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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19605-5 - Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine Brent D. Shaw Index More information

Index

Abelonians, Abeloˆım 310–11, 431, 433 army 20, 165–67, 189, 191, 497–98, 712, 787, Abitina (Avitina) 69–73, 102, 136–37, 592, 798, 799 595–96, 678, 756–57 auxiliaries 33 Abundantius, priest 391 crisis of 347 495 adultery and adulterers 86, 93, 95, 97, 139, 323, Flavius Nubel’s units 39 329, 338, 339, 495 recruiting 32 Aelianus (governor) 435 veterans 400 Alexandria 164 Arrius Antoninus (governor) 765 Alypius, bishop of Thagaste 11, 32, 387, 403, ass 270 468, 519, 573, 580 Assuras 133, 686, 706–07 Ambrose, bishop of Milan 201–03, 385, 619, astrology/astrologers 210 627, 738, 758 Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius martyrs Prostasius and Gervasius 619 Berecynthia, songs of 442 Milan, 386–87, 460–66, 731 Caelicolarians and 277 Ammaedara 591, 595–96 (Great Persecution) Caesarea, journey to 10 Ammianus Marcellinus 16, 17, 40 Carthage Conference of 411 559, 560, 566, amphitheater 21, 243, 266, 414, 423, 456–57 571, 582–83 see also “gladiators” Catholic strategy, new of 390s 141 amputation 127, 437, 532, 705, 707 circumcellion “attack” 522–24 fingers and hands 43, 532, 683, 686, 687 co-adjutor bishop 380 tongue 532, 686–88 death 805 ancestors 19, 23, 67, 79, 100, 207, 485 diocesan economics 371–74 animalization 3. 71 303, 332, 425 election as bishop 108, 385, 388–90 ants 413 Macedonius, dealings with 504 circumcellions as herds 649, 657–58, Madauros riot and 234–35 696 Manichees and 271, 331 see also “ass,” “dog,” “dove,” “lion,” “raven,” manners, policing of 382–84 and “swine” martyr, definition of 607, 612–14 flies 334–35 Monnica, his mother 732 frogs 333–35 Nabor poem 624–25 maggots 437 Nectarius of Calama 252 Antichrist 30, 67, 73, 97, 324, 494, 597–98 sermons 416–17 Antoninus, bishop of Fussala 373, 396–04 song competition, wins 477 Anullinus, C. Annius (governor) 69, 208, 503, suicide, definition of 727–28, 769 592–94, 596, 678, 755, 757 women and 392 Apiarius affair 404–07 Adversus Iudaeos 271, 281 Apringius (governor) 60, 503–04, 584, 627 Breviculus Conlationis 585, 669 (and Augustine) 715 Confessiones 25, 271, 322, 464–65, 732 Apuleius 25, 244, 510 Contra Cresconium 521, 672, 754 Arian Christians 157, 280, 313–14, 461–66, 482, Contra Donatistas liber 434 687, 769, 802 Contra epistulam Parmeniani 671, 715

901

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19605-5 - Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine Brent D. Shaw Index More information

