Zanzibar Costal and Marine Tourism Management Plan

THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR

MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES

MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PROJECT (MACEMP)

ZANZIBAR COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM MANAGEMENT PLAN

FINAL REPORT

NOVEMBER 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF PLATES v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vi AUTHORSHIP AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 General Background...... 1 1.2 Tourism development worldwide ...... 1 1.3 Tourism development in Africa ...... 2 1.4 Tourism development in Zanzibar ...... 3 1.5 Rationale for Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Plan...... 5 1.6 Terms of Reference of the assignment ...... 5 1.7 Overall mission, vision and goal of the Tourism Management Plan (TMP)...... 6 1.7.1 Overall Vision 6 1.7.2 Mission 6 1.7.3 Goal...... 6 1.8 Approach and methodology...... 6 1.8.1 Literature review...... 6 1.8.2 Sectoral survey on tourism sector...... 7 1.8.3 Stakeholders Workshops...... 7 1.9 Legal and Institutional Frameworks...... 7 1.9.1 The Central government ...... 7 1.9.2 Local governments ...... 9 1.10 Organisation of the document...... 9 CHAPTER TWO 10 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Socio-economic and Physical features ...... 10 2.2.1 Agriculture ...... 10 2.2.2 Fishing ...... 10 2.2.3 Salt extraction ...... 10 2.2.4 Climate ...... 11 2.2.5 Soils ...... 11 2.2.6 Vegetation cover ...... 11 2.2.7 Hydrology ...... 11 2.3 Tourism stakeholders...... 12 2.4 Tourism Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) ...... 13 CHAPTER THREE 16 TOURISM RESOURCES 16 3.1 Tourism resources and development...... 16 3.2 Coastal tourism resource base...... 17 3.2.1 Coastal tourism resources...... 18 3.2.1.1 Mangroves and coastal thickets 18 3.2.1.2 Sandy beaches 18 3.2.1.3 Coastal vegetation 20 i

3.2.1.4 Cultural sites and sacred natural features 21 3.2.2 Marine resources...... 21 3.2.2.1 Coral Reefs and sea grasses 21 3.2.2.2 Marine mammals and turtles 22 3.3 Threats to coastal and marine resources...... 23 3.4 Recommendations for better uses of resources...... 23 CHAPTER FOUR 24 COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM MANAGEMENT SCHEMES 24 4.1 Introduction 24 4.2 Unguja ...... 25 4.2.1 Tourism Development Zones in Unguja...... 25 4.2.2 Tourism Areas in Unguja ...... 27 4.3 Pemba ...... 33 4.3.1 Tourism Development Zones in Pemba...... 33 4.3.2 Tourist Areas in Pemba...... 35 CHAPTER FIVE 38 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES 38 5.1 Introduction...... 38 5.2 Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program (VUDRP)...... 38 5.2.1 Program Purpose...... 38 5.2.2 Tourism Development and Revenue Principles ...... 39 5.2.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities...... 40 5.3 Administration and Operations Program (AOP)...... 42 5.3.1 Program Purpose...... 42 5.3.2 Tourism Administration and Operations Principles ...... 42 5.3.3 Program objectives, targets and activities ...... 43 5.4 Local Tourism and Education Program (LTEP) ...... 44 5.4.1 Program Purpose...... 44 5.4.2 Local People Relation Principles...... 44 5.4.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities...... 45 5.5.1 Program Purpose...... 46 5.5.2 Resources Management Principles ...... 46 5.5.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities...... 47 CHAPTER SIX 49 OPERATIONAL PLAN 49 6.1 Introduction...... 49 6.2 Three Years Operational Plan of the Management Programs ...... 49 CHAPTER SEVEN 66 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 66 7.1 Introduction...... 66 7.2 Monitoring ...... 66 7.2.2 Monitoring Report Schedule ...... 67 7.3 Evaluation ...... 68 7.4 Plan Review 69 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 70 APPENDICES 75

LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 1.1 Tourism Management Institutions in Zanzibar 8 Table 2.1 List of key tourism stakeholders and their respective roles 12 Table 2.2 Tourism SWOC analysis 13 Table 3.1 Tourism resources 17 Table 5.1 VUDRP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 40 Table 5.2 AOP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 43 Table 5.3 LTEP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 45 Table 5.4 RMP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 47 Table 6.1 Operational Plan 49 Table 7.1 Format for Summarizing Progress on the Plan Implementation 67

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LIST OF FIGURES

Page Figure 4.1 Tourism Zones in Unguja 26 Figure 4.2 Tourism Areas in Unguja 32 Figure 4.3 Tourism Zones in Pemba 34 Figure 4.4 Tourism Areas in Pemba 37

LIST OF PLATES

Page Plate 1 Fishermen at Malindi Port, Unguja. Fishing is one of the main lifeline 19 economic activities in Zanzibar Plate 2 The famous Misali Island in Pemba. The Island has beutiful sand beaches 20 and Marine resources

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AOP Administration and Operations Program AOPB Annual Operation Plans and Budgets AOPB Annual Operation Plan Budget CBOs Community Based Organisations EIA Environmental Impact Assessment KMKM Kikosi Maalum cha Kuzuia Magendo LTEP Local Tourism and Education Program MICTS Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism and Sports MLF Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries PECCA Pemba Channel Conservation Areas RMP Resources Management Program SWOC Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats and Challenges TTCL Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited TMP Tourism Management Plan VUDRP Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program WTO World Tourism Organisation ZATI Zanzibar Association Tourism Investors ZATO Zanzibar Association of Tourism Organisation ZCT Zanzibar Commission for Tourism ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency

AUTHORSHIP AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This document was prepared by Prof. Abiud Kaswamila, Mr. Augustino Mwakipesile, Mr. Frank Mawi and Mr. Kajale Kasika of the University of Dodoma. The authors are grateful to Dr. Kassim G. Juma, the Principal Secretary – Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries; Mr. Yusuf Kombo, the Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project (MACEMP) Manager; and Mr. Ali Khalil Mirza, the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT), Director General for their guidance and logistical support during the whole period of data collection and report writing.

