DOCSLIB.ORG

Flooded by Progress: Law, Natural Resources, and Native Rights in the Postwar Pacific Northwest

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Flooded by Progress: Law, Natural Resources, and Native Rights in the Postwar Pacific Northwest Flooded by Progress: Law, Natural Resources, and Native Rights in the Postwar Pacific Northwest By John James Dougherty A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Thomas Biolsi, Chair Professor Mark Brilliant Professor Shari Huhndorf Professor Beth Piatote Spring 2014 Flooded by Progress: Law, Natural Resources, and Native Rights in the Postwar Pacific Northwest Copyright © John James Dougherty All Rights Reserved Abstract Flooded by Progress: Law, Natural Resources, and Native Rights in the Postwar Pacific Northwest By John James Dougherty Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Thomas Biolsi, Chair This dissertation examines the politics of federal Indian law and the changing economic and environmental landscape of the postwar Pacific Northwest. In particular, it contends that the changing legal status of Native lands and resources was instrumental in both the massive industrial expansion, and subsequent environmental transformation, of the postwar Pacific Northwest. It traces the relations between economic and environmental changes and their connections to the dramatic policy shift in Indian affairs from the early 1950s, when the federal government unilaterally terminated tribal status of 109 Native communities, most of them in the Pacific Northwest, to the Native sovereignty movement, which precipitated new national policies of self-determination in the 1970s. Not only does the dissertation illuminate how Native communities in the Pacific Northwest were inequitably burdened by the region’s environmental and economic transformations in the second half of the 20th century, it also demonstrates how these transformations fueled the national economy in the postwar years as well as the emergence of Native activism, and how Native communities actively navigated and influenced seminal directions in federal Indian policy. Lastly, it illustrates how Native communities in the Pacific Northwest responded to the economic and environmental struggles of the early sovereignty era. This dissertation remaps the field of Native American history, by foregrounding its critical intersections with 20th-century environmental and economic histories. It relies heavily on materials from the National Archives & Records Administration Regional Office in Seattle, Washington, and agency archives from the Bonneville Power Administration, US Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, all in Portland, Oregon. In addition, the dissertation utilizes a variety of additional evidentiary support, and records from tribes in the Pacific Northwest. 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures ii Acknowledgements iv Introduction vii Chapter 1 Indians in the “World of Tomorrow:” Federal Indian Law and Postwar Development in the Pacific Northwest 1 Chapter 2 A “Withdrawal from Supervision:” the Rhetoric of Native Dispossession and Displacement in the Postwar Pacific Northwest 25 Chapter 3 “Talk the Language of the Larger World:” Fishing Rights, Natural Resources, and the Birth of the Native Sovereignty Movement 50 Chapter 4 “More Rhetoric than Action:” Tribal Natural Resources, Economic Development, and the Challenges of the Early Sovereignty Era 78 Conclusion “I want to go fishing whenever I feel like it. With no strings attached.” 108 Bibliography 114 i List of Figures Figure 1: Map of population density in the Pacific Northwest, circa 1942. Figure 2: Map of hydroelectric power grid in the Pacific Northwest, 1948. Figure 3: Columbia River Power System kilowatt-hour production growth, 1946 to 1958. Figure 4: Columbia River Power System revenue growth, 1946 to 1958. Figure 5: Timber production in the Pacific Northwest national forest and public lands, 1950- 1958. Figure 6: Value of timber harvest in the Pacific Northwest national forest and public lands, 1950- 1958. Figure 7: Pacific Northwest timber harvest and the United States 1950-1958. Figure 8: Nuclear energy production at Hanford facility, 1946-1958. Figure 9: Population growth in the Pacific Northwest, 1940-1960. Figure 10: Racial demographics in the Pacific Northwest, 1940-1960. Figure 11: Map of proposed hydroelectric sites by the Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee, 1958. Figure 12: Map of federal Indian tribes under the supervision of Portland Area Office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1946. Figure 13: Map of Western Washington tribes included in Western Oregon Termination Act, 1954. Figure 14: Map of Klamath Reservation included in Klamath Termination Act, 1954. Figure 15: Columbia River tribes with treaty rights established in 1855. Figure 16: Organization of fishing zones on the Columbia River, as established in 1957. Figure 17: Average annual fish harvest in Puget Sound by both non-Indians and treaty Indians, by percentage from 1958-1967. Figure 18: Average annual fish harvest on the Columbia River by both non-Indians and treaty Indians, by percentage from 1958-1967. ii Figure 19: Federal spending on Indian Affairs before and after tribal self-determination, 1973 and 1981. Figure 20: Average minimum numbers by millions of salmon and steelhead entering the Columbia River by decade from 1965 to 1994. Figure 21: Percentage of the non-Indian and treaty Indian commercial fish landing on the Columbia River from 1965 to 1994. Figure 22: Map of the Columbia River Basin showing tribal regions and access to salmon spawning areas. Figure 23: Average daily water temperature of the Columbia River by decade from 1940 to 1999. Figure 24: Map of all dams in the Pacific Northwest. Figure 25: Value of Alaska timber before and after Native Claims Settlement Act. iii Acknowledgements Needless to say, the contributions of many made this project possible. From ideas and observations, to guidance and support, these contributions seamlessly thread together the following pages. First and foremost, I need to acknowledge the Committee that guided this project, Professors Tom Biolsi, Beth Piatote, Shari Huhndorf and Mark Brilliant. I was so very fortunate to have such a dream team of advisors overseeing this project since the beginning. I only hope that the following pages offer a proper expression of my sincere gratitude for their many years of unrelenting encouragement and support. To my Chair, Tom Biolsi, it has been a great pleasure in my life to be your student. Your intellectual and scholarly guidance over the past ten years has been a tremendous gift. Several other faculty members had both direct and indirect guidance of this project, particularly, Professors Catherine Ceniza Choy, Keith Feldman, Nelson Maldonado-Torres, Michael Omi, and Richard Walker. In addition to faculty, the support staff in the Department of Ethnic Studies assisted in the logistical and procedural obstacles of day-to-day campus life, especially, Francisca Cazares, Lourdes Martinez, Anjelica Gonzalez, Carmen Foghorn, Eric Fong, and Dewey St. Germaine. This project relied greatly on a supportive group of public historians and archivists, who graciously sought out many of the original materials presented in this project. Particularly, Ken House of the National Archives & Records Administration Regional Office in Seattle, Mark Rogen of the Bonneville Power Administration Library in Portland, Mary Ellen Haug of the US Army Corps of Engineers Portland District Library in Portland, David Liberty of Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission in Portland, and Tamara Vidos Glencross of the Knight Library at the University of Oregon. It’s difficult to envision how this project could be completed without their generosity. In addition, I want to thank several organizations for providing the necessary financial and institutional support required for a project like this. Specifically, at UC Berkeley, Joseph Myers Center for Research on Native American Issues, Center for Race & Gender, Institute for the Study of Social Issues, Department of Ethnic Studies, and Native American Studies Program; and at Portland State University in Oregon, the Department of Anthropology. I also want to specifically thank the Graduate Division at UC Berkeley for the 2013-2014 University of California Dissertation Fellowship, which provided me the generous support needed to finish this project. And to the Bill Lane Center for the American West at Stanford University, for agreeing to see this project through the upcoming manuscripts stages. As a graduate student at UC Berkeley, I am indebted to the many colleagues I’ve encountered in my department and across campus. I want acknowledge the original members of my graduate cohort, Daniela Bazan, Hyunsun Chung, Mattie Harper, Yomaira Figueroa, Jason Kim, Janey Lew, Craig Santos Perez, Julie Thi Underhill and Marisol Silva. I also want to thank my writing, research, and teaching partners, Jason Kim, Joshua Troncoso, Annie Fukushima, and Jennifer Reimer. To the many undergraduate students I’ve had the pleasure of working with over the years, thank you for being a supportive audience as I worked through the ideas and concepts of this project, and for then taking them into the real world. And finally, to my closest family and friends I owe the greatest debt. To mentors from the past, Irving Petite and Orestes Yambouranis to my dear family, Mom, Dad, and Dawn, thank you for your constant encouragement and support. To my best non-human friends,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oregon Historic Trails Report Book (1998)