902 Index

Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius (cont.) primate as Old Man 362–63 De Baptismo 103 ranking 356–57, 365–66 De Beata Vita 722–23 recruits, shortage of 358 De Civitate Dei 210–57, 274, 559, 727–28, shepherd, as 334, 349–50, 405, 408, 733 734 blindness/blinding 485 De Doctrina Christiana 13, 16, 18–19, 483 blinding 563, 667, 669, 705 De Genesi contra Manichaeos 478 “Donatist” 297, 302 De Haeresibus 268, 310, 719 Jews and 292, 685 De Mendacio 725 significance of 683–86 De Patientia 729 Bonifatius, Count of Africa 51, 242, 532, 673, Enchiridion 523 695, 740, 763, 772–73, 781 Gesta cum Emerito 511, 655 Bonifatius, pope 402, 405 Psalmus contra partem Donati 81, 100, Bonitatus, priest at Hippo 395–96 474–89, 663, 711, 802 “bribes” and kickbacks 29, 519 Retractationes 736 brothers, brotherhood 16, 17, 37, 41–44, 47, Aurelius, bishop of Carthage 128–30, 371, 63–64, 76, 115, 126, 148, 273 375–76, 388, 393, 467, 549 Cain and Abel 63–64, 123, 298, 438 Aurelius, Primate of Numidia 401–03 false 323, 438, 546, 547 avoidance, ritual 343, 413 Jacob and Esau 438, 665 Axido and Fasir Appendix C, 168, 697, 773, 781 siblings 351, 489 Budarius 266–67 Baga¨ı 126, 147 see also “insult, buda” massacre of 347 164–67, 641, 787 bulls 20, 246, 266, 330 Maximianus episode 442–43, 527–29 see also “Conferences, Church” and Caecilian(us), bishop of Carthage 62, 67, 74, “Maximianus, bishop of Baga¨ı” 188, 192, 435, 605 Bagaudae 632 Caelestis 234 bandits and banditry 212, 774 Caelicolae 277–79 imagery of 29, 156, 175, 457, 471, 613, 649, Caesarea 10–19, 42, 228, 265, 340, 680 654, 680, 701, 710, 716, 781 see also “Marciana, martyr” baptism 64, 102–03, 280 Calama 251 rebaptism 93, 346, 370, 578, 651, 698, 703 bishop of Calama,” and “riot, Calama” Rebaptizers 186, 315, 346, 483, 493, 526, 551 riot, 408 389–90, 513 “barbarians” 11, 33, 43, 702 see also “Crispinus, bishop of Calama,” beatings 252, 442–43, 677, 774–75 “Megalius, see also “clubs, wooden” Camus, Albert 721–22 betrayal chapter 2 passim, 44, 147, 282, 339, 375, Carcopino, Jer´ omeˆ 68 392, 405, 408, 480, 578, 584 Carmen contra paganos 461 basilica, handing over 462, 731 see also “Damasus” see also “Judas” and “traditores” Carthage bishops chapter 8 passim, 104–05 Berecynthia festival 442 bad bishops 359–60 Caelestis temple 234–35 business affairs and wealth 369–71 Gamart cemetery 261 courts and judicial powers 504 gangs at 24–25 definition of 348–49 Gargilian Baths 544 duties 349–50, 733 Gaudentius and Jovius 227 elections 28, 108–09, 363, 380, 382–84, martyrs and 610 452 persecution of 347 173–78 father figure 350–52 popularity and officials 448 intermediaries 43 riot (of 401) 50, 230 landowners 357–58 caterva 18–24 leaders of violence 229, 380–84, 786 (Caesarea) 565–67, 657, 666 numbers Appendix A, 354, 569–72 Catullinus, Aco (governor) 797 as patron 353 Cebarsussi see “Conference, Church Cebarsussi” persecution and 592, 615, 786 Celestinus, pope 397, 406

Index 903

chants and chanting chapter 10 passim, 137, 177, Leontius 499, 778–79, 798, 799 183, 216, 228, 231, 270, 288–89, 355, 379, see also “Bonifatius,” “Gildo,” and 385, 386, 732 “Heraclian” Artemis (Ephesus) 448 Commodian 268, 480, 482 Deo Laudes 469–72, 481, 695, 697, 748, 783 Conferences, Church municipal worthy 202 Baga¨ı, dissident (394) 125–30 Punic 431 Carthage, Catholic (256) 97, 356, 363 charioteers see “circus” Carthage, Catholic (348) Appendix E circumcellions, chapters 14 and 15 passim 46, 377–79, 391, 616, 740, 755, 760, 762 48, 58, 161, 173, 242, 243, 333–35, 337, Carthage, Catholic (390) 514 424, 471, 486, 549, 550, 584, 782 Carthage, dissident (391) 112 agonistici,as 628, 635–36, 656, 695, 783, Carthage, dissident (393) 122 794–95 Carthage, Catholic (397) 376, 377 Augustine, “attack” on 524 Carthage, Catholic (399) 547 Baga¨ı massacre 165–67 Carthage, Catholic (401) 230, 358, 378, 394, drunkenness and 659–64 547 Firmus and 56–57 Carthage, Catholic (403) 32, 141, 142, 547 harvest workers, as 638–41, 676 Carthage, Catholic (404) 130, 550 historiography Appendix F Carthage, Catholic (407) 356–57, 551, 552 intimidation 699–700 Carthage, Catholic (408) 552 leadership 94, 381, 668–70 Carthage, combined (411)chapter12 legislation on 643–45 passim 67, 146, 185, 360, 365, 542–43, Madauros attacks 237, 240 569–72 monks and 659 (numbers of bishops at) 715 Optatus of Thamugadi and 134 Carthage, Catholic (418) 405 policing functions 698 Carthage, Catholic (419) 406 Possidius and 513 Carthage, Catholic (425) 406 protectors 708 Carthage, Catholic (535) 268 Punic speakers 432 Cebarsussi, dissident (393) 113–18 Restitutus, attack on 530 Cirta (306) 77, 91, 123 term, meaning of 634 Elvira 310, 324, 682 threat, constructed 142–44 Hippo Regius, Catholic (393) 351, 377, 475, women as 651 551, 616 circus and charioteers 14, 21, 24, 219, 423, 451, Milevis, Catholic (402) 395, 708 457, 604, 625 Nicaea (325) 391, 406 Cirta/Constantina 75–77, 159 Serdica (343) 163, 355, 385, 391, 406 Constantine and 540 Theveste, dissident (363) 154 ﬁst ﬁghters 21 confessions, public 339–42 Jewish community 263 Constans, emperor 164, 435, 490, 492 Juvenes 246 Constantina see “Cirta/Constantina” Manichaean accusations 322 Constantine I, emperor 160, 345, 435, 491–92, Silvanus’ election 452 540, 797 see also “Silvanus, bishop of Cirta,” “Petilian, Constantius, emperor 435, 459 bishop of Constantina,” and Constantinople 268 “Conferences, Church Cirta” gangs and factions 25 cleansing, ritual 172–73, 693–94 millenarian fright 216 see also “pollution” contagion see “disease” Clement of Alexandria 628, 745, 761 conversion clergy, Christian rights and exemptions 196, betrayal, seen as 85, 339 197 coerced 206, 344–45, 370, 437, 473, 698 see also “bishops,” “deacons,” and priests Judaism, to 269 clubs, wooden 23, 57, 61, 178, 181, 442–43, 457, Manichaean 340 459, 487, 528, 530, 696 reasons for 90 circumcellion weapon 638, 664, 677, 794–95 Cora, Dathan and Abiron 127, 129–30, 426 Comes Africae 36–37, 46, 188 Count of Africa see “Comes Africae”

