DOCSLIB.ORG

The Roman Era in Britain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Roman Era in Britain THE ANTIQUARYS LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE . THE ANTIQUARY'S BOOKS GENERAL EDITOR: J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A. THE ROMAN ERA IN BRITAIN - THE ROMAN ERA IN BRITAIN BY JOHN WARD, F.S.A. AUTHOR OF "ROMANO-BRITISH BUILDINGS AND EARTHWORKS" WITH SEVENTY-SEVEN ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR METHUEN & GO. LTD. 36 ESSEX STREET W.G. LONDON I First Published in 19 II PREFACE years ago, I was desired by the Editor of this SEVERALseries to write a volume on Roman Britain, but I soon found that the subject was too large and complex to be treated comprehensively, and at the same time to place the reader en rapport with the results of the systematic excavations of the last twenty-five years. These have vastly increased our " " knowledge of Roman Britain, especially its major monuments the towns, forts, public buildings, and houses and to these I confined myself in Romano-British Buildings and Earthworks, of this series. It was felt, however, that the series demanded a general work on the era in Britain. This was now feasible, as the subjects which came within the restricted purview of the above volume could be treated in a more condensed manner than would be otherwise desirable. In spite of this, however, the question of space has been a difficulty. Two chapters which could best be spared a short history of the era, and practical hints upon to be cut out and a third archaeological exploration had ; upon our public Romano-British collections, which was contemplated at the outset, and for which much material was collected, had to be abandoned. In obtaining this material I am indebted to the hearty co-operation of many museum curators, and although the proposed chapter had to be given up, their labour has by no means been in vain in the production of this volume. The book does not cover as much ground as I wished, but to have included more would have entailed an undesirable curtail- VI ment of several of the chapters. But, with all its deficiencies, I hope it will prove to be of service to those now a large number whose interest in Roman Britain has been awakened by the prolific results of the systematic excavations of late years. I am indebted to many for various services rendered, and especially to Mr. A. G. Wright of Colchester, Mr. T. W. Colyer of Reading, Mr. Oxley Grabham, M.A., of York, Mr. Robert Blair, F.S.A., of South Shields, Mr. J. H. Allchin of Maidstone, and Mr. Frank King, who has superintended the excavations at Caerwent for some years, for photographs and particulars of objects in the museums of those places. Most of the objects illustrated are in public museums, and each group is, as far as possible, drawn to a common scale. JOHN WARD Cardiff CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION PAGE Duration of the Era Roman Britain, its Physiography and the Distribution of its Population and Towns Natural Resources and Industries Towns and Local Government Religions Sources of Geographical Knowledge Bibliographical Notes and Museum Collections ...... i CHAPTER II ROADS Structure and Distribution Fords, Bridges, and Milestones . 