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Linguae Vasconum Primitiae LINGUAE VASCONUM PRIMITIAE 1545-1995 Liburu hau Euskaltzaindiak argitaratua da, ondoko erakundeen lankidetza eta laguntzari esker: Este libro ha sido publicado por Euskaltzaindia, Real Academia de la Len­ gua Vasca, gracias a la colaboración y subvención de las siguientes entidades: Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea Universidad de Deusto / Deustuko Unibertsitatea Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa Traductores: Patxi Altuna (Prólogo y Texto) Xabier Kintana (Presentación) Translator: Mikel Morris Pagoeta (Prefaces and text) Traducteurs: René Lafon (Texte) Piarres Charritton (Prologue) Übersetzer: Johannes Kabatek (Text) Ludger Mees (Vorwort und Einleitung) Traduttore: Danilo Manera (Prologhi e testo) Koordinatzailea / Coordinador: Xabier Kintana Azala eta irudiak / Portada e ilustraciones: Fernando García Angulo Argazkiak / Fotografías: Teresa Lekunberri eta Xabier Kintana © Euskaltzaindia Plaza Barria, 15. 48005 BIl.Bü ISBN: 84-85479-78-5 l.egezko Gordailua: BI-2728-95 Fotokonposaketa: IKUR, S.A. Cuevas de Ekain, 3, 1" - 48005 BIl.BAO Inprirnatzailea: RüNTEGl, SAL Grafikagintza Avda. Ribera de Erandio, 5 . 48950 ERANDlO (Bizkaia) LINGUAE VASCONUM PRIMITIAE Bemard Etxepare REAL ACADEMIA DE LA LENGUA VASCA EUSKALTZAINDIA Aurkibidea / Indice / Index / Index / Inhalt / Indice Euskara Aurkezpena . 11 Hitzaurrea 13 Faksimilea 19 Testua .. 77 Español Presentación.............................. 125 Prólogo 127 Texto 135 English Foreword . 181 Preface . 183 Text . 191 Francais Avant-propos ...... 239 Préface .. ... 241 Remarques . 249 Texte . 251 Deutsch Vorwort . 299 Einleitung 301 Text ..... 309 Italiano Presentazione 357 Prologo . 359 Testo . 367 7 LINGUAE VASCONUM PRIMITIAE Euskaldunen hizkuntzaren hasikinak Lehen euskal liburu inprimatua 1545 AURKEZPENA Lau mende eta erdi iragan dira. Etxepareren orduko ametsa: euskara «scriba dayteien lengoage bat», hots, ahozko mintzairatik igan dadin min­ tzaira idatzira, «nola berce oroc baitute scribatzen bervan». Bernard Lehete Erregeren abokatu jaunari igortzen dizkio koplak «irn­ primi erazi dicacun eta cure escutic oroc dugun ioya ederra imprimituric heuscara arana lean eztena ...» Orduz gero mintzaira idatzia jalgi daiteke Etxepareren oihu famatuari jarraikiz: kanpora..., plazara..., mundura..., mundu guzira... eta azkenik munduko mintzaira idatzien arteko dantzara. «Kontrapas» delakoaren oihuak badauka «Seutrela»-n bere oihartzu­ na, manu gisa emana: «Heuscaldun den gui~on oroc alcha beca buruva». Laurehun eta berrogeita hamar urteren buruan hauxe da daukagun hizkuntzarekiko ametsa: gal beza ahalkea eta beldurra, izan dadila, idazle­ ei esker, ausart, entregu, bitore eta beste hizkuntzak bezain aberats eta konplitu. Idazle izanik ala ez, beldurrik gabe, orain ere «euskaldun den gizon orok altxa beza burua». Jean HARITSCHELHAR Euskaltzainburua 1995.eko apirilean 11 HITZAURREA «En realidad, el parentesco de la obra de Dechepare con la poesía popular -en espíritu, lenguaje y versificación- salta a la vista» 1. Ezagutzen dugun lehen euskal liburu inprimatua Bernard Etxeparek argitara zueneko 450. urteurrena - «Linquse Vasconum