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The Role of Knowledge and Environmental Values on Consumer Beliefs, Attitude, and Purchase Intention Toward Leather Products
The Role of Knowledge and Environmental Values on Consumer Beliefs, Attitude, and Purchase Intention Toward Leather Products AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Elizabeth S. Becker for the degree of Master of Science in Design and Human Environment presented on June 11, 2014 Title: The Role of Knowledge and Environmental Values on Consumer Beliefs, Attitude, and Purchase Intention Toward Leather Products Abstract approved: Hsiou-Lien Chen Brigitte Cluver Globally, it is estimated that over 2,518,200 tons of hides and skins were exported in the year 2011 alone, with an estimated world production yield of 23 billion square feet of finished leather (FA0, 2011; Mwinyihija, 2011). While some manufacturers have adopted eco-friendly production methods, most tanneries still practice the old-fashioned techniques, which can create negative impacts on the environment and the health of industry employees due to the generation of solid (e.g., chromium salts) and liquid (e.g., untreated water) waste full of toxic chemicals (Iyer, & Mastorakis, 2009). While consumer behaviors and their purchase intentions related to their beliefs have been widely studied, researchers have not investigated consumer beliefs and attitude regarding leather production and whether their environmental values and knowledge impact their beliefs about leather products, attitudes towards purchasing leather products, and intentions to purchase leather products. To fill in a gap in the current research on consumer behavior and using the Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein, 1967), Dickson’s (2000) extension of the theory and Dunlap’s (2008) New Ecological Paradigm as a guide, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether exposure to information regarding the environmental and health impact of leather production would ultimately change consumers’ beliefs, attitudes and intentions to purchase leather products. -
TAWING Basically It Is a Mixture of Un-Iodised Salt, Alum and Water. but I Will Get the Exact Proportions. Aluminium Potasium Su
TAWING Basically it is a mixture of un-iodised salt, alum and water. But I will get the exact proportions. Aluminium potasium sulphate (alum) 4 parts Sodium chloride (un-iodised salt) 1 part. Added to this enough water so that the above will just disolve. Next in the book was a description of how to first bleach the skin if you want to retain the fleece and not damage it, I can post it if you are interested, but it’s kind of long otherwise. After cleaning, the skin is soaked in the mixture for a few hours and then 'staked'. You need something resembling a stake or plank, sticking out of the ground at about waist level. You then take the skin in each hand and with an alternating each hand up and down, motion draw the skin across the stake. This sort of 'opens up' the pores of the leather allowing more of the solution to soak in next time. Keep on repeating soaking and staking. As you do so the skin will get whiter and softer. Eventually getting a rough texture sort of like suede. Now briefly rinse and set aside to dry. If it becomes too stiff, stake during the drying process. The skin is greatly improved when dry by stuffing. The leather at this stage is open in texture and a wide variety of substances can be absorbed to give greater body. For fleeced skins the safest stuffing is glycerol (glycerine) for it is the least likely to stain wool or hair. However fat and oils of any type, egg yolk, flour and starch are among substances which have been used for stuffing. -
Traditional Leather Processing Using Domestic Methods in Estonia Made Uus
164 Best of Studia Vernacula Traditional leather processing using domestic methods in Estonia Made Uus Abstract This article provides an overview of the traditional domestic leather processing methods used in Estonia throughout history, as well as of the research papers on leather processing that have been published or have yet to be published in Estonian. There is also an overview of the main leather processing and tanning methods (vegetable tanning, alum tawing and flour tanning). Based on her own experience, the author gives a detailed description of traditional leather pro- cessing with a fermented flour mixture (flour tanning) as one of the oldest and most widespread methods of processing hides with fur. The article also gives an overview of the current situation of traditional leather processing using domes- tic methods in Estonia. Keywords: animal hide, tanning, leather dressing methods Introduction Animal skins have probably provided people with raw material since the begin- ning of humankind, since the times when people lived through hunting and gath- ering, and animal hides not suitable for eating were used for clothing or houses. Items made of raw or poorly processed hides or skins usually dry rock hard; therefore, processed leather or fur is much more valuable and usable. Primitive hide processing probably consisted only of kneading and treading the raw hides. Somewhat later appeared greasing and smoking of the hides. The next step was processing animal hides with soils rich in various salts and aluminum, thus allowing the hide to retain moisture; a hide processed this way did not rot and was a flexible and durable material (Kangro 1939: 5–6). -