904 Index

court, imperial 37, 42–44, 47–48, 312, 497–98, bishops of 97 507, 547, 800 Catholics, sons of 190, 546 lobbying of 255–59, 276, 279, 474, 517, 546 “Donatists” and 485, 761 see also “lobbying” heresy and 323, 541 courts, civil 63, 91, 104, 118–22, 130, 131, 152, 189, Jews and 286, 290, 293, 470, 472 204, 257, 285, 342, 379, 508–09, 603, 682 Liar, the Great 323 assizes 647 persecution and 150, 598 imagery 483–84, 488–89, 785 Seducer, the Great 323 judicial culture 510 state and 314 Cresconius, bishop of Villaregensis 377–78, 520 suicide and 749, 752, 761 Cresconius, grammarian of Constantina 85, 135, swine of Gadara 748 672, 716, 754 Diocletian, emperor 318–19, 340 Crispina, martyr 606 see also “Persecution, Great” Crispinus, bishop of Calama 370, 427, 513, disease 97, 100, 127, 276, 319, 437 647–48 see also “pollution” circumcellions and 525–27, 534–35, 716 dogs 137 cruciﬁxion 208 (necklacing) 138 curses 269 (symbolism) 156–57, 274, 303, 332, 335–36, Cyprian, bishop of Carthage 102–03, 268, 356, 425, 691–92 371, 391, 439–40, 590, 606, 609, 736 “Donatists” anti-Jewish tradition 268 deﬁnition 276, 344, 346, 562–64 canonical works 420 imperial measures against 164, 275–76, 280, feast day and mensa 446, 467, 470, 472, 748, 535–37, 552–53, 643–45 761 Donatus, bishop of Baga¨ı 165–68, 179, 187, 641, martyr, as 612, 748, 749 759, 767 pseudo-Cyprian 69 Donatus, bishop of Carthage 163, 187, 295, 344, 346, 486, 490, 563, 761 Damasus, pope 459–61 (and the Devil) see also “Carmen contra paganos” Donatus, priest of Mutugenna 767–68 dancing 23, 61, 137, 222, 223, 254, 451, 467, 661 (attack on) Day of Judgment 185, 207, 272, 438, 580, dove 276 602–03, 766 drowning 178, 751 Day of the Torches 21, 221, 425 self-drowning 159, 160, 696, 732, 735–36 deacons/subdeacons 82, 154 drunkenness 57, 173, 374, 468, 648, 653, crossovers 86, 93 659–64, 750 Manichaean subdeacon 342 Dulcitius, tribunus et notarius 505–06, 523, 532, Maximianist dispute 110, 111, 116 741 Nundinarius, deacon at Cirta 75–76, 91–92 Durkheim, Emile 722–23 Quodvultdeus at Carthage 227 Silvanus, subdeacon at Cirta 76 Easter 84, 158, 286, 288, 731 status and rank 355, 358 elders Timothy, subdeacon at Hippo 394–95 church elders 110–12, 115–17, 120, 133, 160, debates, public 317, 342, 420–21 362–65, 452 debt crisis 168, 696, 781 village administrators 548, 556, 717 debt servitude 781–82 Emeritus, bishop of Caesarea 11–12, 16, 85, 126, demons 21, 24, 56, 209–10, 222, 227, 242, 299, 672 423, 740, 748 Epigonius, bishop of Bulla Regia Jews possessed by 286, 293 376–77 destruction, ritual altars 171, 173 Ephraem of Edessa see “hymns” chalices 172 Epiphanius 308–09 Deuterius, bishop of Caesarea 27, 341 Eraclius, bishop of Hippo Regius 373, 380, Devil 25, 67, 72, 78, 97, 98, 174, 188, 222, 223, 453–55 299, 332, 336, 378, 440, 451, 596, 602, Eversores see “gangs” 605, 608, 616, 636, 685, 698, 740, 743, Evodius, bishop of Uzalis 388, 437, 518, 537, 550, 744 618