Primitiee», 1545. Bordele - hain urte bana-banakoa eta garrantzitsua da euskal hizkuntza­ ren eta kulturaren historian, non gure Erakundeen, Unibertsitateen eta kultur elkarteen begien aurrean ezin igaro baitzitekeen hauek omenaldi on bat haren gogoangarrian eskaini gabe; eta egin zitekeen omenaldirik onena haren liburuaren edizio faksimile bat prestatzea zela pentsatu zen, testua mendebaldean gaur egun zabalduenak diren bospasei hizkuntzata­ ra itzulirik, hala poetaren gogoa burutan ateratzeko: «zeren ladin publika mundu guzietara berze lengoajiak bezala hain eskribatzeko on dela 2». Bereiz dabiltza beren iritzietan Literatur Historiako adituak gure poeta­ ri hor zor zaion lekua seinalatzeko orduan. Mitxelena «Rsbelais euskaldu­ na» deitu zutenekin ez ezik, Berpizkundeko gizontzat hartu zutenekin ere ez dator bat, inprentaganako sentitu zuen lehia gartsuan bakarrik omen delako garai horretakoa. Bat dator, aldiz, horren eta Hítako Artziprestea­ ren arteko antza aspaldidanik ikusi izan dutenekin, eta honen pasarterik hoberenak bezain ontzat dauzka gure poetaren batzuk 3. Jon Juaristik be­ re aldetik «hombre de transición entre la cultura medieval y la renacentis­ ta» deitzen du 4. Berriki agirian jarri du norbaitek gure poetak izan zezakeen harremana Clément Marot (1497-1544), Frantziako poeta handi, Nafarroako erregina Margaritaren hautuarekin. Biak ziren erregeren abokatu Bernard Lehete­ ren adiskide eta biak haren eskutik mesede hartzaile: Etxeparek liburua argitaratzeko, Marot-ek kenka eta estualdi larriren batean bizirik ateratze- 1 MICHELENA, Luis, Historia de la Literatura Vasca, Madrid, Ed. Minotauro, 1960, 47. oro 2 Ikus liburuaren hitzaurrea. 3 MICHELENA, Luis, op. cit., pág. 46. 4 JUARISTI, Jan, Literatura Vasca, Madrid, Ed.Taurus, 1987, 33. oro 13 ko. Ez da, bada, harritzeko Etxeparek haren obra ezagutzea bien adiskide Leheteren bidez. 8ereiz dabiltza halaber kritikoak Etxepareren obra poesia aldetik ba­ lioztateko orduan. Julio Urkixok eta, batez ere, Schuchardtek zinezko poe­ tak behar dituen dohainetatik urrun ikusten duten bitartean, Gil Reicher andrea eta Mitxelena arras beste iritziko dira. Lehenaren hitzak dira hauek: «Ces poésies sont empreintes d'un Iyrisme, d'une passion, d'une force, que I'eskuara retrouvera rarement. Et je ne crois pas que ce soit un paradoxe de dire que notre premier poéte basque est peut-étre le plus grand 5». Mitxelenak bere aldetik, poeta izatea ez dela poesi mota honetaz edo hartaz baliatzea esan ondoren eta edozein hautaturik ere igo egin behar dela, «nork eta non ez dakigula ezarria dagoen maila batera igo», eta aldapa hori garaitzen ez duenak poetaren izena ez duela merezi, hau gaineratu zuen: «Nik uste dut, eta zenbat ere gehiago irakurtzen dudan are sendoago uste dut, gure Etxepare igo zela, zegokion neurrian eta begiz jo zuen bidez, diodan maila horretara eta iritzi hori berori dute oraingo gehienek 6». Donibane Garazin edo inguruan sorturik, bere euskalki sortaldeko be­ henafarreraz baliatu zen; herri xeheak erabiltzen zuen bezalaxe baliatu, ordea, fonetikako bere berezitasunak ere euskara batuaren faboretan ez bada, euskara xahutuarenean bederen batere ukitu gabe. «Tampoco pue­ de olvidarse», idatzi zuen Mitxelenak, «el carácter