About Leather Types of Leather
About Leather Types of Leather Leather is an ancient, durable material created through a process of tanning animal rawhide to preserve it and make it pliable when dry. Many features of natural leather make it superior to synthetic products including durability, comfort, beauty, suppleness, and resilience. Plus, leather’s ability to patina and absorb body oils continues to enhance the leather’s appearance and makes it more beautiful over time. Leather can broadly be divided into full grain, enhanced grain, corrected grain, top grain and split leathers. Full Grain Leather Full grain leather has no surface alterations. The hide’s natural pores and grain textures are intact and it will develop a patina over time. The tiny pinholes dotting the surface indicate the hide’s open hair follicles. The presence of these hair follicles demonstrates a high quality surface which has not been altered to conceal flaws. This full grain surface breathes. It keeps the user Full grain comfortable as it adjusts to body temperature. Full grain leather is the highest quality, most beautiful, and most comfortable leather available. Enhanced Grain Leather Enhanced grain leather is a full grain with an artificial grain embossed over the natural grain. Enhanced grain leather has the same comfort and breathability of a full grain, but the surface has received minor alteration to improve grain Enhanced grain appearance. Corrected Grain Leather Corrected grain leather is produced from the upper portion of the hide. The surface is lightly sanded or refined then embossed with an artificial grain texture. Corrected grain leathers have a more consistent appearance across the entire surface. -
Home Tanning of Leather
B-86 1937 HOME TANNING OF LEATHER issued by The ExtensioR Service Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and The United States Department of Agriculture H. H. Williamson, Director, College Station, Texas 8-86 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE G. G. GIBSON. DIRECTOR, COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS Home Made Gauge Knives-The materials required are one piece of timber 2 x 4 x 24 inches, one piece of timber 2 x 4 x 20 inches, one .1 inch bolt or large nail, one corner brace 4 x 4 x ~ inches. and one butcher knife. Horne Tanning of Leather By M. K. Thornton, Leather Specialist One of the oldest arts known to man, the tanning of leather, has become almost a lost art to farmers and ranchers. Yet it is a fairly easy process if care is taken. ' There are many methods of tanning, and no one of them rnay be called best. The methods described here are among the easiest and produce satisfactory results. No attempt is made to give details to suit every kind of weather. The ideal temperature is from 70 to 75 degrees F"ahrenheit. In no case should the hides be permitted to freeze. The warmer the weather the more quickly hides spoil, and as - a result there is greater likelihood of getting weak or tender leather. The hides to be tanned may be fresh, green salt, dry salt, or flint. A fresh hide is one which has been taken from the animal and allowed to cool. A green salt hide is one which has been well salted shortly after being removed from the animal, folded and placed in a cool place until the salt has penetrated well, and then stored until ready for use. -
A Study on Future Substitutes of Leather
ISSN: 2641-192X DOI: 10.33552/JTSFT.2021.07.000675 Journal of Textile Science & Fashion Technology Mini Review Copyright © All rights are reserved by Chaturvedi D A Study on Future Substitutes of Leather Chaturvedi D* Amity School of Fashion Technology, Amity University, India *Corresponding author: Chaturvedi D, Amity School of fashion technology, Amity Received Date: January 07, 2021 University, Chhattisgarh, Raipur Campus, India. Published Date: February 26, 2021 Abstract As we all are aware of that Leather is an ancient, durable material and most demanded because of its beauty and how it continues to look better and better after years of use. Leather is manufactured through derived skin of dead animals, most often made from cow hide. The process used to tan the skins, is treated with chemicals, many of them pollute land, water and air and can be harmful to workers. knowing this, should be choose to use an alternative or substitute for leather. For this we can go through leather history, its present manufacturing techniques, innovations in leather and what can be best possible substitute for leather in future in this particular research. Keywords: Durable; Tan; Pollute land Introduction utilization of words, for instance, charmanta, charmapath, varatra, chasabandha which can be located in vintage Sanskrit writing of a creature to make it strong but entirely adaptable. Leather Leather is the finished result of tanning the crude covers up display that lashes, agencies, and strings of cowhide had been in is generally produced using cows stow away, however the skin like way use in those days, portraying the chronicled estimation of from practically any creature (vertebrates, creatures of land and calfskin and it is almost unfading interest esteem [1]. -