Index 905

excrement 123, 128, 274, 338, 339, 529, Gennadius of Massilia 481 745 Gildo, Count of Africa 42, 46–50 sewers 112, 117, 228 “Gildonians” 57–60 exile 147–48, 151–52, 177 gladiators 20, 160, 202, 243, 266, 385, 459, 613, exorcists 117 626 the venator Olympius 625, 775 family Gordianus, M. Antonius (emperor) 35 Abeloˆım 310–11 governors, provincial 445, 499, 548, 552, 643, Antoninus of Fussala 355 765 bishop as head of 350–52 assizes 593, 643 circumcellions and 652 imagery, church as 63, 487 Habetdeum, bishop of Arusuliana 68, 146, 574, martyrs and 609 576 Fasir see “Axido and Fasir” heirs 79, 511 fathers 350–52, 379, 507, 546 Heraclian 50–51, 584 martyrs and 654 Hercules (Melqart) Satan as 615 Carthage statue 230, 449 Faustinus the banker 448–49 Sufes statue 249 Faustinus, bishop of Hippo 516 heresy and heretics chapter 7 passim Faustus of Milevis 317 Abeloˆım 310–11 Felicianus, bishop of Musti 87, 131 animals, as 335 festivals 226, 253, 255–56, 606 dogs, as 692 see also “martyrs, natalitiae,” “Cyprian, “Donatists” as 422, 719 festival” Crispinus case 513 Filastrius, bishop of Brixia 278 Jews as 293, 300–01 fines 225, 391, 513, 535–36, 644–45, 652 legislation against 141, 276–79 fires see “incendiarism” lists of 308–09 Firmus 16, 17, 38 schismatics 326 “Donatists” and 45 see also “Jews”, “Manichees,” “dogs,” First of January see “New Year” “sex, adultery” First of June 253, 425, 544 Herodes, Flavius (governor) 132–33 fist-fights 20–21 Herodotus 23 Florus, Valerius (governor) 207, 587, Hippo Regius 594 Abeloˆım 310 foxes, vixen 304, 338, 425 bakers” strike 343 Fulgentius, bishop of Ruspe 482 Celer, landowner 670 Fussala 397–403, 694 confession at 339–40 see also “Antoninus, bishop of Fussala” diocese, Catholic 371–74 Elders, church 362–65 gangs basilica repossessions 117, 130, 132, 381–82, Eusebius the procurator 507 673, 682, 784–85 Euticius episode 87 anti-pagan 799 Innocentius, priest 705 Catholic 709 Jewish community 283 circus 25–26 lynching incident 28–30 Eversores 24–25 Mutugenna, priest at 767 intimidation 388 pamphlet incident 433 policing 784–85 Pinianus incident 386–87 private enforcement 16, 17 Punic language at 429–30 “pagan” 236–43 Siniti village 92, 340, 700 sectarian 117, 150, 152, 161, 189, 236–43, 673, Stephen, shrine of 622 709 Vandal siege 802 student violence 26 Honoratus, bishop of Sicilibba 164–67, 349 see also “juventus” Honorius, emperor 47, 226, 232, 275, 535, 539, Gaudentius, bishop of Thamugadi 85, 87, 243, 543, 551–53, 643, 717–18 726, 736 humiliation see “insult”

