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2010 Arab Democracy Index anl/rep10 ang 3/16/10 8:47 PM Page 1 The Arab Reform Initiative The Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research THE S TATE OF REFORM IN THE ARAB WORLD 2009-2010 THE ARAB DEMOCR ACY INDEX Editors Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research Khalil Shikaki Mudar Kassis Jihad Harb Arab Reform Initiative Bassma Kodmani Salam Kawakibi March 2010 1 anl/rep10 ang 3/16/10 8:47 PM Page 2 Country Team Leaders Awadh Al Badi, Saudi Arabia Table of Contents Abdelnasser Al Djabi, Algeria Rania Joureidini, Lebanon Mustafa Kamel Essayed, Egypt Foreword Bassma Kodmani Mudar Kassis, Palestine Mohammed Al Masri, Jordan Abdelrahim Manar Slimi, Morocco Fouad Salahi, Yemen Introduction Khalil Shikaki Jaafar Al Shayeb, Saudi Arabia Ahmed Shihab, Kuwait Khalil Skikaki, Palestine Methodology Design: Myriam Misk Saikaly Findings Translator: Katie Hesketh Analytical Studies The Report is based on field work conducted in the ten countries The Security-Democracy Nexus, or the Negative surveyed by teams of researchers and Link between Insecurity and Regression in Democracy Bassma Kodmani data collectors: Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, What Reforms are Triggers of Democratic Change? Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria and The Case of the Mashreq Sufian Obaidat Yemen. The original data by country as well as the overall report are What Reforms are Triggers of Democratic Change? available on the website The Case of the Maghreb Abdallah Saaf www.arab-reform.net. Access to Information in the Arab World: Gaining Momentum but Still Lagging Behind Sarah Anne Rennick The editors would like to acknowledge Olfat Hammad and Conclusions and Recommendations Nassma Haïdar for their tireless efforts in the completion of this report. Annexes : List and Classification of Indicators used in the Arab Democracy Index, Sources of Information and Systems of Calculation Opinions and findings in this report do not represent necessarily the views of the member institutes of the Arab Reform Initiative. Insert Arab Democracy Index Master Sheet March 2010 2 3 anl/rep10 ang 3/16/10 8:47 PM Page 4 Democratic Principles (Values) Compared to the Average Scores of About the Arab Reform Initiative List of Tables and Graphs the Arab Sub-Index ARI was founded in 2005 based on the prevailing consensus that the Arab world Figure 2-19: Scores for Individual Indicators, Syria is in need of reforming its social, political and economic systems and on the belief Figure 1-1: The Index’s First Classification Based on the Kind of that the way challenges are met depends on who produces the knowledge and Indicator (Practices and Means) Figure 2-20: Syria’s Sub-Index According to Type, Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index formulates the issues. Figure 1-2: The Index’s Second Classification based on the Basic Principles of a Democratic System Figure 2-21: Syria’s Sub-Index According to Democratic Principles (Values) Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index The Initiative’s priority is to mobilize Arab research capacities to generate knowledge by those who Figure 1-3: The Index’s Democracy Score Level are the prime targets of reform, nurture and promote realistic and home-grown agendas for Figure 2-22: Palestine’s Comparative Scores for Individual democratic reform, foster public debate and produce recommendations for policy leaders. The Figure 2-1: Index, by Country, 2009 Indicators for 2008 and 2009 Initiative promotes a comprehensive vision of reform that integrates the interaction between the Table 2-1: Ratio of Scores for Practices versus Means in 2008 and Figure 2-23: Palestine’s Sub-Index According to Type, Compared to political, economic, societal and cultural spheres and raises awareness in the Arab region about 2009 the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index successful transitions to democracy in other parts of the world. Figure 2-2: Index, by Country (Comparative) in the First and Second Figure 2-24: Palestine’s Sub-Index According to Democratic Surveys Principles (Values) Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub- With members and partners in more than 15 Arab countries, ARI holds a unique position that allows Index Figure 2-3: Discrepancies in Scores between the First and Second it to draw on a broad network of scholars and activists to grasp the diversity of situations among Surveys Figure 2-25: Scores for Individual Indicators, Kuwait countries of the region and produce a combination of country specific and comparative and transversal research. Figure 2-4: Comparative Arab Average by Type of Indicator (Means- Figure 2-26: Kuwait’s Sub-Index According to Type, Compared to Practices) and Year the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index The Arab Reform Initiative is an independent organization with no ties to any specific country