This report would not have been presented without assistance from many people. The team wishes to thank Mr. Said of the ZCT for accompanying us during the data collection exercise; Ms. Ramla Talia of MACEMP for giving us support during literature search and Mr. Suleiman A. Suleiman (ZCT in – Charge, Pemba) for his logistical support while in Pemba. We are also grateful to the ZCT staff in both Unguja and Pemba; Regional and District Commissioners; District Municipal Directors; the Shehia leaders; and local communities whom we contacted during field work for their willingness to provide us the necessary information related to this assignment. We say, thank you so much and God bless you all.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction Zanzibar is richly endowed with both natural (coastal and marine-based attractions) and man-made tourism attractions which are the basis of successful tourism in recent years and has led to the contribution of the country’s economic growth. Zanzibar’s tourism has been growing at an average rate of 10% per annum and employs more than 45,000 in both direct and indirect employment. The sector is likely to surpass agriculture as Zanzibar’s leading revenue earner by the year 2015. Recent statistics indicate that by 2012 the number of tourists is approximately 2,179,011, an increase of about 15.5% since 2008 as cumulative figures.

Despite these achievements, the sector faces a number of threats which threatens its sustainability. The major ones being increased environmental degradation, enclave tourism, erosion of cultural values, increased pressure on coastal and marine resources, institutional conflicts, uncontrolled hotel /lodges development, land use conflicts, and low involvement of primary tourism stakeholders in decision making. To address these challenges, it was thought important to have a Tourism Management Plan (TMP) in place. The purpose of TMP is to act as a working resource that: profiles tourism as a valued contributor towards the country’s economic development; contributes to the direction of the country’s tourism in its aspirations for growth, entrepreneurship and employment; establishes appropriate and cost effective tourism management and marketing mechanisms; enhances the visitor experience with the area; and lends due attention to the “Rules of best the practice”.

This document is organized in six Chapters. The second Chapter is about situational analysis. Chapter three gives a detailed description of tourism resources in both Unguja and Pemba Islands. The Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Scheme is presented in Chapter four. Chapter five identifies the management programs and strategies to achieve program objectives. The last Chapter describes the operational plan with timescale.

Situational analysis In reviewing and developing this Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Plan, different stakeholders were consulted. These stakeholders include the public sector, the private sector, local communities and NGOs. Their views and comments facilitated the analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) facing tourism development in Zanzibar. The major strengths aired out include the country’s political stability, presence of Coastal and Marine tourism attractions, Stone Town is a unique cultural experience, security to lives and property, and Malindi Port is gateway to both visitors and goods. It was also observed that Zanzibar has several opportunities to grasp. These include: coordinated and increased events calendar, ecotourism potentiality particularly in Pemba, use of Information Technology, traditional and cultural festival is gaining global popularity, and infrastructure improvement.

Despite the strengths and opportunities available in the sector, the tourism industry has several weaknesses and challenges. As for weaknesses, the major ones include institutional conflict of interest, enclave tourism, frequent transfer of hotel ownership, financial constraints and environmental degradation. Regarding challenges, stakeholders had the opinion that climate change, population growth, erosion of cultural values, crime and visitor safety, competitor destination areas and pressure on Marine and Coastal resources threaten the sustainability of tourism industry.

Tourism resources In Zanzibar tourism resources can be grouped into natural, cultural, human, or capital resources. Emphasis in this report is on coastal and marine resources that either are used or can be used to attract or conserve resources.

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• Coastal resources Coastal resources includes land-based as well as marine environment, i.e. coral rags, mangroves, coastal thickets, sandy beaches, palm trees, water sources, coastal vegetation, cultural sites and sacred natural features etc. Coastal environment, sandy beaches, coral reefs, sea grass beds, water sources and cultural sites, the mangrove forests can be argued to be critical habitats for Zanzibar.

• Marine resources Marine resources in Zanzibar include coral reefs, sea grasses, marine mammals and turtles. The distribution of coral reefs in Zanzibar is clearly documented. It is estimated that Zanzibar has a total of 90 km 2 of living coral. The preliminary species list given for Islands indicates that there are 168 coral species. However, there are certain areas that have been affected due to the presence of sea urchins and crown-of-thorn infestation especially at Matemwe and east coast of Zanzibar. As for sea grasses, at least 12 species have been recorded along the coast of Tanzania.

Several species of marine mammals (8 dolphins, 3 whales and 1 dugong species) are found in Zanzibar. Dolphins are still hunted in some areas where they are used primarily as bait, but also for local consumption. Small resident populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose and humpback dolphins in Menai Bay, Zanzibar has increased during the past few years and the areas are becoming known for some of the best boat-based dolphin watching sites in Zanzibar. Five species of turtle exist in Zanzibar waters and not less than 28 species of sharks are present.

• Recommendations for better use of resources i. Interventions to control environmental degradation ii. Promotion of ecotourism iii. Conserving the current resource base for future generations iv. Manage and monitor threats on environment and coastal and marine resources v. Maintaining the productivity of the resource base vi. Maintaining biodiversity and avoiding irreversible environmental changes vii. Ensuring equity within and between generations viii. Maintaining and protecting the heritage (cultural and history) of the area, region, or nation

Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Scheme In the reflection of the Zanzibar National Land Use Plan (1995) and Tourism Zone 1Plan, the tourism management zone are based primarily but not limited to the following criteria: land use sustainability; introduction of uses and developments that resolves existing management conflicts; elimination of uses and developments that either damage resources or create undue burden to tourism management; sustainability of the tourism and protection of outstanding resource values; enhancing Zanzibar tourism significance; and constraints imposed by landscape and ecological determinants. Others are: provision of diverse range of appropriate visitor experiences; land/environmental capability and suitability to support proposed or existing use and physical developments; cultural sustainability and protection of scared and historical sites; use of already impacted areas and resources; and increased contribution to national and local economies and enhance people relations.