906 Index

hymns Lactantius 178, 597 chapter 10 passim 413 suicide, on 725–26, 745 definition of 466 Laurentius, martyr 620 dissident singing 469 laws, imperial 276, 643–45 Ephraem of Edessa 444, 465 “anti-pagan” 222–23, 233 see also “singing, songs” hearing the law 539–42 see also “Donatists,” “heretic,” and Icosium 15, 38, 41 “Manichees” immolation, self 696, 758 Lemellef 153–55, 499 incendiarism 257, 459, 473, 487, 525, 528–29, Lepcis Magna 38, 41, 263, 429, 447 696 libelli 270, 374–75, 433, 515, 622 incest 128, 158 Liberius, pope 458–59 inheritance see “heirs” Licentius 201–03, 477 Innocentius, priest 705 (attack on) Licinius, the Jew 285 insanity see “madness” lies, lying 295, 422–24, 485, 575, 576, 725 insult and humiliation 12, 137, 211, 230, 254, Satan, the Great Liar 323 274, 289, 290, 298, 379, 387, 445, 451, lion, “Donatists” sound like 472 525, 530 Jews sound like 290, 301, 472 (the amictus) 689–90 roar like Satan 470, 472 (the buda) 578 lobbying 91, 164, 177, 223, 226, 232, 275, 276, insurrection, social 695–96, 781 279, 311, 371, 474, 494, 507, 517, 546, 550, see also “Axido and Fasir” 552, 681, 798, 800 Isaac, martyr Appendix D.3 173–78, 679, 684 Luxorius 624–26 lynching see “riots, urban” jails 178, 577 Januarius, Primate of Numidia 710 Macarian Time 144, 185, 578, 711 Jews chapter 6 passim 16, 17 Macarius, imperial official Appendix D.1, 147, animals, as 129, 335, 425 163, 487, 490, 495–96, 598, 634, 641, 679 anti-Semitic discourse 789 Maccabees 739, 742–44 (Razis) blind people 292, 685 Macedonius, Vicar of Africa 504 Caesarea 208, 690 Macrinus, M. Opellius (emperor) 15 Carthage, Gamart Cemetery 261 Macrobius, bishop of Hippo Regius 371, 429, first heretics 293 471, 650, 672, 695, 697, 777, 782 first persecutors 292–93 Mactaris 214–16, 245 gangs 705 harvester inscription 642 killers of Christ 287–92, 470, 472 martyr 626 martyrdom and 595 Madauros 235, 650 Minorca 343, 436, 665, 786 madness, insanity 29, 57–60, 143, 150, 166, 168, Stephen and 619 172, 177, 211, 274, 291, 292, 296, 336, suicide and 764–65 470, 472, 487, 663, 696, 716, 717, 738, see also “Judas” and “Maccabees” 741, 744, 750, 782 Josephus 595 magic and magicians 217–18, 224, 316, 319 Judas 68, 84, 100, 282, 305–06 Mallius Theodorus 227, 518, 798 Devil, as 100 Manichees 202, 223, 394, 444, 457, 478, 789 suicide and 728, 744, 801 Augustine and 478 traitor, ultimate 101–02, 801 codices 309 Julian, bishop of Vazari 376–77 confessions and 340 Julian (emperor) 56, 148–53, 197, 345, 424, hymn singing 444 663 imperial legislation against 536–37 Julianus, Amnius Anicius (governor) 318 Priscillian and 315–22 juventus 29 sexual practices 328 organizations 244–47, 457, 750 see also “Faustus of Milevis” Marcellinus, Flavius 60, 543, 555–56, 584, 627, kiss 84, 126, 425, 546 646, 680, 713, 717–18 “knee capping” 688–89 Marciana, martyr 265, 690