22 CHAPTER III MILITARY REMAINS Camps Forts, their Defensive Works and Internal and External Buildings The Northern Walls . .38 CHAPTER IV HOUSES " " " " General Characteristics Two Types, Corridor and Basilical 72 CHAPTER V PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND BATHS Forums and Basilicas Amphitheatres Baths, Private, Public,, and Military . .90 CHAPTER VI RELIGIONS The Graeco-Roman and Barbaric Paganisms Mithraism and other Oriental Cults Christianity . 101 CHAPTER VII RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS AND ALTARS Temples Shrines Churches Altars and their Inscriptions . 114 viii THE ROMAN ERA IN BRITAIN CHAPTER VIII SEPULCHRAL REMAINS 1'AGE Diversity of Funeral Customs Cremation and Inhumation Tomb- stones and their Inscriptions . .136 CHAPTER IX POTTERY Sources Characteristics Manufacture and Decoration Classical Names of Vessels and their Uses Classification Potters' Kilns 153 CHAPTER X GLASS, METAL, AND STONE UTENSILS Sources of Manufacture Forms Decoration Uses . .179 CHAPTER XI IRON IMPLEMENTS AND APPLIANCES Hoards Artisans' and Husbandmen's Tools Domestic Appliances Cutlery, etc. 194 CHAPTER XII MISCELLANEOUS IMPLEMENTS AND APPLIANCES Spoons, Ligulae and Forks Lamps and Candlesticks Steelyards, Balances and Measures Bells Objects Relating to Games Spindles, Needles and Netting-tools Strigils Oculists' Stamps Writing Appliances Seal-boxes .... 208 CHAPTER XIII LOCKS AND KEYS Padlocks and Fixed Locks Their Kinds and Mechanism as Indicated by their Keys ...... 229 CHAPTER XIV DRESS AND THE TOILET Footgear Pins, Brooches, and other Dress-fasteners Tweezers Nail-cleaners Ear-picks Mirrors Combs Dressing-boxes Bracelets and Armlets Finger-rings Ear-rings Beads and Necklaces . .241 CHAPTER XV COINS AND ROMAN BRITAIN Allusions to Britain Mints in Britain Archaeological Value of Coins Hoards and their Evidence . -275 INDEX 281 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. PAGE 1. MAP OF THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF ROMAN BRITAIN . 5 2. MAP OF THE CHIEF ROMAN ROADS AND TOWNS, AND REGIONS OF DENSEST POPULATION . .6 3. MAP OF THE CHIEF RAILWAYS AND TOWNS, AND REGIONS OF DENSEST POPULATION AT PRESENT .... 7 4. PLAN OF Calleva Atrebatum, SILCHESTER . .11 5. SECTIONS OF ROADS AT BOKERLY DYKE AND WHITE CROSS . 25 6. ROADS AT BLACKPOOL BRIDGE AND NEAR PONTYPOOL . 28 PLAN OF POLYBIAN CAMP 7. ... -39 8. PLAN OF HYGINIAN CAMP . 41 9. PLANS OF ROMAN CAMPS IN BRITAIN . -43 10. PLAN OF ROMAN FORT AT GELLYGAER . .46 11. PROFILE OF RAMPART AND DITCH, GELLYGAER . 48 12. FORTIFICATION TURRETS, COLUMN OF TRAJAN . -49 13. PLANS OF GATES HOUSESTEADS AND BIRDOSWALD . 50 14. FORTIFICATION GATES, COLUMN OF TRAJAN . 51 15. FORTIFICATION GATE ON MOSAIC, AVIGNON MUSEUM . 52 1 6. PLANS OF ROMAN FORTS PORCHESTER AND RICHBOROUGH . 53 17. PLAN OF HEADQUARTERS, CHESTERS . -55 1 8. MAP OF THE ANTONINE WALL . -63 19. MAP OF THE WALL OF HADRIAN . .66 20. PROFILE OF THE WALL OF HADRIAN . -67 21. PLAN OF HOUSE, SILCHESTER . -74 22. PLAN OF HOUSE, SILCHESTER . 76 23. PLAN OF HOUSE, CAERWENT . ... 78 x THE ROMAN ERA IN BRITAIN FIG. PAGE 24. PLAN OF HOUSE, CAERWENT . -79 25. PLAN OF HOUSE, SPOONLEY WOOD . .80 26. BARN (?) AT SPOONLEY WOOD . .81 27. PLAN OF HOUSE, WOODCHESTER ... -83 28. PLAN OF HOUSE, CLANVILLE ... .86 29. PLAN OF HOUSE, BRADING . .86 30. PLAN OF SAXON FARMHOUSE 31. PLAN OF THE FORUM AND BASILICA, SILCHESTER . 