1 Designated area for certain purpose within which there are areas ix

Using the above criterion, six (6) tourism development zones were developed, four (4) in Unguja and two (2) in Pemba with a total of nineteen (19) and seven (7) tourist areas in Unguja and Pemba respectively as illustrated in figure 1, 2, 3, and 4. Details of each tourist areas is provided in the Zanzibar Tourism Zoning Plan , which need to be read in line with this Tourism Management Plan for smooth implementation of the proposed tourism management strategies.

Management programs and strategies Specific management programs, principles, objectives and actions to be undertaken for effective implementation of the Tourism Management Plan are presented. The activities proposed reinforce the tourism zone scheme by defining specific and practical actions that would help to minimise identified problems, protect outstanding resources and values, and help to achieve the tourism purpose in Unguja and Pemba. Actions included in this Tourism Management Plan are those which are feasible within the National and local set-up, policy and legal frameworks. Other activities were described in terms of what needs to be done, and not how and when these activities will be implemented. The five management programs presented in this document include: visitor use, development and revenue; administration and operational; local tourism and education; and resources management. These are associated with program objectives, targets and activities.

Operational plan In this Tourism Management Plan, a 3-years Action Plans have been established for each of the Management Programs to provide a guide for those who manage and coordinate tourism in Zanzibar on a daily basis. For practical purposes it is not realistic to prepare an action plan for the period of ten years in the understanding of changing situations and conditions in real time. Another set of three years action plan will be developed in future as part of the implementation of this plan. For each program, targets, activities, responsible institution(s), time frame and performance indicators have been identified.

Monitoring and Evaluation

• Monitoring Monitoring of the Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be the overall responsibility of the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism. Tourism Plan implementation team/ task force within the ZCT, shall periodically audit the implementation of the plan by collecting information related to the monitoring of inputs/activities on quarterly basis and prepare reports reflecting the performance of sector related to tourism. The team/ task force shall prepare and issue monitoring and reporting guidelines to all officials who will be involved in the implementation and audit exercise. Specific data collection instrument will need to be prepared while quarterly and year performance summary

x will follow the format provided in the report. Monitoring will commence immediately after starting the implementation of the Tourism Plan.

• Evaluation Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be subjected to two internal and external evaluations. Internal evaluation will be done every two and a half years by the team from the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism, and the external evaluation will be done by mid-term of the plan implementation (after five years) and end of plan implementation (after ten years) by commissioned independent team of experts. Selection of the appropriate evaluators will consider relevant technical skills, evaluation skills and experience in similar organizations/assignments.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background Zanzibar is part of the United Republic of Tanzania but it has its own autonomous government. Zanzibar consists of two major Islands, Unguja and Pemba, with a group of about 50 small islets surrounding them. According to the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT), the country consists of multi-racial and multi-cultural community and it is a society of many faiths and different origins. Almost the entire population is of mixed races primarily Arabs and African decent and blended with local culture (www.zanzibartourism.net ).The Islands lie in the North-south direction between latitude 04° 50" and 06° 30" South, and East-west direction between longitude 39° 10" and 39° 50" East. The Islands are some 30 kilometres on average East off the mainland coastline. Unguja Island covers an area of 1666 km 2 and Pemba Island covers an area of 988 km 2 giving a total land area of 2,654 km 2. According to the 2002 census, Zanzibar has a population of nearly 984,625 people most of whom live in villages and towns located along the coast. The annual population growth rate is 3.5 percent. The coastal environment of Zanzibar constitutes to a complex interconnection of variety of ecosystems, both on land and at sea. These ecosystems, in their totality form and furnish the basic foundation of the local culture, economy and their social well-being of coastal Zanzibaris (RGV and MACEMP 2009). However, Zanzibar’s coastal environment and its resources are coming under increasing pressure both from overuse and from new developments. The situation is exacerbated by rapid population growth and to some extent by migration to the coast.

1.2 Tourism development worldwide Tourism is arguably the world’s largest and fastest growing industry. According to World Tourism Organisation (WTO), tourism has expanded dramatically over the last five decades and has become a global industry. It forecasts that long-distance travel worldwide will grow faster (5.4% each year) in the next decades than travel within regions (3.8%). WTO statistics for 2002 estimated international tourist receipts of US$ 463 billion, a total of 693 million tourist arrivals across the globe and forecast over one billion arrivals by 2010. WTO’s tourism 2020 vision forecasts that international arrivals are expected to reach over 1.56 billion around the year 2020. Of these worldwide arrivals, 1.2 billion will be intraregional and 0.4 will be long-haul travellers. The total tourist arrivals by region show that around 2020 the top three receiving regions will be Europe (717 million tourists), East Asia and Pacific (397 million) and the Americas (282 million)

(www.biodiversity.ru ). For poor countries, regions, towns and cities, tourism is seen as the fast track to development (Glasson et al, 1995).

Currently, the UNWTO Barometer show that between January and April 2012, international tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) worldwide totalled 285 million, 15 million more than in the same period of 2011 (+5%). Asia and the Pacific and Africa (both +8%), show the best results. Both regions saw a clear rebound in some of the destinations experiencing declines in 2011. In Asia and the Pacific, Japan’s inbound and outbound travel is clearly on the mend, with arrivals to the country up by 40% in the first five months of 2012. In Africa, North Africa (+11%) returned to positive growth (+48% between January and May). The Middle East also shows signs of recovery with arrivals up by 1% between January and April 2012, and particularly promising results for Egypt (+29% between January and May). The Americas (+6%) recorded growth slightly above the world average, with solid results across almost all destinations. Europe (+4%) consolidated its record growth of 2011, despite continuing economic volatility in the Eurozone. UNWTO forecasts international tourism to increase by 3% to 4% for the full year 2012. While the pace of growth is slowing down somewhat, international overnight visitors remain firmly on track to hit the milestone of one billion arrivals expected this year (http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-07-09/415-million-tourists- expected-worldwide-may-august-peak-season ).

Tourism is therefore viewed by governments as a catalyst for national and regional development, bringing employment, exchange earnings, balance of payments advantages, and important infrastructural developments benefiting locals and visitors alike.