Index 907

Marcianus, bishop of Urgensis 705 militia/police units 70, 679–81, 798–99 (beating of) millenarianism 216–18 Marculus, bishop and martyr Appendix mimicry, punishment 228 D.2, 180–85, 495, 580, 679, 751–54 Minorca 304, 343, 436, 473–74, 618, 665, 786 Marcus, priest of Casphaliana 531, 704 mocking 208, 271, 298, 530, 775 (beating of) monks and monastics 393, 470, 472, 635–36, marriage, prohibitions 352 659 martyrs and martyrdom chapter 13 passim 64, Monroe, Marilyn 753 (suicide) 69, 165–67, 173–78 municipalities archives 76 Abitina 69–73 Calama 250 aggressive 242–43 councils 196 Ambrose and 462 decrees 447 archmartyr 237 Madauros 239–40, 256 Augustine’s deﬁnition 607, 612–14 ofﬁcials 76, 201–02, 513, 592 Baga¨ı 170 Sufes 505–06, 548, 798–99 Cyprian and 748 Thamugadi 235 evidence on 612 murder 52, 122–25, 577, 703 festivals 467–68, 606 metaphor 728 judge with God 602–03 Musti 87, 131, 132 liturgical replaying 207 mutilation 29, 208 Marciana 265 inscriptions 228 Nabor the deacon 624–25 see also “amputation” Namphamo, archmartyr 237 number of 623–24 Nabor, martyr 624–26 Mascezel 48 Naro (Hammam Lif) 262 (synagogue) Matsumoto, Kiyoko 754 (suicide) Nectarius of Calama 252, 258–59 Maurentius, bishop of Thubursicu New Year festival 220–22, 285, 425, 451 Numidarum 364 Nicomachus Flavianus, Vicar of Africa 538 Maxima, Donatilla and Secunda, Nova Germani 364 martyrs 755–56 Nova Petra 182, 580, 751 Maximian(us), bishop of Carthage chapter 3 Nubel, Flavius 39 passim Nundinarius 75–76, 91 Maximian(us), martyr Appendix D.3 173–78, 679 Oea 263, 284, 428 Maximianus, bishop of Baga¨ı 442–43, 474–89, Optatus, bishop of Milevis 62–64, 74, 82, 179, 527–29, 535, 551 308, 324–26, 412, 759–60 at Ravenna 708, 790 Contra Parmenianum 80, 147–49, 484, 494, Maximianists chapter 3 passim 28–30, 486, 688 549 Optatus, bishop of Thamugadi 62, 87, 134–35, Maximinus, bishop of Siniti 340, 700 147–49, 533, 706, 712, 734, 739 Maximinus, “Thrax” (emperor) 34 Orosius 436, 618 Maximus of Madauros 235–39 Ossius, bishop of Cordoba 163, 493, 800 Megalius, bishop of Calama 389–90 Melania 205, 386–87, 519 “pagans” chap. 5 passim Melqart see “Hercules” legislation against 233, 275–76 Membressa 131, 135–38, 690–91 violence against 795 memory 596, 599, 600, 624, 625 Pammachius 205 of martyrs 71, 192, 237, 477, 596, 610 pamphlets and pampleteering see “libelli” memory sanctions 207, 208, 228, 448, 465, parades 20, 137, 222–23, 253, 471, 473, 557, 477 568–69 temple of, Carthage 51 Northern Ireland 473, 789 Milan events of 386–87 460–66, 731 Parmenian, bishop of Carthage 58, 107–09, 148, see also “Ambrose, bishop of Milan” 308, 412, 474–89 Milevis 587 (Great Persecution) De Ecclesia Traditorum 13, 58, 74 see also “Optatus, bishop of Milevis” (songs of) 597