The History and Practice of Bark Tanning in Newfoundland and Labrador
Heritage NL Fieldnotes Series, 007, June 2020 The History and Practice of Bark Tanning in Newfoundland and Labrador [email protected] -- Heritage NL -- PO Box 5171, St. John’s, NL, Canada, A1C 5V5 By Katie Crane and Dale Gilbert Jarvis, Heritage NL Introduction In June 2017, Bell Island native, craft producer, and maker Clare Fowler appeared on Heritage NL’s Living Heritage Podcast to talk about her work, which focuses on the use of seal fur and seal leather. In the course of the conversation, she brought up the topic of seal skin leather boots, and the use of birch bark in tanning the leather. Regarding sealskin boots, she noted: They have such a historical and cultural significance on the Northern Peninsula. So many people have used them and they were just like a necessity of life. They're absolutely beautiful and stunning but not too many people are making them anymore and not too many people are doing the birch bark processing. I know a number of people who are experimenting with it but we were only able to track down one gentleman who was actually still doing it on somewhat of a small scale because the demand for it was lessening over time. The tradition of bark tanning and the use of bark mixtures for the preservation of textiles has a long history in Newfoundland and Labrador. This article traces the linguistic history of the verb form of the word bark, the use of bark as a preservative and colourant, describes the process involved in the creation of tanned materials in CRANE and JARVIS. -
FURS: GENERAL INFORMATION by Elizabeth R
2 Revised U. So DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Letter March 10 National Bureau of Standards Circular 1964 Washington, D. C. 20234 LCSSS FURS: GENERAL INFORMATION by Elizabeth R. Hosterman CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. KINDS OF FURS: CHARACTERISTICS AND GEOGRAPHICAL 3 SOURCES 2.1 Rodent Family 4 (a) Water rodents 4 (b) Land rodents 4 2.2 Weasel Family 5 2.3 Cat Family 7 2.4 Dog Family S (a) Foxes 3 (b) Wolves a 2.5 Hoofed Animals 9 2.6 Bear-Raccoon Group 10 2.7 Miscellaneous 10 3. FUR MANUFACTURING 10 3.1 Curing and Dressing 10 3.2 Drying and Staking 11 3.3 Dyeing 13 4. SELECTION OF FURS BY CONSUMERS 15 4.1 Cost 15 4 . Use and Durability 16 4.3 Where To Buy 16 4.4 Labels 17 4.5 Workmanship IS 4.6 Quality 19 4.7 Genuine or Simulated 19 4.3 Fit, Style, and Color 19 5. CARE OF FURS 20 5.1 Home and Wearing Care 20 5.2 Storage Care 21 5.3 Cleaning of Furs 21 6. GLOSSARY OF TERMS 22 7 » BIBLIOGRAPHY 23 2 1. INTRODUCTION Both leather dressing and fur dressing have an origin which may be regarded as identical and which date back to a hazy period of antiquity. Ancient man killed animals in order to obtain food. The animals also furnished a skin which, after undergoing certain treatments, could be used as a covering for the body. Man had to, and did, find some means of preventing decay in a more or less permanent fashion. -
Ammonia Free Deliming Process in Leather Industry Based on Eco-Benign Products
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol 74, September 2015, pp. 518-521 Ammonia free deliming process in leather industry based on eco-benign products V Sivakumar1*, C Ponnusawmy2, K Sudalaimani2, T Rangasamy3, C Muralidharan3 and A B Mandal2 *1Chemical Engineering Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai – 600 020, India 2CSIRCentral Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai – 600 020, India 3Tannery Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai – 600 020, India Received 28 August 2014; revised 7 June 2015; accepted 16 August 2015 Deliming is one of the most important unit operations in leather processing. Conventional deliming process employs ammonium salts which generates considerable amount of ammonia during the process, making tannery environment unhealthy. Therefore ammonia free deliming process is necessary in view of environmental concern. Even though ammonia free alternate deliming processes have been studied earlier, they have not yet provided commercial viability so for. Hence in this paper, ammonia free deliming process based on eco-benign natural products as developed by CSIR-CLRI has been presented. Studies involve analyzing their efficiency, process parameters, quality of leather produced and to develop a viable ammonia free deliming system. The results indicate that complete deliming could be achieved using this product. Physical testing results indicate that strength properties are on par with control process and pass minimum test requirements for shoe upper leather. Organoleptic properties and overall assessments indicate that leathers delimed with CSIR-CLRI AFD are on par with that of conventional leathers. Thus, CSIR-CLRI based AFD could provide alternative system as ammonia free deliming process, which is of great environmental and safety concern. -