91 32. PLANS OF BATHS, CAERWENT . -97 33. PLANS OF TEMPLES LYDNEY PARK AND CAERWENT . .116 34. PLAN OF CHURCH, SILCHESTER . .121 35. ALTARS, HIGH ROCHESTER, BIRRENS, HADDON HALL, AND CHESTERHOLM . .124 36. ALTARS, RUTCHESTER, RISINGHAM, AND HOUSESTEADS . .125 37. ALTARS, OLD CARLISLE, RUTCHESTER, RISINGHAM, AND HIGH ROCHESTER . .128 38. ALTARS, HIGH ROCHESTER, MARYPORT, RISINGHAM, AND WALTON HOUSE . .129 39. TOMBSTONES, COLCHESTER (Photo, A. G. Wright} AND SOUTH SHIELDS (Photo, Downey & Sons) . Facing p. 150 40. TOMBSTONES, CIRENCESTER (Photo, A. H. Pitcher} AND YORK (Photo, W. Watson) .... Facing p. 152 41. ROMAN POTTERY, COLCHESTER (Photo, A. G. Wright} Facing p. 156 42. ROMAN POTTERY, COLCHESTER (Photo, A. G. Wright) Facing p. 158 43. EXAMPLES OF ROMAN REDGLAZE (Terra Sigillata OR SAMIAN WARE) ........ 162 44. EXAMPLES OF ROMAN REDGLAZE (Terra Sigillata OR SAMIAN WARE) ....... 163 45. EXAMPLES OF ROMAN JARS (Ollae} IN OTHER FABRICS THAN REDGLAZE ....... 166 46. EXAMPLES OF ROMAN CUPS AND OLLA-LIKE VESSELS IN OTHER FABRICS THAN REDGLAZE . .167 47. EXAMPLES OF ROMAN BOWLS AND BOWL-LIKE VESSELS IN OTHER FABRICS THAN REDGLAZE . .170 48. EXAMPLES OF ROMAN SAUCERS, DISHES, AND Amphorae IN OTHER FABRICS THAN REDGLAZE . -171 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi FIG. PAGE 49. EXAMPLES OF ROMAN JUGS (Ampullae') IN OTHER FABRICS THAN REDGLAZE . 174 50. EXAMPLES OF MISCELLANEOUS ROMAN VESSELS IN OTHER FABRICS THAN REDGLAZE . 175 51. MORTARS (Mortaria, Pelves ?) IN ALL WARES . 177 52. EXAMPLES OF ROMAN GLASS-WARE . .181 53. ROMAN GLASS-WARE, MAIDSTONE MUSEUM (Photo, H. Elgar} Facing p. 1 84 54. EXAMPLES OF ROMAN BRONZE VESSELS . .187 HAMMERS AND AXES 55. ...... 196 56. PICKS, MATTOCKS, SICKLES, SPUDS, ETC. 197 . 57. PINCERS, DRILLS, CHISELS, GOUGES, ETC. 199 AND SHEARS 58. KNIVES ...... 205 59. SPOONS, Ligulae, ETC. ...... 209 60. LAMPS AND LAMP-STANDS . .211 61. CANDLE-HOLDERS OF IRON AND POTTERY . .215 62. WEIGHING APPARATUS, BELLS, AND OBJECTS USED IN GAMES 217 63. SPINDLE AND WHORLS, STRIGIL, MIRROR, AND COMBS . 222 WRITING APPLIANCES AND SEAL-BOXES 64. .... 225 THEIR KEYS 65. PADLOCKS AND ..... 230 66. OLD SCOTTISH TUMBLER-LOCK AND KEYS, AND ROMAN KEYS 233 67. TUMBLER-BOLTS, AND KEYS OF SEVERAL TYPES . 236 68. LOCK-PLATES, KEYS, NEEDLES, ETC. .... 239 69. SHOES AND SOLES ...... 243 70. PINS, TWEEZERS, NAIL-CLEANERS, AND EAR-PICKS . 247 71. MODERN SAFETY-PIN, ITALIAN "LEECH-SHAPED" AND LATE- CELTIC BROOCHES ...... 249 72. BOW-BROOCHES OF SEVERAL TYPES . 251 BOW-BROOCHES OF SEVERAL TYPES 73. .... 255 74. PLATE-BROOCHES OF SEVERAL TYPES .... 257 75. PLATE- AND RING-BROOCHES, AND OTHER DRESS-FASTENERS . 260 76. BRACELETS, ARMLETS, FINGER-RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND BEADS 267 MAP OF ROMAN BRITAIN SHOWING THE CHIEF ROADS AND PLACES . .... Facing p. 280 THE ROMAN ERA IN BRITAIN CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION the Roman era in Britain began with the POLITICALLY,Claudian Conquest in A.D. 43, and ended with the isolation of the country from the rest of the decaying empire consequent upon the passing of northern Gaul into the hands of the Trans-Rhenish barbarians in A.D. 406-410. But Roman influence through intercourse with the Continent preceded the former event, and Britain continued to be Roman after the latter event, remaining so, harassed by foes from without and probably by dissensions within, until the English conquest. Broadly speaking, the Roman era lasted 450 years. To gauge what four-and-a-half centuries may mean in the history of a country, let the reader contrast the times of Henry the Sixth with our own.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EXCAVATIONS at the ROMAN FORT of CRAWFORD, LANARKSHIRE | 149 Extra-Mural Class in Archaeology at Edinburgh University