908 Index

Paul(us) imperial emissary Appendix D.1, 147, songs 648, 650 163, 490, 598, 634, 641, 679 Purpurius, bishop of Liniata 91, 122–23, 375–76 peace 162, 318–19, 340, 483–84 of Christ 792 Quintianus, priest 393–94 Pelagius 311–14, 769 Quodvultdeus, bishop of Carthage 227, 268 Perpetua, martyr 176, 589, 603, 612, 683, 752 Adversus Iudaeos tradition 328, 448 Persecution First Persecution (180) 589 Severan Persecution (203) 589 rape 147, 192, 215, 729 Decian-Valerian Persecution (250–58) 590 raven 305, 425 “Great”/Diocletianic Persecution (303–05) rebellions, provincial 18–24 62, 66, 69–73, 75–78, 130, 176, 178, 265, Restitutus, bishop of Membressa 132 503, 592–96 Restitutus, bishop of Victoriana 530–31, 704 Persecution of 347 162, 165–67, 173–78, 678 resurrection 212–14 Persecution of 317 191–93 riots, urban 796 Jews of Christians 292–93 Calama, 408 251 circumcellions and 669, 712–14 Carthage 50, 230, 565–67 number of 598 Hippo Regius 28–30, 386–87 Peter and Paul, martyrs 619–20 Oea 284 Petilian, bishop of Constantina 55, 58, 67, 86, Patavium 22 99, 302, 306, 317, 334–35, 387, 563, 679, Rome 458–60 766 Sufes 249–51 forced co-optation 88, 387 see also “caterva” Philo 764–65 (on martyrdom) Robba, martyr 803 Phinehas 329, 495 Rogatus, bishop of Assuras 87, 133, 686, pigs see “swine” 706–07 Pinianus 205, 386–87 Rogatus, bishop of Cartenna 55–58, 654, 788 pollution 69, 73, 81, 88, 97, 99, 117, 157, 172–73, Romanianus 201–02 346, 351, 693–94 Romanus, Count of Africa 36, 38, 147, 599, 686 Possidius, bishop of Calama 11, 32, 255–59, 411, Rome (city) 214–16 518, 523, 563, 618, 655, 659, 703 martyrs of 620–21 circumcellions and 513, 525–27 riots of the 350s 458–60 Vita Augustini 371–74 siege of 410 50–52, 217, 729 Praetextatus, bishop of Assuras 87, 133, 706–07 Rusguniae 21, 263 preaching 420 preacher’s handbook 685, 793 Sacerdos, Ti. Flavius (judicial legate) 120 see “sermons” sacriﬁce 224 precipitation 58, 166, 440, 470, 472, 528–29, human 588, 790 696, 750, 759 Sallust 21, 41, 48, 297, 649, 658, 697 priests, Christian 72, 94, 111, 112, 117, 133, 170, Salvius, bishop of Membressa 131, 690–91 213, 356–57, 361, 365–66, 391, 393–94, 531, Sammac 39–40 704, 705, 767, 783 Samsucius, bishop of Turris 367–68 primates, provincial 362–63, 650 sanctimoniales 400, 651 Primian(us), bishop of Carthage chapter 3 Sanctippus, Primate of Numidia 364, 390, 392 passim 82 Sapidianus, Vicar of Africa 796 Priscian 16, 17 Satan see “Devil” Priscillian, bishop of Avila 315–16, 321 Saturninus, P. Vigellius (governor) 589, 685 Proculianus, bishop of Hippo Regius 507, 648 “scalping” 300, 688 prostitutes 139, 160, 324, 330 Scillitani, martyrs 327, 589 the Great Whore 385, 457, 692 see also “Saturninus” Protasius and Gervasius, martyrs 619 scorpions 215, 304, 332 Psalms 184, 209, 231, 282, 288, 297, 300, 301, secretarial/notarial records chapter 12 passim 335, 420–21, 445, 447, 460, 462, 473, 447, 557–59 479, 480, 582, 640, 659, 661, 732, 805 Secunda, martyr 756 Punic language 236, 310, 370, 399, 403, 427–33, Secundus, bishop of Tigisis 77, 91–92, 123, 480 375–76, 587

Index 909

seducers 97 as persecutor 597 Augustine as 331, 383 progenitor of sectarian violence 542–43, 783, demons as 423 792, 796, 801 Satan, the Great 323 structure of 496 seniores see elders see also “court, imperial,” and “governors, Septiminus (governor) 141, 549 provincial” Seranus (governor) 135–36 stationarii see “ militia/police units” sermons chapter 9 passim statues, destruction of 227–28 audiences 413–16 Stephen, martyr 292, 305, 436, 517, 618–19, Augustine and 416–17 621–22 (numbers), Appendix H.1 and 2 (temporal Stilicho 47, 50, 538 distribution) subdeacon see deacons “Donatist” 420–21 Subsana, village 394–95 non-attributed Appendix H.3, 418–19 Sufes 249–51 numbers of 412 suicide chapter 16 passim 153–55, 718–20 violence and 793 ancient concept 735–36 see also “preaching” archaeology of Appendix G Servus Dei, bishop of Thubursicu Bure 522 attacking suicide 761–65 Severus, bishop of Milevis 380 Augustine and 727–28 Severus, bishop of Minorca 304, 436, 473, 665, “death by cop” 762–63 786 precipitators 153–55, 161 sewers see “excrement” rates 725–26 sex, illicit 97, 128, 189–90, 266, 310, 326–32 women, city of Rome 729–30 Augustine, Priscillian 354, 359, 374–75, 392, see also “precipitation,” “immolation, self,” 400, 401, 406, 407, 416 and “drowning” girls at church, 653–54 see “prostitutes” and swine 303, 692 “seducers” Gadarene 740, 748 Manichaean practices 331 Symmachus, Q. Aurelius (senator) 16, 17, 45, sheep 105, 115, 303, 333–34, 405, 408 497, 500 see also “bishop, shepherd” and “wolves” synagogue 16, 17, 304, 435, 473 Sicilibba 191–93, 349 Caesarea 266, 690 Silvanus, bishop of Cirta 75–77, 159, 375, 452 Hammam-Lif 262 sin and sinners 98, 127, 139, 274, 282, 294, 329, 339 Tacfarinas 33 slavery and slaves 29, 168, 287, 330, 438, 547, 590 Taurinus, Count of Africa 147, 170, clergy as owners 373 599 debt slaves 782 Tazelita, martyr 596–97 Felicitas 613, 632, 649, 696, 774, 781, 787 temples destruction of 234 fugitive slaves 782 recomissioning of 215 slave trade 11, 701 Tertullian 267, 269, 307 snakes 127, 128, 211, 293, 294 Adversus Iudeaos 267 Jews: as 304, 332, 336–37, 379, 422, 423 martyrs, on 590, 765 songs and singing 21, 222, 223, 419, 442, 443, Thagaste 201–02, 386, 445, 573, 580 465 Thamugadi (Timgad) 196, 208, 506, 732–34 see dissident singing 469 “Optatus, bishop of Thamugadi” Punic 431 theater and actors 21, 219, 414, 423, 452, 456–57, secular 466 547 see also “Augustine, Psalmus contra partem Theodorus (governor) 133 Donati,” “chants,” “hymns,” and Theodosius, the Elder 16, 18–19, 42–44, 46 “Psalms” Theveste 309 state chapter 11 passim, 495, 777, 792 Manichaean codices 606 agent of Devil 314, 605 see Crispina, martyr appeal to use force 148, 161, 275 Thimida Regia 592 (Great Persecution) coercion by 10–19, 147, 163–67, 173–78, Thubursicu Bure 522, 647 188–89, 191–93, 345 Thubursicu Numidarum 277, 364