1.3 Tourism development in Africa The last decade, tourism in Africa has taken flight, with increasing numbers of tourists (international, regional and national) enjoying hitherto relatively unknown attractions and unspoilt natural resources. In recent years Africa was the world’s regional leader in tourism growth at 8.1%, while Sub-Saharan Africa experienced growth of over 9.4%, primarily in South Africa, Kenya, Mozambique, Swaziland and the Seychelles. UNWTO Forecasts, suggest demand for new tourist attractions will continue to increase in the coming years, creating real opportunities for tourism to be a major contributor to poverty reduction in Africa (Tourism Policy Draft Report 2009).

There have been improvements in economic conditions and political stability, resulting in a more positive environment for tourism. A wide range of infrastructure investment has been undertaken, particularly in accommodation, roads and airport improvements. Efforts continue on improvements to immigration procedures, which are often slow and cumbersome (ibid).

Shortages in air transport linking Sub Saharan Africa to major international and national markets have also seriously affected international and regional travel. Additional constraints include limited infrastructure and investment capital, skilled human resources, services and amenities for tourists, and a sometimes unfavourable image. While governments and the private sector are becoming increasingly aware of Africa’s tourism potential and seek to respond to demand by boosting tourism arrivals, diversifying and marketing tourism products and services, in many countries these responses are characterized by un-checked and haphazard investment efforts (ibid).

The strength of African tourism lies in its cultural and environmental resources, and the diversity and authenticity of its products. Ancient cultures, unique natural parks and unspoiled beaches, together with a fascination of the African continent by international tourists, provide the competitive advantage of Sub-Saharan African tourism.

1.4 Tourism development in Zanzibar Zanzibar is richly endowed with both natural (coastal and marine-based attractions) and man-made tourism attractions which are the basis of successful tourism in recent years and has led to the contribution of the country’s economic growth. The Zanzibar Government embarked on tourism development since 1984, as a measure towards economy diversification after years of dependency on cloves as a mainstay of the national economy. The Government intention in this respect was to generate foreign currency, while initiating an environment which local people could create employment.

Zanzibar’s tourism has for the last ten-year period, been growing at an average rate of 10% per annum. The Zanzibar Tourism Development Plan prepared by UNDP in 1983 shows that by that time there were only 10 unclassified accommodation units, providing 215 rooms and 467 beds. By 1990, there were 45 hotels and several establishments providing a total of 548 rooms and 1,063 beds, an increase of 3% and 44% respectively. In 2004 there were 173 tourist accommodation establishments in Zanzibar, with a total of 3,089 rooms and 6,139 beds (ZTP, 2004), majority being located in Unguja, with only 14 establishments (with a total of 110 rooms and 214 beds) in Pemba. However, by 2012, the rooms and beds were 6491 and 11,986 respectively an increase of about 110% and 45% respectively (ZCT, 2012). In Pemba the increase for accommodation establishments was 64% whereas for rooms and beds the increase was 90% and 76% respectively (ibid.). The number of tourists increased from 42,141 tourists in 1990 to 140,237 in the year 2008. Recent statistics indicate that by 2012 the number of tourists is approximately 2,179,011 cumulatively (ZCT, 2012) an increase of about 15.5% in four years period. Despite these developments, sustainable tourism sector development would require the RGZ put in place mechanisms to sustain, 3 strengthen and/or enhance infrastructures, ensure good governance and promote local investors. Currently the sector employs about 45,000 people in both direct and indirect employment and is likely to surpass agriculture as Zanzibar’s leading revenue earner by the year 2015.

According to Zanzibar Human Development Report 2009, tourism sector contributes to economic growth and human development in Zanzibar. There are several reasons for focusing on tourism. First, tourism is now the largest earner of the foreign exchange in Zanzibar. Going by the 2005 estimates, earning from tourism accounted for over 20 percent of the GDP in Zanzibar 2

In order to accelerate tourism development, the Zanzibar Tourism Development Policy of 2004 (now under revision) and Zanzibar Vision 2020 have encouraging statements. The tourism policy is committed to develop, plan, manage and promote tourism industry that emphasises sustainability, quality and diversification, and which is culturally responsible, socially desirable, ecologically friendly, environmentally sustainable and economically viable. It further emphasises that the expected growth rate should be between 5-6% by 2005, rising to between 7-8% by 2010, and attain the level of between 9-10% by 2020. Vision 2020 on the other hand, stresses that the richly endowed wealth hasn’t been fully harnessed making the number of tourists visiting Zanzibar small compared to tiny Islands (Mauritius and Seychelles).

The 2020 Vision’s objectives on sustainable tourism include to: • Utilize more effectively the tourism potential to generate more income, employment, human resources development, foreign exchange earnings while protecting the environment, Zanzibar’s culture and traditions; • Diversifying the tourist attractions to achieve balanced growth of the tourism industry and maximum benefit; • Develop Zanzibar as a single holiday destination by building up other product elements, in particular beach resorts, cultural attractions and aggressive marketing programs; • Maintain all tourism resource bases, as part of public resources, and improve the necessary tourism infrastructure existing and develop new infrastructures;

2 This is based on the following information. The estimated from the Survey of tourists expenditure in Zanzibar conducted by the Bank of Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism and the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism indicated that Zanzibar earned a total of USD 11,358, 688.35 from tourism. The Zanzibar Economic Survey Report of 2008 issued by the Office of Chief Government Statistician indicated that Zanzibar GDP at current market price was Tshs 394.9 billion, which, at the prevalent exchange rate of 1128 is equal to USD 350,088,652. Based on these figures, gross earnings from tourism is equal to 31 percent of Zanzibar’s GDP. To get the contribution to the GDP one must use value added approach, which means we remove any double counting. In this way the share of tourism to GDP is expected to be less than 31 percent but certainly more than 20 percent. Using value added approach Lange (forthcoming) calculated the share of tourism to the GDP in 2007 to be 25 percent. 4

• Stimulate development of infrastructure, linkages and support institutions related to tourism; • Strengthen the cultural industries including Museums, theatres, cultural values and community participation as a product diversification to harness tourism; • Stimulate local investors to go into partnership with foreigners to ensure the growth of cultural acceptable tourism and to venture into new tourism grounds and make Zanzibar centre for attracting international conferences, sports, cultures, and Islamic studies

1.5 Rationale for Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Plan The purpose of the Tourism Management Plan (TMP) is to act as a working resource that: profiles tourism as a valued contributor towards the country’s economic development; contributes to the direction of the country’s tourism in its aspirations for growth, entrepreneurship and employment; establishes appropriate and cost effective tourism management and marketing mechanisms; enhances the visitor experience with the area; and lends due attention to the “Rules of best the practice”.