    Excavation Romae th t sa n for Crawfordf o t , Lanarkshire by Gordon Maxwell INTRODUCTION The existence of a Roman fort in the neighbourhood of Crawford, although suspected by General Roy,i was not proved until 1938 when excavation carried out by Dr J K St Joseph2 on a site lying about 400 yds N of the village on the right bank of the Clyde put the matter beyon doubtl d al for e tTh . (NG 954214S RN ) occupie smoderatela y strong positio narroa n no w plateau of hard glacial gravel protected on the south by the Clyde, and on the E and W by the Camps Wate Berried an r s Burn respectively; site acces th ewoul N froo t se mth d have been impeded in Roman times by marshy ground (fig 1). Strategically, however, it was of great importance. At this point the Roman roads from Annandale and Nithsdale met, the latter probably crossing the Clyde to the SW of the site; the route then left the valley of the Clyde, avoidin e gorge-likgth e defile between Crawfor Abingtond dan climbed an , d northward over Raggengile th l Pas rejoio st f Coldchapel Clydo e nth S e e for th e jussitin e th o t t t f Th .musg o t also have been influence presencmuce s da th areconsiderable a y hf b th a o en i e native populationJ e nee th observo dt y b s a e regular intervals betwee e garrisonnth s guardin e Romagth n road notee networkb y d thama importance t I th .t stils site elth wa recognisef o e medievan di l times when Crawford Castle, originally a seat of the Lindsays, but later ceded to the Douglas family, Romae th f o nS site.e th 4wao t Doubtles s builyd 0 5 t s from this time onwar usefors e dth dwa t quarrconstructioa e s th a r yfo associates castlrepair e it n o th d f ean o r d buildings evidence .Th e for prehistoric use of the site is discussed below (pp 187—8).
    [Show full text]
  • Reflecting Antiquity Explores the Rediscovery of Roman Glass and Its Influence on Modern Glass Production
    Reflecting Antiquity explores the rediscovery of Roman glass and its influence on modern glass production. It brings together 112 objects from more than 24 lenders, featuring ancient Roman originals as well as the modern replicas they inspired. Following are some of the highlights on view in the exhibition. Portland Vase Base Disk The Portland Vase is the most important and famous work of cameo glass to have survived from ancient Rome. Modern analysis of the vase, with special attention to the elongation of the bubbles preserved in the lower body, suggest that it was originally shaped as an amphora (storage vessel) with a pointed base. At some point in antiquity, the vessel suffered some damage and acquired this replacement disk. The male figure and the foliage on the disk were not carved by the same Unknown artist that created the mythological frieze on the vase. Wearing a Phrygian cap Portland Vase Base Disk Roman, 25 B.C.–A.D. 25 and pointing to his mouth in a gesture of uncertainty, the young man is Paris, a Glass Object: Diam.: 12.2 cm (4 13/16 in.) prince of Troy who chose Aphrodite over Hera and Athena as the most beautiful British Museum. London, England GR1945.9-27.2 goddess on Mount Olympus. It is clear from the way the image is truncated that VEX.2007.3.1 it was cut from a larger composition, presumably depicting the Judgment of Paris. The Great Tazza A masterpiece of cameo-glass carving, this footed bowl (tazza) consists of five layers of glass: semiopaque green encased in opaque white, green, a second white, and pink.