    i ,' o () (\ ô OnBcox HrsroRrc Tnans Rpponr ô o o o. o o o o (--) -,J arJ-- ö o {" , ã. |¡ t I o t o I I r- L L L L L (- Presented by the Oregon Trails Coordinating Council L , May,I998 U (- Compiled by Karen Bassett, Jim Renner, and Joyce White. Copyright @ 1998 Oregon Trails Coordinating Council Salem, Oregon All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Oregon Historic Trails Report Table of Contents Executive summary 1 Project history 3 Introduction to Oregon's Historic Trails 7 Oregon's National Historic Trails 11 Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail I3 Oregon National Historic Trail. 27 Applegate National Historic Trail .41 Nez Perce National Historic Trail .63 Oregon's Historic Trails 75 Klamath Trail, 19th Century 17 Jedediah Smith Route, 1828 81 Nathaniel Wyeth Route, t83211834 99 Benjamin Bonneville Route, 1 833/1 834 .. 115 Ewing Young Route, 1834/1837 .. t29 V/hitman Mission Route, 184l-1847 . .. t4t Upper Columbia River Route, 1841-1851 .. 167 John Fremont Route, 1843 .. 183 Meek Cutoff, 1845 .. 199 Cutoff to the Barlow Road, 1848-1884 217 Free Emigrant Road, 1853 225 Santiam Wagon Road, 1865-1939 233 General recommendations . 241 Product development guidelines 243 Acknowledgements 241 Lewis & Clark OREGON National Historic Trail, 1804-1806 I I t . .....¡.. ,r la RivaÌ ï L (t ¡ ...--."f Pðiräldton r,i " 'f Route description I (_-- tt |".
    [Show full text]
  • Click Here to Download the 4Th Grade Curriculum
    Copyright © 2014 The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. All rights reserved. All materials in this curriculum are copyrighted as designated. Any republication, retransmission, reproduction, or sale of all or part of this curriculum is prohibited. Introduction Welcome to the Grand Ronde Tribal History curriculum unit. We are thankful that you are taking the time to learn and teach this curriculum to your class. This unit has truly been a journey. It began as a pilot project in the fall of 2013 that was brought about by the need in Oregon schools for historically accurate and culturally relevant curriculum about Oregon Native Americans and as a response to countless requests from Oregon teachers for classroom- ready materials on Native Americans. The process of creating the curriculum was a Tribal wide effort. It involved the Tribe’s Education Department, Tribal Library, Land and Culture Department, Public Affairs, and other Tribal staff. The project would not have been possible without the support and direction of the Tribal Council. As the creation was taking place the Willamina School District agreed to serve as a partner in the project and allow their fourth grade teachers to pilot it during the 2013-2014 academic year. It was also piloted by one teacher from the Pleasant Hill School District. Once teachers began implementing the curriculum, feedback was received regarding the effectiveness of lesson delivery and revisions were made accordingly. The teachers allowed Tribal staff to visit during the lessons to observe how students responded to the curriculum design and worked after school to brainstorm new strategies for the lessons and provide insight from the classroom teacher perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • = Roster - ~ : of Members
    :1111111111111 "1"'111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111E § i = = ~ ~ = ROSTER - ~ : OF MEMBERS - OF THE 353RD - - INFANTRY i - - - - - - - = - - -ill lit IIIIIUUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU UWtMtltolllllllll U UIUU I U 11111111 U I uro- iiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii', THE 353RD INFANTRY | REGIMENTAL SOCIETY I SEPTEMBER. 1917 | JUNE. 1919 I IllltllUtll ................................................................................................. ..... ROSTER m u ......... ACCORDING TO THE PLACE ............... OF RESIDENCE iiiiiiiiiiii ......................................................... PREPARED FOR D 1 S T R IB U T 1 0 N TO ..... MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY AT THE REGIMENTAL REUNION. SEPTEMBER. 1922 ................................ n 1111111111111 • 111111111<111111111111111111111•111111111•11111111ii11111111 it iiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiHimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiumiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiintiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiMiMiiiiiiiiMiiic1111111111«11111111111111 ■ 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 llj; PREFACE This little booklet contains the names and addresses of all former members of the Regiment whose names and addresses were known at the time the book was com­ piled. There are bound to be er­ rors. Men move from place to place and very seldom think of notifying the Secretary of change of address. This book is Intended to encour­ age visiting among former mem­ bers of the Regiment. It is too bad it cannot be absolutely cor­ rect for the will to visit a former
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Country Welcome To