To emphasise the need for TMP, Mbaiwa (2001) argues that “because tourism has cultural, economic and environmental impacts, it contains the seeds of its own destruction. Tourism can kill tourism, destroying the very environmental attractions which visitors come to a location to experience”. If mismanaged or allowed to expand within short-term goals and objectives, it has the capability of destroying the very resources upon which it is built. To ensure that tourism does not negatively impact on natural resources it relies on to improve livelihoods, tourism development should adhere to the principles of sustainable development. In other words, it must be economically viable, ecologically sensitive and culturally appropriate (Wall, 1997). A sustainable tourism industry should be sensitive to the needs and aspirations of the host population and provide them the opportunity to participate in the decision making process.

1.6 Terms of Reference of the assignment

• Identify and analyse the current situation of the tourism resources and issues of the area • Recommend better uses for those resources • Identify major users • Recommend an effective plan for tourism development within the Coastal and Marine areas • The document should have strategies and action plan

1.7 Overall mission, vision and goal of the Tourism Management Plan (TMP) 1.7.1 Overall Vision

To become one of the top tourism destinations of the Indian Ocean, offering an up market, high quality product across the board within the coming ten (10) years .

1.7.2 Mission

To be the most exotic, diverse island destination in the Indian Ocean Region, Exotic as it is wrapped in a mysterious Arab/African ambience and flavored with palm fringed, tropical beaches. Diverse in terms of products, activities and attractions, there by combining various types of tourism including beach, n ature/Eco, culture & tradition, history & archaeology, water sports, honeymoon, performing arts, conference, incentive, culinary (spices) and medical (herbs).

1.7.3 Goal Promotion of sustainable tourism that is culturally and socially responsible, environmentally sustainable, ecologically friendly and economically viable; making Zanzibar the destination for tourists in terms of historic cultures and beach holidays.

1.8 Approach and methodology A combination of approaches was employed in this assignment. However, to a large extent (except literature review) the methodology adopted was participatory and consultative in nature. The methods included a review of relevant literature (both published and unpublished) from Internet, libraries and other areas; sectoral surveys on tourism sector; focus group discussions; and interviews with tourism stakeholders (e.g. Ministries, institutions, and local communities). Two stakeholders’ workshops were held in Unguja and Pemba (See list of participants in Appendix 6a and b).

1.8.1 Literature review Publications relevant to the assignment but not limited to, were accessed. The review of these documents was crucial in getting and/or understanding the baseline information upon which the assignment is based on. Some of the important documents accessed were Zanzibar Tourism Master plan of 2003, Tourism Act of 1996, Tourism Policy of 1992, Environmental policy, Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act, Fisheries Act No. 8 of 1988, Tourism regulations of 2000 and EIA regulations of 2006. Others include Fisheries Policy of 2000, National Forest Policy of 1995, Forest Act of 1996, National Land Use Policy 1982, Invest Policy of 2005, Investment Act No. 11 of 2004, Deep Sea Fishing Authority Act, Civil Society Act of 1996, and Company Decree Cap 153.

1.8.2 Sectoral survey on tourism sector Surveys were planned to visit different tourism related sectors in 10 districts of Pemba and Unguja. The essence of the visits were to get their views on issues and problems related to Coastal and Marine tourism; ways which could make tourism contribute in Zanzibar’s economic growth, alleviate poverty amongst local communities and conserve the Marine and Coastal resources for the benefit of present and future generations. These included public and private sectors; Government Ministries – Livestock and Fisheries, Infrastructure and Communication, Lands, Housing and Energy, Information, Culture, Tourism and Sport, Labour, Economic Empowerment and Cooperative, Trade, Industry and Marketing; Government agencies/institutions (e.g. Tourism Division, Department of Fisheries Development, Infrastructure development, Department of Antiquity, Department of Environment, Zanzibar Commission of Tourism etc.), and District administrations (see Appendix 1).

1.8.3 Stakeholders Workshops Two stakeholder’s workshops drawing participants from various public and private sectors were held in both Unguja and Pemba to discuss the draft report. A total of 50 participants, 27 from Unguja and 23 from Pemba participated. A number of issues aimed at improving the report were suggested. Most of the issues raised have been taken on board.

1.9 Legal and Institutional Frameworks All institutions in the country are in one way or the other involved in the affairs of tourism coastal and marine resources management and development since they deal with either resources or the people in the coastal areas. Amongst these institutions, however, there are those which play a bigger role compared to others. In Zanzibar, these institutions can be categorized into two administrative groups: the central government and the local government.

1.9.1 The Central government In the central government, there are several sectoral institutions with interest in coastal areas development with different roles (See Table 1.1). Some of the key institutions include: Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism and Sports (MICTS), Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF), Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Department of Environment, Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency (ZIPA), Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT), Commission for Tourism, Department of Antiquity, and the Department of cash crops, fruits and fisheries.

