Kebijakan Jepang Di Kawasan Asia Tenggara Melalui Penandatanganan “Joint Declaration on AJCEP” Di Era Kepemimpinan Junichiro Koizumi

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Kebijakan Jepang Di Kawasan Asia Tenggara Melalui Penandatanganan “Joint Declaration on AJCEP” Di Era Kepemimpinan Junichiro Koizumi Kebijakan Jepang di Kawasan Asia Tenggara melalui Penandatanganan “Joint Declaration on AJCEP” di Era Kepemimpinan Junichiro Koizumi Nafira Fitri, Sukma Sushanti, S.S., M.Si., Putu Titah Kawitri Resen, S.IP., M.A. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Udayana Email : [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRAK This paper found that the making of Japanese foreign policy related to trade sector in Southeast Asia in the era of the leadership of Junichiro Koizumi. This topic is interesting, because until the mid-1990s, Japan committed to making the policy of multilateralism and reject the free trade agreements, because they assume the free trade agreement is not in accordance with the GATT / WTO. But in the era of Junichiro Koizumi changed the emphasis of economic cooperation to "act together and move forward together" with ASEAN and establish the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP) as the beginning of the establishment for the Free Trade Agreement. In this paper the author will examine the making of Japanese foreign policy-related trade in Southeast Asia in the era of the leadership of Junichiro Koizumi. With a locus of time in the 1998-2002, after Asian crisis in 1997 and the signing of the "Joint Declaration on the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership". This paper will explorate using Model II: Organizational Process by Graham T. Allison with the initial assumption that the change of foreign policy in the economic field in Japan is the result of the government organization in Japan which is influenced by external factors at that time and the list options which produced by the organization. Keyword: AJCEP, Junichiro Koizumi, the Asian Crisis, Free Trade Agreement Pendahuluan Kebijakan terkait proteksi juga Sejak tahun 1950-an, Jepang membuat Jepang selama tahun 1990-an merupakan negara pertama yang maju menolak adanya Free Trade Agreement. perekonomiannya di Asia, dan Hal ini disebabkan karena Jepang memberikan efek berkesinambungan menganggap bahwa Free Trade yang positif terhadap negara-negara lain Aggreement merupakan alat diskriminatif di Asia Timur (Yue, 2004). Kemajuan yang yang paling buruk dan merusak konsep dicapai ini juga merupakan hasil dari sistem perdagangan yang ada dalam industrialisasi yang ditunjang oleh peran pasal 1 GATT (The General Agreement pemerintah melalui kebijakan-kebijakan on Tariffs and Trade) (Sutton, 2007). ekonomi, salah satunya yaitu proteksi Namun sebenarnya Perjanjian pasar dalam negerinya dengan Perdagangan Bebas (Free Trade memberikan subsidi kepada produsen Agreements) merupakan salah satu dalam negeri dan membatasi penerimaan pengecualian dari prinsip non-diskriminasi impor dari negara lain. perdagangan dalam pasal tersebut yang memang masih ada ketidaksetujuan dari 2002, melalui penandatanganan Joint beberapa negara termasuk Jepang Declaration untuk membangun sebuah mengenai batas-batas dan sifat kerangka kerja untuk ASEAN-Japan pengecualian yang berlaku terhadap Comprehensive Economic Partnership perdagangan bebas (Sutton, 2007). Meski (AJCEP). demikian, Jepang tetap dapat menguasai Hal ini menarik untuk dilihat pasar Asia, utamanya Asia Tenggara, karena seperti yang telah dibahas karena negara-negara di kawasan Asia sebelumnya bahwa Jepang dengan keras Tenggara sangat tergantung dengan menolak perjanjian perdagangan bebas teknologi yang dihasilkan oleh Jepang. yang dianggap melanggar sistem Belum lagi dengan banyaknya Foreign perdagangan GATT/WTO namun setelah Direct Investment (FDI) yang dialirkan adanya krisis Asia di tahun 1997 dan Jepang ke kawasan ini, menjadikan pergantian Perdana Menteri menjadi Jepang memiliki posisi yang kuat di Junichiro Koizumi di tahun 2001, arah bidang perdagangan di kawasan Asia kebijakan ekonomi dan luar negeri Jepang Tenggara (Purbantina, 2013). berubah dengan membuat perjanjian Hal tersebut berubah di tahun ekonomi dengan ASEAN sebagai 2001 saat Kabinet dari Perdana Menteri organisasi regional pertama yang yang baru terpilih yaitu Junichiro Koizumi membuat kesepakatan perdagangan mulai mengubah sejumlah kebijakan yang multilateral dengan Jepang. ada di Jepang utamanya kebijakan Berdasarkan uraian diatas, dapat ekonomi yang mengarah pada perbaikan dilihat bahwa Jepang pasca krisis Asia pasca krisis Asia 1997 dan kebijakan luar dan di bawah kepemimpinan Junichiro negeri Jepang yang mulai mengarah ke Koizumi telah membuat perubahan dalam pembentukan perjanjian kebijakan ekonomi dan luar negeri pada perdagangan bebas dengan negara lain. bidang perdagangan internasional Kebijakan yang paling signifikan terhadap khususnya dengan ASEAN dan dari latar hubungannya dengan