    [Show full text]
  • Research News Issue 15
    NEWSLETTER OF THE ENGLISH HERITAGE RESEARCH DEPARTMENT Inside this issue... RESEARCH Introduction ...............................2 NEW DISCOVERIES AND INTERPRETATIONS NEWS Photo finish for England’s highest racecourse ...................3 Aldborough in focus: air photographic analysis and © English Heritage mapping of the Roman town of Isurium Brigantium ...........6 Recent work at Marden Henge, Wiltshire .................... 10 Manningham: an historic area assessment of a Bradford suburb .................... 14 DEVELOPING METHODOLOGIES English Heritage Coastal Estate Risk Assessment ....... 18 UNDERSTANDING PLACES Understanding place ............ 20 Celebrating People & Place: guidance on commemorative plaques .................................... 22 NOTES & NEWS ................. 23 RESEARCH DEPARTMENT REPORTS LIST ....................... 27 3D lidar model showing possible racecourse on Alston Common, Cumbria – see story page 3 NEW PUBLICATIONS ......... 28 NUMBER 15 AUTUMN 2010 ISSN 1750-2446 This issue of Research News is published soon after the Government’s Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) announcement, which for English Heritage means a cut of 32% to our grant in aid over the next four years from 1st April 2011. On a more positive note the Government sees a continuing role for English Heritage and values the independent expert advice it provides. Research Department staff make an important contribution to the organisation’s expertise. Applied research will continue to be an important part of the role of English Heritage and from April 2011 it will be integrated with our designation, planning and advice functions as part of the National Heritage Protection Plan (NHPP). The Plan, published on our website on the 7th December 2010, will focus our research effort and other activities on those heritage assets that are both significant and under threat. In response to the CSR and the NHPP Research News will, from 2011, be published twice rather than three times a year, and focus on reporting on the range of research activities contributing to the Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410
    no nonsense Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410 – interpretation ltd interpretation Contract number 1446 May 2011 no nonsense–interpretation ltd 27 Lyth Hill Road Bayston Hill Shrewsbury SY3 0EW www.nononsense-interpretation.co.uk Cadw would like to thank Richard Brewer, Research Keeper of Roman Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, for his insight, help and support throughout the writing of this plan. Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47-410 Cadw 2011 no nonsense-interpretation ltd 2 Contents 1. Roman conquest, occupation and settlement of Wales AD 47410 .............................................. 5 1.1 Relationship to other plans under the HTP............................................................................. 5 1.2 Linking our Roman assets ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Sites not in Wales .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Criteria for the selection of sites in this plan .......................................................................... 9 2. Why read this plan? ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Aim what we want to achieve ........................................................................................... 10 2.2 Objectives.............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Baths Complex Is a Site of Historical Interest in the English City of Bath, Somerset
    Aquae Sulis The Roman Baths complex is a site of historical interest in the English city of Bath, Somerset. It is a well-preserved Roman site once used for public bathing. Caerwent Caerwent is a village founded by the Romans as the market town of Venta Silurum. The modern village is built around the Roman ruins, which are some of the best-preserved in Europe. Londinium Londinium was a settlement established on the current site of the City of London around 43 AD. Its bridge over the River Thames turned the city into a road nexus and major port, serving as a major commercial centre in Roman Britain until its abandonment during the 5th century. Dere Street Dere Street or Deere Street is what is left of a Roman road which ran north from Eboracum (York), and continued beyond into what is now Scotland. Parts of its route are still followed by modern roads that we can drive today. St. Albans St. Albans was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street. It is a historic market town and became the Roman city of Verulamium. St. Albans takes its name from the first British saint, Albanus, who died standing up for his beliefs. Jupiter Romans believed Jupiter was the god of the sky and thunder. He was king of the gods in Ancient Roman religion and mythology. Jupiter was the most important god in Roman religion throughout the Empire until Christianity became the main religion. Juno Romans believed Juno was the protector of the Empire. She was an ancient Roman goddess who was queen of all the gods.