Table 1.1: Tourism Management Institutions in Zanzibar

Institution Responsibilities The Ministry responsible Administer all matters related to promotion of Zanzibar as a tourist for Tourism destination Be the focal point for promotion and facilitation of investments in Zanzibar. Zanzibar Commission For Is responsible for administration, control and management of Tourism Freeport and Free Economic Zones. Have powers to make rules as may be required for the purpose of ensuring the promotion and protection of investments in Zanzibar. To develop, plan, investment guidance and input, policy promulgation, product inventory and enhancement regulation and control, marketing and promotion, information service, research and statistics, human resources and public awareness. Ministry responsible for To protect, conserve, reserve and monitor marine resources marine resources Department of It has the responsibility to oversee and comment on environmental Environment issues required as part of the process. It enhances local production to cater for tourism industry, market Ministry responsible for and minimizes tourism exporting products. Agriculture It enhances the local people tourism products to be utilized directly on the tourism sector, particularly in accommodation and restaurant establishments. It is responsible for revenue collection from the tourism industry, and earmarked disbursement of a portion of these funds to support public reinvestment in continued growth of the tourism sector. Ministry responsible for The Ministry will publicize the report on tourism revenue Finance earnings to allow government to track the state and health of tourism.

Zanzibar Investment The Authority shall be the focal point for promotion and facilitation of investments in Zanzibar. Promotion Authority The Authority shall maintain liaisons between investor, (ZIPA) Government and other authorities concerned with investment. The Authority shall be responsible for administration, control and

management of Freeport and Free Economic Zones. Ministry responsible for It provides input to investment allocation decisions, setting sites, Land and Registration preparing and implementing officially recognized tourism land use and Zoning Plans.

1.9.2 Local governments At local levels, the government administration includes Region and District administration and Shehia. Shehia is an administrative village. It may consist of one or more local ‘villages’ under one leader (Sheha). The Ministry of State, Regional Administration and the Government paramilitary bodies oversee issues in the local government and in the central government. In Zanzibar, two districts form one region. Within a district are a number of Shehias. The regional/district commissioner’s office is the government institution responsible for all matters related to local government. The regional and district level administration are equipped with staff from the relevant sectors of the central government to attend matters of interest in that office through development committees.

The functions of the development committee (regional or district level) include: advisory; policy planning and implementation for the local government; public participation in sustainable resources utilization; and co-ordination between government agencies, local governments and NGOs to enhance sustainable development. At Shehia level, the office is responsible for: law enforcement, conflict resolution, record keeping for local happenings and control of migrations. The office is made up of Sheha and a committee of 10 members. In regard to environmental conservation, villages have separate sub-committee (under Sheha) which are established for the purpose. At community level, there are three types of organizations. These are: NGOs and CBOs, co-operatives and local groups.

1.10 Organisation of the document This document is organized in six Chapters. The second Chapter is about situational analysis. Chapter three gives a detailed description of tourism resources in both Unguja and Pemba Islands. The Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Scheme is presented in Chapter four. Chapter five identifies the management programs and strategies to achieve program objectives. The last Chapter describes the operational plan with timescale.

CHAPTER TWO

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

2.1 Introduction The situational analysis Chapter comprises three main aspects. The first aspect gives a detailed description of the socio-economic and physical features of the country. The second section identifies the main tourism stakeholders and the last section highlights the tourism sector Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats and Challenges (SWOC).

2.2 Socio-economic and Physical features

2.2.1 Agriculture Rice production on mangrove soils of Zanzibar hasn’t been developed as compared to other countries like Tanzania mainland where rice production is intensively practiced in Rufiji River (MACEMP, 2009) and other swampy areas in Morogoro, Mbeya, Mwanza, Manyara and Shinyanga Regions. This is due to absence of large rivers, which assist the deposition of much silt, which improve the soil for rice cultivation. The rice cultivation in Zanzibar is normally carried out behind mangrove swamps at Micheweni, Makombeni and Muwambe, in small-scale production. Spice farming is also contributing significantly not only in Zanzibar forex, but also in the livelihoods of people through spice farm tours. These spice include cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon and black pepper. Other crops grown in Zanzibar include coconut, cassava, banana, honey, and horticultural crops (fruits and vegetables).

2.2.2 Fishing Fishing on artisanal scale is carried out in most creeks of mangroves ecosystem, overexploitation having been reached almost everywhere, except in areas where committed environmental conservation exist such Misali, Pemba Channel, Mnemba etc. In these areas Marine and Coastal Environmental Management Project (MACEMP) has done a commendable job in raising conservation awareness education on marine and coastal resources conservation.

2.2.3 Salt extraction Nearly many creeks in Pemba produce mangrove salts including Kangagani, Micheweni and some area of Pemba Channel Conservation Areas (PECCA). The feasibility depends largely on climatic condition of the area.

2.2.4 Climate The climate of Zanzibar is tropical and maritime, and follows the monsoon winds and is dominated by bimodal rainfall pattern (MACEMP, 2009). The main rain season ( masika ) occurs between March and June. The short rains ( vuli ), usually starts in October and ends in December. However, some inter-monsoonal precipitation takes place. According to NCDP (1987), one fifth of total rains fall between the seasons. The average rainfall for the Island is about 1,500 mm per annum. Between February and March is the driest period of the year with about 20 mm of rainfall. The highest temperatures occur during the short dry season with a maximum mean of 33° C in Unguja and 29° C in Pemba. The minimum temperatures for Unguja and Pemba are 23.3° C and 21.1° C, respectively.

2.2.5 Soils The soils are mainly categorised into two classes; the acidic and infertile rocky rag soils in the east and deep, fertile soils in the west. Larger proportion of the western side of the Islands has been overlain with alluvial sands, silts and clays with freely drained reddish soils formed from these sediments. Darker soils, derived from limestone parent materials are found towards east (MACEMP, 2009).

2.2.6 Vegetation cover The vegetation cover and land use in Zanzibar (coral rag forests, mangrove forests, forest plantations, mixed wood vegetation, agro-forestry systems, agriculture land, and settlement areas), by and large reflect the soil types. The coral rag soil in the east is associated with coral rag thickets and deep fertile soil in the west harbours the plantation forests, mixed wood vegetation and agro- forestry systems. Natural forests of Zanzibar consist of a mosaic of vegetation ranging from short coral bushes and thickets to higher closed forests.