    Travel Guide To OREGON Indian Country Welcome to OREGON Indian Country he members of Oregon’s nine federally recognized Ttribes and Travel Oregon invite you to explore our diverse cultures in what is today the state of Oregon. Hundreds of centuries before Lewis & Clark laid eyes on the Pacific Ocean, native peoples lived here – they explored; hunted, gathered and fished; passed along the ancestral ways and observed the ancient rites. The many tribes that once called this land home developed distinct lifestyles and traditions that were passed down generation to generation. Today these traditions are still practiced by our people, and visitors have a special opportunity to experience our unique cultures and distinct histories – a rare glimpse of ancient civilizations that have survived since the beginning of time. You’ll also discover that our rich heritage is being honored alongside new enterprises and technologies that will carry our people forward for centuries to come. The following pages highlight a few of the many attractions available on and around our tribal centers. We encourage you to visit our award-winning native museums and heritage centers and to experience our powwows and cultural events. (You can learn more about scheduled powwows at www.traveloregon.com/powwow.) We hope you’ll also take time to appreciate the natural wonders that make Oregon such an enchanting place to visit – the same mountains, coastline, rivers and valleys that have always provided for our people. Few places in the world offer such a diversity of landscapes, wildlife and culture within such a short drive. Many visitors may choose to visit all nine of Oregon’s federally recognized tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • Saving the Salish Sea: a Fight for Tribal Sovereignty and Climate Action
    Saving the Salish Sea: A Fight for Tribal Sovereignty and Climate Action Evaluator: Francesca Hillary Member of Round Valley Tribes, Public Affairs and Communications Specialist, Frogfoot Communications, LLC. Instructor: Patrick Christie Professor Jackson School of International Studies and School of Marine and Environmental Affairs ______________________________________________________________________ Coordinator: Editor: Casey Proulx Ellie Tieman Indigenous Student Liaison: Jade D. Dudoward Authors: Jade D. Dudoward Hannah Elzig Hanna Lundin Lexi Nguyen Jamie Olss Casey Proulx Yumeng Qiu Genevieve Rubinelli Irene Shim Mariama Sidibe Rachel Sun Ellie Tieman Shouyang Zong University of Washington Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies Seattle, Washington March 4, 2021 - 2 - - 3 - 1. Introduction 6 2. Social and Ecological Effects of Trans Mountain Extension 6 2.1. Alberta Tar Sands 8 2.2. The Coast Salish Peoples 10 2.3. Trans Mountain Expansion Project 11 2.3.1. Ecological Impacts Of Trans Mountain Expansion Project 16 2.3.2. Social Impacts Of Trans Mountain Expansion Project 20 2.4. Policy Recommendations 27 2.5. Conclusion 30 3. Social Movements and Allyship Best Practices 31 3.1. Tactics from Past Social Movements for TMX Resistance 31 3.1.1. The Fish Wars 32 3.1.2. A Rise of a New Priority 34 3.1.3 Social Movements and Opposition Tactics 35 3.1.3.1. Keystone XL 35 3.1.3.2. Dakota Access Pipeline 37 3.1.4. Steps To Stronger Allyship 38 3.1.5. Resistance Is Not Futile; It Is To Make Changes 40 3.2. Present Social Movements in Regards to TMX 40 3.2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Health and Well-Being: Federal Indian Policy, Klamath Women, And
    Health and Well-being Federal Indian Policy, Klamath Women, and Childbirth CHRISTIN HANCOCK AS SCHOLARS OF CHILDBIRTH have pointed out, “birth” is always more than a mere biological event.1 It is inherently a social process as well, one that is shaped by cultural norms and power structures that are both raced and classed. For Native American women, the historical experiences of birth have been shaped by the larger context of settler colonialism.2 Despite this reality, very little attention has been paid by historians of childbirth to the ways that Native women’s experiences are bound up in this broader ten- sion between assimilation and resistance to dominant colonial structures. Similarly, few historians of American Indians have focused their attention specifically on birth.3 And yet birth is inherently tied to our beliefs about, as well as our experiences and practices of, health and health care. Always, the regulation and practice of birth is also about the regulation and practice of health. What constitutes health? Who defines “good” health? And who has access to it? As reproductive justice scholar Barbara Gurr has noted, social and political forces must be considered in any attempts at answering these questions for marginalized women. One cannot explore the history of Native women’s experiences of childbirth without also engaging in a larger history of the ways that their health and health care have been defined and shaped by federal Indian policies. Gurr argues that such an approach is “particularly relevant to many Native American women, whose group identity has been historically targeted for removal and assimilation by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The War on Poverty, Lawyers, and the Tribal Sovereignty Movement, 1964-1974
