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An Examination of Chipped Stone from Two Middle Holocene Archaeological Sites in the East Central Great Plains

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An Examination of Chipped Stone from Two Middle Holocene Archaeological Sites in the East Central Great Plains University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations Anthropology, Department of 5-2013 An Examination of Chipped Stone from Two Middle Holocene Archaeological Sites in the East Central Great Plains Christine A. Nycz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthrotheses Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Nycz, Christine A., "An Examination of Chipped Stone from Two Middle Holocene Archaeological Sites in the East Central Great Plains" (2013). Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations. 31. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthrotheses/31 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. AN EXAMINATION OF CHIPPED STONE FROM TWO MIDDLE HOLOCENE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE EAST CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS by Christine A. Nycz A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Anthropology Under the Supervision of Professor LuAnn Wandsnider Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2013 AN EXAMINATION OF CHIPPED STONE FROM TWO MIDDLE HOLOCENE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE EAST CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS Christine A. Nycz, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2013 Adviser: LuAnn Wandsnider This study examines aspects of movement and mobility of hunter-gatherer groups in the east central Great Plains during the Middle Holocene, between 8500 cal and 5000 cal B.P. Few published reports detail archaeological assemblages or address features of prehistoric mobility in this subregion of the Great Plains. Current research on the Great Plains emphasizes bison procurement and low regional bison mobility. This thesis presents interpretations of hunter-gatherer mobility based on examination of chipped stone assemblages from two Middle Holocene archaeological deposits (the Hill and Simonsen sites) in western Iowa. The resulting analysis demonstrates restricted hunter- gatherer mobility within this subregion, with similar geographic range to that reported for Middle Holocene bison herds. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout the process of writing this thesis, there have been a number of individuals who have helped and supported me, to whom I am grateful. I would like to thank my adviser and committee chair, Dr. LuAnn Wandsnider for encouragement, guidance, and feedback during this process. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Matthew Douglass, for advice and guidance with lithic analysis, and Dr. Peter Bleed for encouragement and feedback on this research. I would like to thank the Sanford Museum for access to the collections and allowing this research to be possible. I would like to thank Christopher Widga for paving the way for this research. I am very appreciative of the staff at Iowa’s Office of the State Archaeologist for aiding in this research. My gratitude goes to Mark Anderson, Gayle Carlson, Daniel Horgen, Melody Pope, Linda Plock, Bruce Stephen and Jason Titcomb for offering their expertise. Many thanks to the following people who have offered advice, given support and helped me in this process: Nwakaku Ajaere, Ashley Barnett, Dawn Bringelson, Andrew LaBounty, Keely Rennie-Tucker, Lisa Stanley and Allison Young. Finally, this thesis would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of my parents, Ed and Kathy, and my family. Any errors or omissions are mine and mine alone. Funding for lipid analysis was provided by the Center for Great Plains Studies. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 THESIS OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 4 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS ........................................................................................... 5 Bison, Patches and Prey Choice .................................................................................. 5 LITHIC ASSEMBLAGES AND MOBILITY ........................................................................... 10 Lithic Technology and Site Function ......................................................................... 10 Lithic Technology ....................................................................................................... 11 Lithic Raw Material and Mobility .............................................................................. 13 Cortex Analysis and Mobility ..................................................................................... 14 Summary of Lithics and Mobility ............................................................................... 15 ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................... 16 Modern Geographic Overview ................................................................................... 16 Modern Climate History ............................................................................................. 17 Paleoclimate History .................................................................................................. 18 Flora and Fauna ........................................................................................................ 20 CULTURAL CHRONOLOGY: PALEOINDIAN AND ARCHAIC CULTURE TRADITIONS ........... 20 Paleoindian ................................................................................................................ 21 Plains Archaic ............................................................................................................ 21 Plains Woodland ........................................................................................................ 23 v Middle Holocene Sites in the east central Great Plains ............................................ 24 CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND MATERIAL ............................................................. 27 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 27 METHODS OF ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 27 Raw Material Sourcing .............................................................................................. 28 Chipped Stone Analysis .............................................................................................. 29 Cortex ......................................................................................................................... 31 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS ......................................................................................... 32 The Simonsen Site ....................................................................................................... 32 Lithic Landscape of Northwest Iowa ..................................................................... 32 Simonsen Site Excavations .................................................................................... 33 Simonsen Artifact Assemblage and Cultural Features ........................................... 36 Chipped Stone Tools .......................................................................................... 37 Debitage ............................................................................................................. 41 Other Lithic Material .......................................................................................... 42 Flora and Fauna .................................................................................................. 42 Cultural Features ................................................................................................ 43 The Hill Site ................................................................................................................ 44 Lithic Landscape of Southwest Iowa ..................................................................... 44 Hill Site Excavations .............................................................................................. 46 Hill Artifact Assemblage and Cultural Features .................................................... 48 Chipped Stone Tools .......................................................................................... 49 Debitage ............................................................................................................. 54 vi Other Lithic Material .......................................................................................... 55 Flora and Fauna .................................................................................................. 56 Cultural Features ................................................................................................ 56 Lipid Analysis from Cultural Features at the Hill Site .......................................... 56 SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 57 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS
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