    [Show full text]
  • Year 5&6 23.10.2020
    Year 5 & 6: Friday 23rd October 2020 Good morning everyone! It’s Friday…J Once today’s tasks are complete, it’s half term! Thank you for all of your hard work since we returned to school in September and for every piece of work you have completed this week. I hope you all have a lovely break and please stay safe – I can’t wait to see you all again on Monday 2nd November. Emotional well-being Today I want you to celebrate being you! Think about what makes you unique – be proud of the fact you are unique. You completed a piece of RE work earlier in the week and the general the me that came from it is that the world would be a pretty boring place if everyone was the same. Think of a good friend, or your group of friends… think of three ways that you are similar to each other and three ways that you are different. Don’t just focus on physical appearance – think about the things you enjoy, what you’re good at and what makes you special. Time for prayer and reflection We all need people in our lives who recognise our unique qualities and why we are special. We need these people to encourage us when we reach challenges in our lives – no matter how big or small. Take a moment to think about someone who does this for you and give thanks for them. Dear God, Thank you that I am special to you. Thank you that there is nobody else exactly the same as me.
    [Show full text]
  • Otterburn Ranges the Roman Road of Dere Street 3 50K Challenge 4 the Eastern Boundary Is Part of a Fine Route for Cyclists
    The Otterburn Ranges The Roman road of Dere Street 3 50K Challenge 4 The Eastern Boundary is part of a fine route for cyclists. This circular cycle route takes you from Alwinton A challenging walk over rough terrain requiring navigation through the remote beauty of Coquetdale to the Roman skills, with one long stretch of military road. Rewards camps at Chew Green and then back along the upland with views over the River Coquet and Simonside. spine of the military training area. (50km / 31 miles) Distance 17.5km (11 miles) Start: The National Park car park at Alwinton. Start: Park at the lay-by by Ovenstone Plantation. Turn right to follow the road up the Coquet Valley 20km After the gate join the wall NW for 500m until the Controlled to Chew Green. wood. Go through the gate for 500m through the wood, Continue SE from Chew Green on Dere Street for 3km keeping parallel to the wall. to junction of military roads – go left, continue 2.5km After the wood follow the waymarked path N for 1km ACCESS AREA then take the road left 2.5km to Ridlees Cairn. After up to forest below The Beacon.This will be hard going! 1km keep left. After 3.5km turn left again to follow the Follow path 1km around the forest which climbs to The This area of the Otterburn Ranges offers a variety of routes ‘Burma Road’ for 10km to descend through Holystone Beacon (301m). From here the way is clear along the across one of the remotest parts of Northumberland.