    ‘The Sovereignty that Seemed Lost Forever’: The War on Poverty, Lawyers, and the Tribal Sovereignty Movement, 1964-1974 Aurélie A. Roy Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2017 © 2017 Aurélie A. Roy All rights reserved ‘The Sovereignty that Seemed Lost Forever’1: The War on Poverty, Lawyers, and the Tribal Sovereignty Movement, 1964-1974 Aurélie A. Roy ABSTRACT Relying on interviews of Indian rights lawyers as well as archival research, this collective history excavates a missing page in the history of the modern tribal sovereignty movement. At a time when vocal Native American political protests were raging from Washington State, to Alcatraz Island, to Washington, D.C., a small group of newly graduated lawyers started quietly resurrecting Indian rights through the law. Between 1964 and 1974, these non-Indian and Native American lawyers litigated on behalf of Indians, established legal assistance programs as part of the War on Poverty efforts to provide American citizens with equal access to a better life, and founded institutions to support the protection of tribal rights. In the process, they would also inadvertently create both a profession and an academic field—Indian law as we know it today— which has since attracted an increasing number of lawyers, including Native Americans. This story is an attempt at reconstituting a major dimension of the rise of tribal sovereignty in the postwar era, one that has until now remained in the shadows of history: how Indian rights, considered obsolete until the 1960s, gained legitimacy by seizing a series of opportunities made available in part through ‘accidents’ of history.
    [Show full text]
  • View the Klamath Summary Report
    SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT — KLAMATH BASIN GENERAL STREAM ADJUDICATION From the top of a fault formed ridge overlooking the expansive Upper Klamath Lake, the rest of the world seems to fall away. Unbroken blue skies and dry, thin air stretches the horizon impossibly far. To the east, parched buttes roll through deep, green farm-filled valleys. To the west, only the rugged, snow- capped Cascades can rein in the view. The feeling of freedom that defines the American West is alive in this place. Prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department — October 1999 he Klamath Basin defies the soggy Northwest stereotype. The Cascade TMountains steal the moisture from eastward winds, transforming the damp, green Oregon known to most of the country. Away from the mountainsides, Lodge Pole and Ponderosa Pines supplant the water-dependent firs. The moss-covered logs and thick tangles of plants of the western forests are gone. In their place, reddish- black volcanic rocks speckle hillsides adorned with dusty sage. Sandy pumice soils are exposed to the wind and sun by the sparse ground cover. Everything seems to crack and crumble underfoot. Despite these desert-like conditions, an oasis of lakes, rivers, and marshes teams with wildlife. The remnants of a huge prehistoric lake once provided a cache of resources that allowed the Basin’s earliest human inhabitants to thrive in an otherwise formi- dable environment. Much time has passed and cultures have changed, but the reliance on these same resources has not. For more than 100 years, settlers, homesteaders, and their descendants have defied the desert by transforming vast lakes and marshes into farms and pasture–creating a heritage in the process.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Magazine Historic Photograph of Siletz Feather Dancers in Newport for the 4Th of July Celebration in the Early 1900S
    STUDENT MAGAZINE Historic photograph of Siletz Feather dancers in Newport for the 4th of July celebration in the early 1900s. For more information, see page 11. (Photo courtesy of the CT of the Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw). The Oregon Historical Society thanks contributing tradition bearers and members of the Nine Federally Recognized Tribes for sharing their wisdom and preserving their traditional lifeways. Text by: Lisa J. Watt, Seneca Tribal Member Carol Spellman, Oregon Historical Society Allegra Gordon, intern Paul Rush, intern Juliane Schudek, intern Edited by: Eliza Canty-Jones Lisa J. Watt Marsha Matthews Tribal Consultants: Theresa Peck, Burns Paiute Tribe David Petrie, Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians Angella McCallister, Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community Deni Hockema, Coquille Tribe, Robert Kentta, Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Susan Sheoships, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation and Museum at Tamástslikt Cultural Institute Myra Johnson, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation Louis La Chance, Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians Perry Chocktoot, The Klamath Tribes Photographs provided by: The Nine Federally Recognized Tribes Oregon Council for the Humanities, Cara Unger-Gutierrez and staff Oregon Historical Society Illustration use of the Plateau Seasonal Round provided by Lynn Kitagawa Graphic Design: Bryan Potter Design Cover art by Bryan Potter Produced by the Oregon Historical Society 1200 SW Park Avenue, Portland, OR 97205 Copyright
    [Show full text]
  • CTUIR Traditional Use Study of Willamette Falls and Lower
