovoid nutlets are rounded at apex and have oil globules with often only one Table 2. Taxonomic description of O. persica maturing. (Ghahraman, 1994; Gahraman, 1996; Nasir and Ali, 1879). Systematic classification O. persica Kingdom Plantae Phylum Magnoliphyta Class Magnoliopsida Subclass Asteriddea Order Lamiales Family Lamiaceae Genus Otostagia Species Otostegia persica Botanical name Otostegia persica Bois Figure 1. Otostegia persica. Related Synonym(s) Ballota persica (Burm. f.) Benth. Geographical distribution Moluccella persica Burm. f. Widely distributed in south and southeast Otostegia kotschyi Boiss. of Iran, O. persica Bioss. grows in Fars between Shiraz and Jahrum (southeast of Otostegia microphylla Boiss. Iran), Kerman, and Sistan & Baluchestan provinces (east region of Iran) (Yassa et al., Essential Oil 2005; Ghahraman, 1996). Life forms and Sharififar et al. (2007) analyzed the chorology of O. persica is Irano-Turanian essential oil of flowers and fruits of O. and phanerophyte, respectively (Ghanbarian persica . Alpha-pinene, 1-octen,3-ol cubenol et al., 2011). are the main constituents of the flowers, while diisooctyl phthalate, and Taxonomic Description hexadecanoic acid are the major Taxonomic description of the plant is components of the essential oil obtained listed in Table 2. from the fruits. Sadeghi et al also reported caryophyllene oxide, β-sinesal and β- Chemical Constituents caryophyllene as major constituents of this O. persica has a range of phytochemical species. In addition to caryophyllene oxide, compounds, of which only a few molecules Mahmoody identified verbenol in the are characterized, so complementary essential oil. (Mahmoody, 2007). Geraniol, investigations are needed to identify new eugenol, ceryl alcohol, and hentriacontane compounds in this species. Up to now, all are present in the essential oil isolated from investigations have been done on aerial parts O. persica by Ayatollahi et al. (Ayatollahi et of O. persica, for instance, Hajhashemi et al. al., 2007). (2004) reported the presence of flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and triterpenoids in O. Phenolics persica , but up to now all steroids and It has been shown that O. Persica contains triterpenoids are not fully reported in this flavonoids and tannins but it has no alkaloids plant. Some known components of the plant and saponins (Mahmoody et al., 2007). AJP, Vol. 4, No. 2, Mar-Apr 2014 81 Sadeghi et al. Some of the important constituents of O. Terpenoids persica are flavonoids and phenolic Diterpenoids are another type of compounds including morin, quercetin constituents which have been identified from (Shrififar et al., 2003), kaempferol, and the aerial parts of Otostegia persica . isovitexin (C-glucoflavone) as well as trans- Ayatollahi et al. (2007) showed that Cinnamic acid which were identified from dichloromethane extract of aerial parts of O. methanolic extract of O. persica by UV, IR, persica could be considered as a rich source 1H and 13 C NMR, and MS spectroscopies of different terpenoids. Triterpene-related (Figure 2) (Yassa et al., 2005). Caffeic acid, compounds such as β-amyrin, campesterol, ρ-hydroxy benzoic acid, β-sitosterol, and β- and stigmasterol are also characterized in this sitosteryl acetate were also identified in species (Figure 3). Four known diterpenoids methanolic extract of O. persica (Ayatollahi belonging to the clerodane and tetracyclic et al., 2007). diterpene types were isolated for the first Alone and in combination with similar time from O. persica . These compounds are phytosterols, β-sitosterol reduces blood levels known to occur only in genus Otostegia of cholesterol and is sometimes used in (Figure 4). treating hypercholesterolemia. β-sitosterol inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestine (Matsuoka et al., 2008). Table 3. Chemical constituents of O. persica Compounds Essential oil Phenolics Terpenoids Minerals alpha-pinene, 1-octen,3-ol cubenol, diisooctyl morin, quercetin, kaempferol, β-Amyrin, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, phthalate, hexadecanoic acid, Isovitexin, Trans-Cinnamic