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Nicholas Hadgraft Ph.D University College London ^^^^

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Nicholas Hadgraft Ph.D University College London ^^^^ English Fifteenth Century Book Structures Nicholas Hadgraft Ph.D University College London ^^^^ ELO,^DIN.. UNIY , 2 Acknowledgements It is impossible to thank all of those people who have offered help and advice over the past seven years of my research. However, I know that those who are not mentioned will understand the need for brevity. First, I would like to thank Francis Hookham who has somehow managed to organise my computer skills; there can be no doubt that without his support and advice these findings would never have reached fruition. He is also responsible for introducing me to the very exacting skills of Dr. Raymond Kelly who, at short notice, provided some critical proof reading. My understanding of book structures has grown over many years, and there are three mentors who must not go without mention. Christopher Clarkson was my tutor at West Dean College from 1987 to 1989. I am immensely grateful to Christopher for his generosity in teaching a subject of which he is the contemporary pioneer. From 1984 to 1987, I worked as the Conservation Assistant to the Parker Library whilst Dr. Nicholas Pickwoad was the Consultant, and it was during this time that I learned to appreciate book structures. Professor Raymond Page was the driving force behind the new projects in the Parker Library during the 1980s and early 1990s. He developed a vital centre of study, and actively encouraged those people working there to initiate research on the collections. I owe him a great deal for his encouragement and support. I would like to thank Cheryl who somehow managed to persuade me to complete this thesis. In addition, I must mention my great friend and colleague Melvin Jefferson, for his interest and support throughout this work. I should also like to thank Professor Robin Alston who patiently acted as my supervisor. Finally, I should like to thank those librarians and library staff of the many libraries throughout the length and breadth of the country who gave me access to their collections. I am especially grateful to the Fellow and College Librarians in Cambridge, notably those at Pembroke, Gonville and Caius, Jesus, Corpus, Clare, King's, Peterhouse, Selwyn, Sidney Sussex, Queens', Trinity, Trinity Hall, Newnham and of the University Library. E RRATA P-3, line 2 for "it's" read "its- P. 1 1 , line 7 for "since the most part" react "since for the most part" p.20, Para 3, line 10 for "interpretataon" read "interpretation" p.25, line 2 from foot for "a opposed" read "as opposed" p.33, Para 3 line 5 for "James" read "James" 1895 p.35 Para 2 for "Surtees" read "Surtees 1903" p.36, footnote I 1 for "Thorold Rogers" read "Thorold Rogers p.37 line 12 for "Barker a,b" read "Barker'' p.46 footnote 18 appears on page 47 p.48 footnote 19 for "books often been" read "books have often been" p.52, Para 2 for "phenomena" read "phenomenon" p.54, line I I for "the "the main" read "the main" p.55, Para 2, line 4 for "style would" read "style - it would" p.58, footnote 26 for " 1995" read " 1992" p.69, line 5 for "its ready loss of read "its ready loss of grain surface an" p.79, line 13 for "and are partly homiletic" read "and partly homiletic" p.81, line 4 for "ancestor" read "descendent" p.92, line 3 for "book" read "books" p.94, footnote 53 for "reeked" read "wreaked'' p.95, line 13 for "production from type analysis" read "production involves assessment of type analysis" p.115, line 3 for "Oxford London" read "Oxford and London" p.125, line 7 for "or" read "but" p.132, footnote 76 for "reinforceements" read "r-einforcement's'p.150, footnote 92 should read : Knifing of the quires of hand sewn books was largely replaced by "sawing-in" in the post medieval period, and in the later period is commonly associated with recessed cord work particularly from the eighteenth century and onwards. p.176, line 3 for "use" read "used" p.178, line 13 for "entire fifteenth century." read "entire fifteenth century it is in the last quarter that the most significant changes occurred." p,188 The statistics on endbands total I I 2^I^ because the 12°lr of covered endband,, cannot be structurally assessed because they are not visible, p.205 Diagrams described in terms of short /cushioned and short /chamfered delete /. p.21 1, para 2, line I for "have" read "has" p.239, footnote 153 for "phenomena" read '`phenomenon" p.243, line 4, delete (see footnote 150) p.250, footnote 162, line 6, for "resultuholai:s" read "result of uholarti" p.254, line 3 for "construction fifteenth" read "construction of fifteenth" p.256, line 7 for "Rhamus Cathartica" read "Rhumus carharticu" second line from foot of page delete "(see footnote 39 on woad)" p. 265, para 3, line 6 for "(N.J. Barker !Fishtail Binder)" read "(this book is in the private collection of N.J. Barker, and is in unusually well preserved original condition) p.280, line I for "complementary" read "complimentary" p.284, para 2, line 4 for "book much the game" read "book was much the same" p.290, para 2, line 6 for "played in the binding" read "played a significant role in the binding of some" p.294, line 22 for "ever ever" read "ever" p.297, para 2, line 1 1 : delete "(Footnote 135)" p.301, line 4 for "routed" read "rooted" 3 Abstract In discussing fifteenth century book structures the thesis describes those collections from which it's survey (of over three hundred bindings) was drawn. It explores the physical archaeology of the book, and considers the context of book production in the late medieval period. The technical skills of the bookbinder are considered in detail, as are the tools, materials and technologies used. The demise of the wooden boarded medieval book is compared with the great age of Romanesque bookbinding. In focusing on the collections held by Cambridge libraries, it was inevitable that there should be a strong concentration on the work of bookbinders from that city, but those from Oxford and London are well represented. The work of a number of provincial binders is also given attention. Many of the books studied were undergoing conservation work whilst being surveyed, and this has provided much information which would otherwise have never been revealed. In particular it was possible to make a detailed study of sewing techniques, and of the changing materials used in the making of sewings. Utilising a microcomputer with a powerful spreadsheet programme, the survey ofthreehundred books explores all aspects of English fifteenth century binding in wooden boards. Each book was catalogued in terms of nearly three hundred questions in computerised format, and the results were turned into graphs for percentage interpretation. In addition every book was recorded on a detailed survey form, supported by photographs, drawings and diagrams to provide as full a set of details as possible. The results were scrutinised to consider the impact of the growing use of paper and of the invention of printing with movable type. The cultural, social and economic demands of the medieval age are brought together as aspects which influenced the development of the book structure. The way in which books were made and used is considered in depth. The impact of mainstream historical developments in politics, religion and education are also factors which played a vital role in the history of the book during this period. The codex (in original condition) is a "time capsule", to quote Christopher Clarkson, and this research seeks to explore book production in one of the most vital centuries of its history. Nicholas Hadgraft, July 1997 4 The terms used in this thesis are described in the footnotes and in the text. Terminology is also tackled with diagrams in the second volume, and illustrated with photographs. CHAPTER 1 ENGLISH FIFTEENTH CENTURY BOOKBINDINGS ................................ 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7 Epitome ....................................................................................................................... 7 Computerised survey records Criteria..........................................................................9 The Sa mple ofth ree h wzlred boalcssaveyed &thefifteenth xrtuymllege libruriesofCa»zbridge .............10 The Monastic Library and the Monastery's Books .........................................................12 The fifteenth century college libraries of Cambridge - establishment and administrationl4 The fifteenth century college library - fixtures and fittings...........................................20 Printed Books and the availability of Books in the Late Fifteenth Century ..................23 The Collections: ............................................................................................................. 25 Pembroke College........................................................................................................26 Gonville and Caius......................................................................................................27 Jesus College ...............................................................................................................29 Corpus Christi College, Cambridge..............................................................................31 Sidney Sussex College .................................................................................................33 Clare College.............................................................................................................34 King's College.............................................................................................................34
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