    [Show full text]
  • Romans in Cumbria
    View across the Solway from Bowness-on-Solway. Cumbria Photo Hadrian’s Wall Country boasts a spectacular ROMANS IN CUMBRIA coastline, stunning rolling countryside, vibrant cities and towns and a wealth of Roman forts, HADRIAN’S WALL AND THE museums and visitor attractions. COASTAL DEFENCES The sites detailed in this booklet are open to the public and are a great way to explore Hadrian’s Wall and the coastal frontier in Cumbria, and to learn how the arrival of the Romans changed life in this part of the Empire forever. Many sites are accessible by public transport, cycleways and footpaths making it the perfect place for an eco-tourism break. For places to stay, downloadable walks and cycle routes, or to find food fit for an Emperor go to: www.visithadrianswall.co.uk If you have enjoyed your visit to Hadrian’s Wall Country and want further information or would like to contribute towards the upkeep of this spectacular landscape, you can make a donation or become a ‘Friend of Hadrian’s Wall’. Go to www.visithadrianswall.co.uk for more information or text WALL22 £2/£5/£10 to 70070 e.g. WALL22 £5 to make a one-off donation. Published with support from DEFRA and RDPE. Information correct at time Produced by Anna Gray (www.annagray.co.uk) of going to press (2013). Designed by Andrew Lathwell (www.lathwell.com) The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in Rural Areas visithadrianswall.co.uk Hadrian’s Wall and the Coastal Defences Hadrian’s Wall is the most important Emperor in AD 117.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Roads in Britain
    THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES !' m ... 0'<.;v.' •cv^ '. V'- / / ^ .^ /- \^ ; EARLY BRITAIN. ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN BY THOMAS CODRINGTON M. INST. C.E., F.G.S. WITH LARGE CHART OF THE ROMAN ROADS, AND SMALL MAPS LY THE TEXT SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, LONDON: NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. 43, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.G. ErIGHTON ; 129, NORTH STREET. 1903 PUBLISHED UNDEK THE DIRECTION OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE COMAHTTEE. DA CsHr PREFACE The following attempt to describe the Roman roads of Britain originated in observations made in all parts of the country as opportunities presented themselves to me from time to time. On turning to other sources of information, the curious fact appeared that for a century past the literature of the subject has been widely influenced by the spurious Itinerary attributed to Richard of Ciren- cester. Though that was long ago shown to be a forgery, statements derived from it, and suppositions founded upon them, are continually repeated, casting suspicion sometimes undeserved on accounts which prove to be otherwise accurate. A wide publicity, and some semblance of authority, have been given to imaginary roads and stations by the new Ordnance maps. Those who early in the last century, under the influence of the new Itinerary, traced the Roman roads, unfortunately left but scanty accounts of the remains which came under their notice, many of which have since been destroyed or covered up in the making of modern roads ; and with the evidence now avail- able few Roman roads can be traced continuously. The gaps can often be filled with reasonable cer- tainty, but more often the precise course is doubtful, and the entire course of some roads connecting known stations of the Itinerary of Antonine can IV PREFACE only be guessed at.
    [Show full text]
  • Cunetio Roman Town, Mildenhall Marlborough, Wiltshire
    Wessex Archaeology Cunetio Roman Town, Mildenhall Marlborough, Wiltshire Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Ref: 71509 July 2011 CUNETIO ROMAN TOWN, MILDENHALL, MARLBOROUGH, WILTSHIRE Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Prepared for: Videotext Communications Ltd 11 St Andrew’s Crescent CARDIFF CF10 3DB by Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park SALISBURY Wiltshire SP4 6EB Report reference: 71509.01 Path: \\Projectserver\WESSEX\PROJECTS\71509\Post Ex\Report\71509/TT Cunetio Report (ed LNM) July 2011 © Wessex Archaeology Limited 2011 all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 Cunetio Roman Town, Mildenhall, Marlborough, Wiltshire Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results DISCLAIMER THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A REPORT TO AN INDIVIDUAL CLIENT AND WAS PREPARED SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT CLIENT. THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT NECESSARILY STAND ON ITS OWN AND IS NOT INTENDED TO NOR SHOULD IT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY THIRD PARTY. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY WILL NOT BE LIABLE BY REASON OF BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OCCASIONED TO ANY PERSON ACTING OR OMITTING TO ACT OR REFRAINING FROM ACTING IN RELIANCE UPON THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARISING FROM OR CONNECTED WITH ANY ERROR OR OMISSION IN THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. LOSS OR DAMAGE AS REFERRED TO ABOVE SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS DAMAGE TO REPUTATION OR GOODWILL LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED BUSINESS DAMAGES COSTS EXPENSES INCURRED OR PAYABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY (IN ALL CASES WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OR ANY OTHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE QUALITY ASSURANCE SITE CODE 71509 ACCESSION CODE CLIENT CODE PLANNING APPLICATION REF.