910 Index

Thysdrus (el-Djem) 35, 220 levels of 30–33, 52–54, 675–76 Timothy, subdeacon 394–95 normal use 775 Tipasa 16, 17, 41, 43, 155–56, 341 perceptions of 53 tongue 289 policing function 698–700, 704 excision of 532, 686–88, 707 political weapon 143 torture 67, 147, 173–78, 181, 596–97, 605, 614 property enforcement 117, 128 traditores chapter 2, passim 62, 92–93, 95 protection 708 Absolam as 175, 177, 194, 323, 424, 453, 485, rejection of 130, 670–73, 788 531, 578, 587, 596, 704, 705, 801, 803 targets of 147, 677, 698–99, 704–05 numbers of 96 types of 30–33, 50–52, 140, 777–78 see also “betrayal” see also “banditry,” “beatings”, “riots,” traitors see “traditores” “war” tribunes and notaries 505 vipers see snakes see “Flavius Marcellinus,” “Dulcitius” Vitellius Afer 193 Tridentum (Trento) 248 Vol 592 Tyconius 324, 392 (Great Persecution)

Unity chapter 4 passim, 10–19, 339, 689, 695, war idea of 29, 30 782 whipping 177, 289, 384, 696 Edict of 347 164, 173–78, 461, 492 wolves 105, 298, 303, 329, 333–34, 339, 383, 425, Edict of 405 537, 551 733 Uthina 592 (Great Persecution) women 172, 189–91 Augustine and 392 Valerius, bishop of Hippo Regius 108, 374, 380, bishops and 353 389, 430 circumcellions, as 651 Vandals 157, 482, 624, 625, 687, 772, 802 conversion 332 Vegesela 181, 183, 575, 679, 751 drinking and 653, 661 vengeance 185, 207, 214, 298, 301, 541, 579, 603, Fabiola 402 675 harvesters 648 Vicar of Africa 323, 548, 550 heresies as 327 Celsinus Titanus 11 Jewish 262 Domitius Alexander 21 landowners 401 Sapidianus 796 Lucilla 328 Victor, bishop of Vita 157 martyrs, as 70, 265, 468, 589, 592, 606, Victoria, martyr 757 615 Vincentius, martyr 605 Manichees 341 violence chapter 17 passim 552–53, 563 parishioners 414, 416 causes 774–75 rapes in Rome 215, 729–30 characteristic types of 794–95 Sarah 330 coups d’etat´ 778–79 widows 359, 410 illegal, private 496, 697 individual acts of 110, 115–16 youths, young men see “juventus” leadership 147, 148, 774, 783 priests 786 Zenophilus, Domitius (governor) 75–78, 159 clergy 793 Zosimus, pope 11, 404