    Traditional Use Study of Willamette Falls and the Lower Columbia River by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Jennifer Karson Engum, Ph.D. Cultural Resources Protection Program Report prepared for CTUIR Board of Trustees Fish and Wildlife Commission Cultural Resources Committee CAYUSE, UMATILLAANDWALLA WALLA TRIBES November 16, 2020 CONFEDERATED TRIBES of the Umatilla Indian Reservation 46411 Timíne Way PENDLETON, OREGON TREATY JUNE 9, 1855 REDACTED FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Traditional Use Study of Willamette Falls and the Lower Columbia River by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Prepared by Jennifer Karson Engum, Ph.D. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Department of Natural Resources Cultural Resources Protection Program 46411 Timíne Way Pendleton, Oregon 97801 Prepared for CTUIR Board of Trustees Fish and Wildlife Commission Cultural Resources Committee November 16, 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Umatilla (Imatalamłáma), Cayuse (Weyíiletpu), and Walla Walla (Walúulapam) peoples, who comprise the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR), have traveled throughout the west, including to the lower Columbia and Willamette Rivers and to Willamette Falls, to exercise their reserved treaty rights to hunt, fish, and gather the traditional subsistence resources known as the First Foods. They have been doing so since time immemorial, an important indigenous concept which describes a time continuum that spans from ancient times to present day. In post- contact years, interactions expanded to include explorers, traders and missionaries, who brought with them new opportunities for trade and intermarriage as well as the devastating circumstances brought by disease, warfare, and the reservation era. Through cultural adaptation and uninterrupted treaty rights, the CTUIR never ceased to continue to travel to the lower Columbia and Willamette River and falls for seasonal traditional practice and for other purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Seals and Sea Lions in the Columbia River
    Seals and Sea Lions in the Columbia River: An Evaluation and Summary of Research By Deward E. Walker, Jr., Ph.D. WALKER RESEARCH GROUP, LTD. June 2015 Table of Contents I. Introduction and Methodology ................................................................................................ 1 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 B. Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 4 II. Pinniped Predation .................................................................................................................. 7 A. Pinniped Ranges ..................................................................................................................... 7 B. Pinniped Increases .................................................................................................................. 7 C. Mitigation Efforts at Bonneville Dam .................................................................................. 13 D. Effects of Pinneped Predation on Tribes .............................................................................. 16 III. Traditional Tribal Uses of Seals and Sea Lions ................................................................. 17 A. The Traditional Presence of Seals and Sea Lions in the Columbia River ............................ 18 B. Tribal Use of Seals and Sea Lions .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lewis and Clark at Fort Clatsop: a Winter of Environmental Discomfort and Cultural Misunderstandings
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 7-9-1997 Lewis and Clark at Fort Clatsop: A winter of Environmental Discomfort and Cultural Misunderstandings Kirk Alan Garrison Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, and the United States History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Garrison, Kirk Alan, "Lewis and Clark at Fort Clatsop: A winter of Environmental Discomfort and Cultural Misunderstandings" (1997). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 5394. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.7267 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Kirk Alan Garrison for the Master of Arts in History were presented July 9, 1997, and accepted by the thesis committee and the department. COMMITTEE APPROVALS: r DEPARTMENT APPROVAL: Go~do~ B. Dodds, Chair Department of History ********************************************************************* ACCEPTED FOR PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY BY THE LIBRARY on L?/M;< ABSTRACT An abstract of the thesis of Kirk Alan Garrison for the Master of Arts in History, presented 9 July 1997. Title: Lewis and Clark at Fort Clatsop: A Winter of Environmental Discomfort and Cultural Misunderstandings. I\1embers of the Lewis and Clark expedition did not like the 1805-1806 winter they spent at Fort Clatsop near the mouth of the Columbia River among the Lower Chinookan Indians, for two reasons.
    [Show full text]