2.2.7 Hydrology In general, the Zanzibar is comparatively small flat coral Islands and hence has no large silt-carrying river (MACEMP, 2009).Most of coastal village’s water for domestic purposes are usually brackish. However, villages like Ukongoroni and Charawe in Unguja and Wambaa, Wesha, Msuka and Mtambwe in Pemba draw fresh water some distance inland from the coast by using improved water system. This situation makes villagers use deep wells in their respective village occasionally for specified activities such as washing and utensil cleaning. In some areas despite of being in area with high salinity rate, still can use water from springs that is clean and with low salinity. Adequate water is critical for tourism development and local communities. The RGZ therefore, has to ensure it plans for sustainable water supply in Zanzibar.

2.3 Tourism stakeholders Tourism management planning is especially challenging because the involvement of many different stakeholders in the planning process is crucial if the plan is to be successfully adopted and implemented. Table 2.1 gives an indicative broad list of tourism key stakeholders. These stakeholders are analysed using the degree and type of their stake. Stakeholder consultations involved indigenous people, local communities, public institutions and private institutions including tourism investors (hoteliers, tour operators, tour guides).

Table 2.1: List of key tourism stakeholders and their respective roles Stakeholder Role NGOs/CBOs (Environmental Partnership with environmental, cultural, heritage and groups, conservation groups, non-governmental/non-profit groups on tourism other interest groups – hunters, fishers and sports, adventure associations etc. Water sports investors User groups encompassing activities such as diving, snorkelling, sailing, power boating, kayaking, kite surfing and windsurfing, divers and snorkelers are a particularly important stakeholder group as they depend highly on the well being of the marine resource Marinas and boat services User group catering for charter boats, and privately own vessels Fishermen artisanal fishing High value placed on the tradition of fishing user group Private sector (hoteliers, tour User group including industries in addition to tourism operators and travel agents; on tourist areas which directly or indirectly affect the accommodation, restaurants area, such as energy production, oil and gas storage, and attractions; transportation, construction, water supply etc communication and other service providers; guides, To ensure tourism sector is operated under the interpreters and outfitters; governing Laws of RGZ and URT suppliers to industry; tourism and trade organisations; and business development organisations; retailers; educational institutions (schools, Universities); research institutions; media etc. Law enforcement The law enforcement agencies, including the community guards, customs, police, KMKM and prosecutors office, advise on legal matters, the

formation of legislation, and maintaining/enforcing the legal attributes of the marine conservation area Government institutions Permitting and maintaining the law. Communication (Municipal authorities, towards user groups. Regional authorities, Ministries, Departments and agencies) Community (indigenous and The local community depends on the wellbeing of the local communities, local sector indirectly for income and employment. community groups, native and Educational establishments use the marine conservation cultural groups, traditional area as an education tool and for cultural and social leaders) activities Tourists To increase foreign exchange, to promote Zanzibar tourism attractions potentials through annual events like Sauti za Busara and Zanzibar International Film festival, to respect Zanzibar culture e.g. norms and values, be good ambassadors of Zanzibar

2.4 Tourism Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) In reviewing and developing this coastal and marine tourism management plan, different stakeholders were consulted. These stakeholders include the public sector, the private sector, local communities and NGOs. Their views and comments facilitated the analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) facing tourism development in Zanzibar (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2: Tourism SWOC analysis

STRENGTHS (to sustain) WEAKNESSES (to reduce) i Political stability i Institutional conflicts’ of interest

ii Tourism related policies and ii Land ownership by foreigners to legislations in place most of the hotels

iii Financial services (local and iii Inadequate quality services in international) are in place handling tourists

iv Security to lives and properties iv Frequent transfer of hotels ownership

v Infrastructure and v Tourism marketing within Tanzania communication (roads, airports, and abroad seaports, TTCL, ZANTEL, VODAFONE, AIRTEL, TIGO, etc) available

13 vi Tourism regulatory agencies vi few and less informative visitor e.g. ZIPA and ZCT are information centres operational. vii Presence of Coastal and Marine vii Lack of awareness of tourism tourism attractions business and resistance in tapping tourism potentials in some areas e.g. Pemba. viii Diverse culture of the people viii Financial services concentration in few areas only both in Unguja and Pemba (local and international) ix Presence of Marine reserves ix Public and stakeholders’ and conserved marine areas in involvement in tourism decision Unguja and Pemba making is low x Presence of Tourism x Utilities shortage, such as clean investments water xi Zanzibar is a known name xi Inadequate or no field work/visit made by Zanzibar Commission for Tourism as a result of lack of vehicles and other equipments xii Stone Town is a unique cultural xii Enclave tourism 3 experience xiii Extensive white sandy beaches xiii Litter and aesthetics in urban/peri urban areas xiv Availability of fresh food stuff xiv IT use still low both marine and terrestrial throughout the year in Zanzibar

OPPORTUNITIES (to grasp) CHALLENGES (to negate) i Coordinated and increased i Climate change and global warming events calendar ii New tourism markets i.e. ii Enclave tourism Russia, China and Turkey iii Good image of Zanzibar iii Pressure on Coastal and Marine abroad as distinctive tourist resources following tourism growth destination and population growth leading to environmental degradation iv Zanzibar island cultural iv Erosion of cultural values (e.g. potential for ecotourism, Prostitution, alcohol and drug abuse, conference tourism, medical indecent clothes etc.). and intellectual tourism. v Use of advanced technology v Over taxation threaten viability to improve services and production standards

vi Zanzibar’s coastal and vi Population growth marine resources endowment. vii Infrastructure improvement - vii Illegal tour guides ( Papasi ) air and sea viii Traditional and cultural viii Crime and visitor safety festival is gaining global popularity. ix Upgrade of Unguja and ix Malaria perception Pemba airports x Competitor destination areas e.g. Indian Ocean Islands xi Erosion and/ or unmanaged ruins, caves and tombs/graves xii Budget travellers ( Vishuka )

Source: Field work

CHAPTER THREE

TOURISM RESOURCES

3.1 Tourism resources and development In Zanzibar tourism resources can be grouped into natural, cultural, human, or capital resources (see Table 3.1) that either are used or can be used to attract or serve resources. The tourism inventory should include two types of tourism resources – tourism attractions and infrastructure or support services. Tourism attractions may be physical geographic features, such as rivers and forests. They might be sites of historic significance. Attractions may include special events such as seasonal festivals and craft fairs, or sporting events. Attractions can also be linked to recreational facilities such as hiking trails, biking or fishing. The inventory should also include hotel/motel accommodations, restaurants, transportation and other tourism support services. The items listed in this inventory usually do not draw tourists to the area, but are very important to the overall tourism mix. These types of resources include accommodations, restaurants and other food service establishments (see appendix 5), transportation infrastructure, the labour force and professional services. According to ZATI, Zanzibar leading tourist attractions falls under four groups: top ten things to do and/or see; music and celebrations; and excursions and ruins (see appendixes 2, 3, 4).