    [Show full text]
  • HO160210 Sale
    For Sale by Auction to be held at Dowell Street, Honiton Tel 01404 510000 Fax 01404 44165 th Tuesday 16 February 2010 Silver, Silver Plate, Coins, Jewellery Ceramics, Glass & Orientals Works of Art & Collectors’ Items Pictures and Furniture yeer SALE COMMENCES AT10.00am Buyers are reminded to check the ‘Saleroom Notice’ for information regarding WITHDRAWN LOTS and EXTRA LOTS SALE REFERENCE HO01 Catalogues £1.50 Silver & Silver Plate Lots 1 – 165 On View: Coins – Lots 200 - 247 Jewellery Lots 250 - 360 th Saturday 13 February 9.00am – 12.00 Ceramics, Glass & Oriental Monday 15th February 9.00am – 7.00pm Lots 361 - 497 Works of Art & Collectables Morning of Sale from 9.00am Lots 500 – 559 Pictures Lots 560 - 619 Carpets, Rugs & Furniture Lots 620 - 723 TUESDAY 16TH FEBRUARY 2010 Sale commences at 10am SILVER AND SILVER PLATE 1. A set of six silver cocktail sticks with cockerel finials, Birmingham 1931, cased, together with a silver cigarette case with engine turned decoration, total weight 6ozs. (2). 2. A silver pepper mill, Birmingham 1934, height 8.5cm, together with a late Victorian silver replica of a late 17th Century bleeding bowl, London 1900, by George Jackson & David Fullerton, weighing 2.5ozs (2) 3. A silver four division bachelor toast rack, Sheffield 1927, also a silver desk or bedroom candlestick, with reeded column, Birmingham 1903, loaded, 11cm high and a silver bachelor cream jug, of an oval half fluted form, Birmingham 1901, weighable silver 3.5ozs (3). 4. A pair of late Victorian silver bachelor salts in the form of porringers, London 1896, by Mappin and Webb, with blue glass liners and non matching spoons, 2.5cm high, also a pair of cut glass salts with silver rims, Birmingham 1906, an eastern silver pepper with foliate spray decoration and a plated acorn shaped pepper.
    [Show full text]
  • A Kink in the Cosmography?
    A Kink in the Cosmography? One vital clue for deciphering Roman-era names is that the order of names in the Ravenna Cosmography is geographically logical. The unknown cosmographer appears to have taken names off maps and/or itineraries that were tolerably accurate, not up to modern cartographic standards, but good enough for Roman soldiers to plan their travels logically. An apparent exception to this logic occurs near Hadrian’s Wall, where RC’s sequence of names runs thus: ... Bereda – Lagubalium – Magnis – Gabaglanda – Vindolande – Lincoigla ... The general course is clear enough, looping up from the south onto the Stanegate road (which was built earlier than the actual Wall) and then going back south. Lagubalium must be Carlisle and Vindolande must be Chesterholm, so it seems obvious that Magnis was at Carvoran and Gabaglanda was at Castlesteads. The problem is that Carvoran lies east of Castlesteads, which would make RC backtrack and put a kink in its path across the ground. Most people will simply say “So what? Cosmo made a mistake. Or his map was wrong. Or the names were written awkwardly on his map.” But this oddity prompted us to look hard at the evidence for names on and around Hadrian’s Wall, as summarised in a table on the following page. How many of the name-to-place allocations accepted by R&S really stand up to critical examination? One discovery quickly followed (a better location for Axelodunum), but many questions remain. For a start, what was magna ‘great’ about the two places that share the name Magnis, Carvoran and Kenchester? Did that name signify something such as ‘headquarters’ or ‘supply base’ in a particular period? Could another site on the Stanegate between Carlisle and Castlesteads be the northern Magnis? The fort at Chapelburn (=Nether Denton, NY59576460) would reduce the size of the kink, but not eliminate it.
    [Show full text]