popular, natural por así decirlo, de la lengua de Dechepare 7». Haren liburuko kantu guziak lau zatitan banatu ohi dira bere gaiaren arabera: erlijiozko bi, amodiozko hamar, libertatea goratzen duen bat eta euskara goraipatzeko bi azkenak. Zenbaitek Lafonekin uste dute izan zela agian lehenago beste edizio koskorrago bat, erabat galdua; hori pentsa­ razten baitu beste zantzu gehiagoren artean kantu multzo baten eta beste­ aren grafia ezberdinak, garai diferenteagatik baizik ezin izan daitekeenak. Dudarik ez duen puntua da izan zela geroago beste edizio bat, 1967. urte­ az gero bakarrik ezagutzen duguna, orduan baitzuen Pierre Lafittek argita­ ra eman Arnaut Oihenarteren gutun bat (1665), ordu arte ezezaguna zena, eta han mintzo baita Zuberoako poeta ehun urte geroago-edo Erroanen azalduriko bigarren edizio, «meis fort incorrecte», batez 8. 5 GIL REICHER, G., Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port en Navarre, Bordeaux, Ed. Delmas, 1938, 65. oro 6 MITXELENA, Koldo, «Sarrera gisall, Mitxelenaren Euskal Idazlan Guztiak V, 25. zb., Do­ nostia, Euskal Editoreen Elkartea, 1988, 28. oro 7 MITXELENA, Koldo, «Próloqo» a Versificación de Dechepare: métrica y pronunciación de Patxi Altuna, Bilbao, Ed. Mensajero, 1979,9. oro B OIHENART, Arnaud, «L'Art Poétique Basque», in Gure Herria, Baiona, 1967,227. oro 14 Liburuak ez dirudi hedadura handia izan zuenik, ikusirik batetik ale bakarra heldu zaigula mirakuloski, hori gabe ez baikenuen Etxepareren obra ezagutuko, eta bestetik ez zutela haren berri izan geroko zenbait idazlek, hala nola Pouvreauk, bai ordea Oihenartek, gainera lehen edi­ zioaz ez ezik bigarrenaz, esan dugun bezala, bai eta Isastik (1625) ere; honen «Compendio» delakoa, ordea, ez baitzen 1850. urte arte argitaratu, lekukotasun hori ez zen barreiatu. Harritzekoago da Larramendik ez eza­ gutzea, bere Hiztegiko (1745) hitzaurreari sinesten badiogu, zeren han sar­ tzen duen bera baino lehenagoko euskal idazleen zerrendan ez baitu ai­ patzen, eta Joanes Leizarraga baitauka ahoan XX. kapitulu osoan 9, aurrekoan berak ezagutu omen dituen dozena bat euskal liburu inprima­ turen izenak, Etxeparerena ez ordea, eman ondoren. Hainbatez harriga­ rriago da isiltze hori, zenbatez orduan Azkoitiko mediku zen Sarako Etxe­ berrik izan baitzuen nahi adina parada Loiolako jesuitari hori jakinarazteko. Ala Sarakoak ere ez zekien Etxepare izan zenik? Hasierako hedadura txikia izan bazen, ezin daiteke gauza bera esan hurrengo mendeetan izan zuenaz, 1847an Francisque Michelek Brunet jauna mezutu zuenetik Parisko Biblioteka Nazionalean bazela euskal libu­ ru zahar bat, inondik ere ezagutaraztea merezi zuena. «Acres de I'Acadé­ mie Royale des Sciences» izeneko agerkarian ikusi zuen argia Jean B. Archuren itzulpen frantsesarekin. Hau ere hutsegitez josia, Vinsoni sinetsi behar badiogu, zein horrexegatik lehiatu baitzen edizio berri bat egitera Hovelacque-ren laguntzarekin; errakuntzarik gabe izatea erdietsi gabe, or­ dea, nahiz biziki nahi izan zuen izan zedin «ebsolument conforme a la pretniére de 1545». Etxepareren obra aztertuz orduarte egina zen lan guziaren gaindik na­ barmentzea merezi du hizkuntzalari aleman Victor Stempf-en
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