ASEAN sebagai belakang permasalahan yang ada organisasi regional di kawasan Asia dirumuskan permasalahan yaitu Tenggara dapat dilihat dengan dibuatnya bagaimana proses pembuatan kebijakan Koizumi Doctrine pada 14 Januari 2002 luar negeri Jepang terkait perdagangan yang menekankan pada ide normatif dengan ikut serta dalam perjanjian untuk bertindak bersama dan maju perdagangan bebas melalui ASEAN- bersama dengan ASEAN melalui Japan Comprehensive Economic beberapa hal yaitu melakukan perbaikan Partnership di era kepemimpinan dan peningkatan kemakmuran, Junichiro Koizumi? memperkuat kerjasama ekonomi yang mengarah pada perdagangan bebas antar Model II : Organizational Process kawasan, serta kerjasama yang menekankan pada prospek di masa yang Penulis dalam hal ini akan datang (Dharmastuti, 2009). Poin menggunakan model II: proses organisasi kerjasama perdagangan dalam Koizumi yang dijelaskan oleh Graham T. Allison. Doctrine selanjutnya dituangkan dalam Allison menjelaskan bahwa kebijakan luar perjanjian ekonomi formal dengan ASEAN negeri adalah output dari proses yang diajukan Jepang pada November organisasi (Allison, 1971). Negara yang akan terjadi dan apa yang tidak akan diasumsikan sebagai organisasi yang terjadi dengan menggunakan sebuah memiliki berbagai organ dengan fungsi keputusan yang pernah sebelumnya yang berbeda, dan bekerja untuk dilakukan (Kegley,2008). mencapai tujuan bersama dari organisasi Hal serupa juga dijelaskan oleh tersebut. Perilaku pemerintahan dapat Karen A. Mingst mengenai Model dilihat sebagai tindakan yang dipilih oleh Organisasi dalam bukunya yang berjudul suatu kesatuan dan hasil dari pikiran “Essentials of International Relations”. rasional para pembuat kebijakan, Mingst menjelaskan bahwa aktor dalam dikendalikan secara terpusat, serta pembuatan kebijakan juga ditentukan oleh dilengkapi dengan informasi yang isu yang ingin dipecahkan, sedangkan sebenar-benarnya, dan memaksimalkan aktor-aktor lain (subunit lain yang tidak nilai dari hasil yang bisa didapatkan. berhubungan dengan isu) tetap memiliki Model ini menekankan pada asumsi suara untuk mempertimbangkan bahwa sebuah keputusan yang diambil keputusan yang akan diambil, agar adalah berdasarkan standard operating keputusan tersebut tidak merugikan aktor- procedures (SOP) dalam pemerintahan aktor lain tersebut. Dengan model dan cenderung dapat diprediksi dan tetap organisasi yang dipaparkan oleh Graham sesuai pola aksi tertentu. Karakteristik dari T. Allison dan didukung oleh Charles W. aksi pemerintah biasanya akan mengikuti Kegley serta Karen A. Mingst ini, penulis dari rutinitas-rutinitas yang telah mencoba melihat bagaimana proses dipatenkan atau dari pilihan yang dibuat pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri Jepang oleh kepala pemerintahan dengan terkait perdagangan dengan ikut serta berbasis pada informasi dan estimasi dalam perjanjian perdagangan bebas konsekuensi yang akan berlaku bila aksi melalui ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive tersebut dilakukan. Economic Partnership di era Mendukung model proses kepemimpinan Junichiro Koizumi. organisasi yang dipaparkan oleh Graham T Allison, Charles W. Kegley dalam Krisis Asia 1997 bukunya yang berjudul “World Politics : Trends and Transformation” menjelaskan Menghadapi krisis Asia yang bahwa Standard Operating Procedures terjadi tahun 1997, Jepang mulai (SOPs) menurut Kegley merupakan mengambil tindakan strategis sesuai SOP aturan-aturan untuk mencapai sebuah yang berlaku di dalam tubuh keputusan dengan metode-metode yang pemerintahan Jepang sendiri sebagai telah ditetapkan dan dapat diikuti secara aktor dalam pengambilan kebijakan berkelanjutan (Kegley,2008). Rutinitas menghadapi Krisis tersebut, yang saat itu yang terjadi ini membuat adanya berada dibawah Perdana Menteri keterbatasan pilihan-pilihan alternatif Hasyimoto Ryutaro. Dalam menghadapi dalam kebijakan yang dibuat. Hal ini suatu krisis sesuai dengan SOP yang dianggap lebih baik, karena dibandingkan berlaku, harus ditangani oleh Ministry of harus menambah jumlah dari pilihan- Finance (MOF) , yang nantinya pilihan alternatif, sebuah organisasi lebih mengeluarkan kebijakan untuk memiliki persiapan untuk memulihkan kondisi yang ada. Kebijakan mempertimbangkan kemungkinan apa yang dikeluarkan oleh MOF adalah mengatasi permasalahan domestik yang mengajukan sebuah Badan yang disebut terjadi. MOF membuat suatu kebijakan dengan Asian Monetary Fund (AMF). paket deregulasi finasial dengan Pemerintah Jepang melalui Menteri memberikan stimulus kepada Keuangan Hiroshi Mitsuzuka, dan Wakil perusahaan-perusahaan dalam negeri Menteri Keuangan Eisuke Sakakibara melalui subsidi dan pinjaman dana agar mengajukan proposal Asian Monetary tetap dapat berjalan dalam kondisi krisis Fund (AMF) saat menghadiri pertemuan seperti saat itu dan membuka kesempatan negara-negara G-7 di Hong Kong pada yang seluas-luasnya bagi para investor September 1997 (Adriani, 2010). asing
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