or any Figure 2-5: Comparative Indicator Scores by Type (Means- Figure 2-27: Kuwait’s Sub-Index According to Democratic political agenda related to the region. Practices), Country and Year Principles (Values) Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub- Index Figure 2-6: Comparative Arab Average Scores for Values or Member Institutes Principles Figure 2-28: Lebanon’s Comparative Scores for Individual ARI is a network of 14 think tanks based across the Arab world as well as Europe and the United States: Indicators for 2008 and 2009 Figure 2-7: Average Scores for the Index’s Sub-Indicators Relative Al Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies (Egypt), the Arab Reform Forum, Bibliotheca to Democratic Values Compared to Indicators Relative to Practices, Figure 2-29: Lebanon’s Sub-Index According to Type, Compared to Means and the General Average Alexandrina (Egypt), the Center for Strategic Studies – University of Jordan (Jordan), Palestinian Center the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index for Policy and Survey Research (Palestine), Lebanese Center for Policy Studies (Lebanon), Center for Figure 2-8: Comparative Sub-Indicators According to Democratic Figure 2-30: Lebanon’s Comparative Sub-Index According to Sudanese Studies (Sudan), Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches en Sciences Sociales (Morocco), King Values for Individual Countries Democratic Principles (Values) Compared to the Average Scores of Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (Saudi Arabia), Gulf Research Center (UAE), Center for the Arab Sub-Index Figure 2-9: Average Score for the Arab Index’s Indicators, 2008 and European Reform (UK), U.S./Middle East Project (USA), Fundacion Para las Relaciones 2009 Figure 2-31: Egypt’s Comparative Scores for Individual Indicators Internacionales y el Dialogo Exterior (Spain), Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy for 2008 and 2009 Figure 2-10: Jordan’s Comparative Scores for Individual Indicators (Greece), the European Institute for Security Studies (France). for 2008 and 2009 Figure 2-32: Egypt’s Sub-Index According to Type, Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index Figure 2-11: Jordan’s Sub-Index According to Type, Compared to the Other partner organizations are: the Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Relations – Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index Figure 2-33: Egypt’s Comparative Sub-Index According to American University of Beirut (Lebanon), Partners in Development (Egypt), Center for Middle Eastern Democratic Principles (Values) Compared to the Average Scores of Studies – Lund University (Sweden), Democracy Reporting International (Germany). Figure 2-12: Jordan’s Comparative Sub-Index According to the Arab Sub-Index Democratic Principles (Values) Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index Figure 2-34: Morocco’s Comparative Scores for Individual How We Work Indicators for 2008 and 2009 ARI’s work agenda and strategic orientations are decided by a Plenary composed of the directors of its 15 Figure 2-13: Algeria’s Comparative Scores for Individual Indicators institutional members. The ten Arab member institutes are spread across the Mashreq, the Maghreb and the for 2008 and 2009 Figure 2-35: Morocco’s Sub-Index According to Type, Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index Gulf and work in partnership with four European and one American centers. Figure 2-14: Algeria’s Sub-Index According to Type, Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index Figure 2-36: Morocco’s Sub-Index According to Democratic Priority areas for work are selected according to the concerns and priorities of the region’s key stakeholders Principles (Values) Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub- Figure 2-15: Algeria’s Comparative Sub-Index According to Index and are designed to support local initiatives by citizens and policy leaders. Democratic Principles (Values) Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index Figure 2-37: Yemen’s Comparative Scores for Individual Indicators The Initiative puts great care in protecting its independence, particularly in its fund-raising policy, applying Figure 2-16: Saudi Arabia’s Comparative Scores for Individual for 2008 and 2009 strict criteria such as the diversification of sources (Arab and international) and the principle of “no strings Indicators for2008 and 2009 Figure 2-38: Yemen’s Sub-Index According to Type, Compared to attached” to donations. Figure 2-17: Saudi Arabia’s Comparative Sub-Index According to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index Type, Compared to the Average Scores of the Arab Sub-Index Figure 2-39: Yemen’s Comparative Sub-Index According to Democratic Support is provided primarily by member institutes, private foundations and corporations as well as Figure 2-18: Saudi Arabia’s Comparative
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