The Dukes County Intelligencer, Fall 2010
Journal of History of Martha’s Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands THE DUKES COUNTY INTELLIGENCER VOL. 52, NO. 1 FALL 2010 WRECK & RESCUE: The Mertie B. Crowley by HERBERT R. WARD INVENTIVE ISLANDERS U.S. Patent Records Tell A Tale of Creativity by CHRIS BAER PLUS: Student Essays: Early Vineyard Medicine This advertisement for Luxemoor leather products, produced in Vineyard Haven, appeared in the 1905 edition of The Craftsman. Wrote the magazine: “‘Luxemoor’ leather is a genuine article of unquestioned artistic merit History on Main Street combined with exclusive decorative effects which cannot be obtained elsewhere.” (See story, page 15) The Remarkable Polly Hill From the Executive Director Membership Dues Student ..........................................$25 Following in the footsteps of the late Ann Allen (see below), the Individual .....................................$55 Museum has opened these pages to welcome the papers of students (Does not include spouse) assigned to research Island history. Family ...........................................$75 This is the second edition featuring student work and we are hopeful Sustaining ...................................$125 that this new tradition will become a fixture in the growing collaboration Patron .......................................$250 between the Museum and the Martha’s Vineyard Public Schools. Benefactor ..................................$500 One of the objectives of the Museum is to strengthen our relationship President’s Circle .....................$1000 with the schools, to have a more active participation in curriculum Memberships are development, and to be a greater resource for all grades and subjects. The tax deductible. Museum’s collections are an unparalleled asset to scholars of all ages and For more information on membership educational levels, and we especially enjoy having the youngest scholars levels and benefits, please visit delve into our archives. -
IS 1640 (2007): Glossary of Terms Relating to Hides, Skins and Leather [CHD 17: Leather, Tanning Materials and Allied Products]
इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान का अधकार, जी का अधकार” “परा को छोड न 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 1640 (2007): Glossary of terms relating to hides, skins and leather [CHD 17: Leather, Tanning Materials and Allied Products] “ान $ एक न भारत का नमण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda “Invent a New India Using Knowledge” “ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी चराया नह जा सकताह ै”ै Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” IS 1640:2007 wi,m+k WET * TT1’R$nf$% ● WwI+ll Indian Standard GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO HIDES, SKINS AND LEATHER (First Revision,) ICS 01.040.59; 59.140.20 0 BIS 2007 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 December 2007 Price Group 16 Leather Tanning Materials and Allied Products Sectional Committee, CHD 17 FOREWORD This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Leather, Tanning Materials and Allied Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division Council. -
Tanning of Hides And
J R C R E F E R E N C E R E P O R T S Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Tanning of Hides and Skins Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) Michael Black, Michele Canova, Stefan Rydin, Bianca Maria Scalet, Serge Roudier, Luis Delgado Sancho 2013 Report EUR 26130 EN European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for prospective technological studies Contact information European IPPC Bureau Address: Joint Research Centre, Edificio Expo c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3 E-41092 Seville, Spain E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +34 95 4488 284 Fax: +34 95 4488 426 http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ This publication is a Reference Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Legal Notice Under the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 on the Re-use of Commission Documents (2011/833/EU), the present BREF document is subject to free re-use, except for parts covered by any third-party rights which may be present in the document (such as images, tables, data, written material, or similar, the rights to which need to be acquired separately from their respective rights-holders for further use). The European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the re-use of this publication. Any re-use is subject to the acknowledgement of the source and non-distortion of the original meaning or message Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed.