A COMPANION TO ANCIENT HISTORY A Companion to Ancient History Edited by Andrew Erskine © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-13150-6 BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-fi ve and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. ANCIENT HISTORY LITERATURE AND CULTURE A Companion to the Roman Army A Companion to Classical Receptions Edited by Paul Erdkamp Edited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray A Companion to the Roman Republic Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert A Companion to Greek and Roman Morstein-Marx Historiography Edited by John Marincola A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by David S. Potter A Companion to Catullus Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner A Companion to the Classical Greek World Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl A Companion to Roman Religion Edited by Jörg Rüpke A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Daniel C. Snell A Companion to Greek Religion Edited by Daniel Ogden A Companion to the Hellenistic World Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to the Classical Tradition Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf A Companion to Late Antiquity Edited by Philip Rousseau A Companion to Roman Rhetoric Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall A Companion to Archaic Greece Edited by Kurt A. Raafl aub and A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Hans van Wees Edited by Ian Worthington A Companion to Julius Caesar A Companion to Ancient Epic Edited by Miriam Griffi n Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to Ancient History A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Andrew Erskine Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to Latin Literature Edited by Stephen Harrison A Companion to Ovid Edited by Peter E. Knox A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought Edited by Ryan K. Balot A COMPANION TO ANCIENT HISTORY Edited by Andrew Erskine A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2009 © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to ancient history / edited by Andrew Erskine. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to the ancient world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-3150-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. History, Ancient. I. Erskine, Andrew. D57.C66 2009 930–dc22 2008046753 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5 pt Galliard by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in the United Kingdom 01 2009 In Memory of Peter Derow and George Forrest Contents List of Figures xi List of Maps xii Notes on Contributors xiii Preface xix Abbreviations, Reference Works xx Abbreviations and Glossary, Ancient Authors xxiii Timeline xxx 1 Personal Perspectives 1 Josiah Ober, Peter Derow, Andrea Giardina, Neil McLynn, Kathryn Welch Part I: Evidence 11 2 Historiography 13 John Marincola 3 Epigraphical Cultures of the Classical Mediterranean: Greek, Latin, and Beyond 23 Gregory Rowe 4 Papyrology 37 Alan K. Bowman 5 Numismatics 48 A. R. Meadows 6 Archaeology and Ancient History 59 Stephen L. Dyson viii Contents 7 Oratory 67 Catherine Steel 8 Ancient History Through Ancient Literature 77 Tim Whitmarsh Part II: Problems and Approaches 87 9 Ancient History Today 89 J. A. North 10 Political History 99 Robert Morstein-Marx 11 Economic and Social History 112 Neville Morley 12 Ethnicity and Culture 123 Edward Herring 13 Population and Demography 134 Walter Scheidel 14 Writing Women into History 146 Amy Richlin 15 Interpreting Myth 154 Carol Dougherty 16 Environmental History 164 Robert Sallares Part III: People and Places 175 17 The Near East 177 Maria Brosius 18 Egypt under the Pharaohs 189 John Ray 19 The Jews 201 Gideon Bohak 20 The Greeks 213 Thomas Harrison 21 Asia Minor 222 Peter Thonemann 22 Rome 236 Christer Bruun Contents ix 23 Italy beyond Rome 248 Kathryn Lomas 24 North Africa 260 Josephine Crawley Quinn 25 The Iberian Peninsula in the Roman Period 273 A. T. Fear 26 The “Celts” 284 Constanze Witt Part IV: Encountering the Divine 299 27 Religion 301 Mark Humphries 28 The Emergence of Christianity 312 John Curran Part V: Living and Dying 327 29 The Family 329 Mary Harlow and Tim Parkin 30 Food 342 John Wilkins 31 Eros: Love and Sexuality 352 James Davidson 32 Housing 368 Lisa C. Nevett 33 Entertainment 381 David Potter 34 Education 392 Jason König 35 Medicine 403 Helen King 36 Death 414 David Noy Part VI: Economy 427 37 The Mediterranean and the History of Antiquity 429 R. Bruce Hitchner x Contents 38 Ancient Economies 436 John Davies 39 Labor: Free and Unfree 447 Peter Fibiger Bang 40 The Countryside 462 Robert Witcher 41 Finance and Resources: Public, Private, and Personal 474 Paul Millett 42 Ancient Technology 486 Tracey Rihll Part VII: Politics and Power 497 43 Structures 499 Hans Beck 44 Citizenship 510 Andrew Lintott 45 Law 520 Elizabeth A. Meyer 46 Warfare 531 Louis Rawlings Part VIII: Repercussions 543 47 The Impact of Antiquity 545 Rosamond McKitterick 48 Ancient History and National Identity 555 Andrew Erskine 49 Hollywood’s Ancient World 564 Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones Bibliography 580 Index 654 Figures 3.1 Celtic calendar from Coligny, France 33 4.1 Writing tablet from Vindolanda 39 5.1 Bronze coin of Tyre in Phoenicia 50 5.2 Silver tetradrachm of Artaxerxes III 54 13.1 Graph: life expectancy 136 13.2 Graph: Roman males with living relatives 140 19.1 Sepphoris mosaic 208 21.1 Fortifi cations at Alinda in Karia 226 21.2 Plan of the urban center of Aizanoi 230 21.3 The temple of Zeus at Aizanoi 231 22.1 Plan of imperial Rome 237 22.2 The Colosseum 240 23.1 The peoples of Italy 249 24.1 A bronze coin issued by the Numidian king Syphax 269 24.2 A “chieftain stele” from the Kabylie 270 26.1 Ludovisi Gaul group 291 28.1 Debris from the Roman destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem (AD 70) 314 32.1 Axonometric reconstruction of a single-entrance courtyard house: a pastas house from Olynthos 371 32.2 Generalized plan of a Pompeian atrium house 374 32.3 House from Ostia: plan 377 36.1 Sarcophagus with the death of Meleager 416 36.2 Relief from Amiternum showing a funeral procession 418 39.1 Products manufactured in the bazaar 459 48.1 Mosaic from Foro Italico 560 48.2 Gold casket from royal tombs at Vergina 561 49.1 Poster advertising Quo Vadis 570 49.2 Poster advertising Cleopatra 575 Maps 1 Greece and the Aegean xxxv 2 Egypt and the Near East xxxvi 3 The Roman empire in the time of Augustus xxxvii 4 Asia Minor 223 5 North Africa 262 Notes on Contributors Peter Fibiger Bang is an Associate Professor at the University of Copenhagen. His interests range from the comparative history of the Roman empire to ancient eco- nomic history and the reception of classical antiquity in European culture. Publica- tions include The Roman Bazaar (2008). Hans Beck is John MacNaughton Professor of Classics at McGill University in Montreal. He has published widely on both the Roman republic and the history of Greek federalism. Books include Polis und Koinon (1997) and, on the republican nobility, Karriere und Hierarchie (2005). He is also co-editor of Brill’s New Jacoby. Gideon Bohak is an Associate Professor at Tel Aviv University, working on Jewish literature and culture in the Greco-Roman world, on ethnic stereotypes in ancient literature, and on Jewish magic.