Tourism development and marketing require continuous and consistent efforts over time. All stakeholders, especially the government, the private sector and the community, must work together in an integrated manner for tourism to succeed. When considered as an industry, tourism must also have the necessary infrastructure: accessibility, airports, seaports, roads, electricity, water supply, hotel and restaurant facilities and service personnel. A coast guard, the necessary safety measures, boating and other equipment should be in place if tourists are to be attracted to beaches and coasts. When increasing numbers of tourists come to a destination, then decision-makers, planners and operators must ensure that carrying capacity is not exceeded.

Table 3.1: tourism resources Natural Cultural Human resources Capital Climate-seasons Historic buildings, Hospitality skills Availability of sites capital, financing

Water resources – Monuments, shrines Management skills Infrastructure – lakes, streams, transportation, roads, waterfalls airports, railroads, harbours and marinas, trails and walkways

Flora – forests, Cuisine Seasonal labour Infrastructure: flowers, shrubs, force utilities water, wild edibles power, waste treatment, communications

Fauna – fish and Ethnic cultures Performing artists – wildlife music, drama, art, storytellers, etc

Geological Industry, Craftsman and resources – government, artisans topography, soils, religion, etc sand dunes, beaches, caves, rocks and minerals, fossils

Scenery – Anthropological Other labour skills combination of all resources from chefs to the above lawyers to researchers

Local celebrities Local populations

Source: Literature review and fieldwork

3.2 Coastal tourism resource base Coastal resources includes land-based as well as marine environment, i.e. coral reefs, mangroves, coastal thickets, sandy beaches, palm trees, water sources, etc. Most of the economic activities take place in these areas, e.g. fishing, mangrove cutting, rope making, coral reef, farming, tourism development etc. According to UNEP (2000), Coastal environment, sandy beaches, coral reefs, sea

17 grass beds, water sources and cultural sites, the mangrove forests were described as critical habitats for Zanzibar.

3.2.1 Coastal tourism resources

3.2.1.1 Mangroves and coastal thickets Mangrove ecosystems cover a total of 18,000 ha in Zanzibar (Unguja Island 6,000 ha; and Pemba 12,000 ha) (Oliveira et al. 2003) and they are best developed in estuaries. In Zanzibar, mangroves generally occur in protected bays such as in the Makoba and Chwaka bays. They are however more luxuriant in Pemba where they are found along the coast of the entire Island. There are a total of 10 species of mangroves in Zanzibar.

Mangroves support diverse communities of both flora and fauna, breeding areas for many species, bush camouflage for some (few) animals, building poles, bee keeping etc. Major mangrove stands occur at Chwaka, Uzi-Pete, Kisakasaka-Kibondeni and Mkokoteni-Makoba. Other minor stands are located at Tumbatu, Maruhubi, Chukwani, and Nyamanzi. The total mangrove area in Unguja (10 species) is estimated to reach 6000 ha, approximately 30% of Zanzibar mangroves of 20,000 ha (Leskinnen et al., 1997).

3.2.1.2 Sandy beaches Sandy beaches in Unguja (31) cover a distance of 113.5 km (Mohamed & Betlem, 1996). The longest beaches are Bwejuu (17 km), Pwani Mchangani (11.5 km), Nungwi (9 km), Bububu (4.5 km) and Mazizini (4.5 km) (Mohamed, 1996). Reported uses of beaches (See Plate 1 and 2) include landing site for fisherman, boat anchoring, boat building or repairs, rope making processes, seaweed drying and recreational activities. Some beaches are used to dispose domestic and human waste, as it is believed that the sea is so huge that it can assimilate all wastes. Tourism related activities include beach diving (e.g. Nungwi and Bwejuu) and sun bathing and beach combing.

Plate 1: Fishermen at Malindi Port, Unguja. Fishing is one of the main lifeline economic activities in Zanzibar. Photo by consultants, 2012

Plate 2: The famous Misali Island in Pemba. The Island has beutiful sand beaches and Marine resources. Photo by consultants, 2012.

In general terms in the early 2000s there was no serious beach erosion. However, beach sand mining and driving along the beaches may be potential in interfering the natural beach processes through producing irreversible sediment transfer. Violation of the setback distance (30 m away from the beach) has the potential of further damaging the beach. In places like Nungwi, Jambiani and Paje, “on the beach” huts houses and walls are quite common thing.

In line with the loss of beaches, and properties there is also a danger posed to nesting turtles as a consequence of coastal developments . Beaches at Matemwe and Mnemba, are important nesting sites for green turtles and Hawksbill turtles (Clark & Khatib, 1993; Khatib, 1998). These areas are also within island’s tourism development zones.

3.2.1.3 Coastal vegetation Coastal vegetation is found in different forms depending on the nature of the environment and human activities in the nearby areas. Coastal vegetation is categorized into coral rag based vegetation (palm fringes, bush vegetation, and coastal forest) and deep soil based vegetation (crops of various kinds).

3.2.1.4 Cultural sites and sacred natural features Many studies have shown that there is a wealth of sites of historical and cultural importance in both Pemba and Unguja (See appendices 2, 3 and 4), with a high concentration in PECCA. The cultural heritage that is found on Pemba, both tangible and intangible, represents virtually the entire evolution of the Swahili civilization and reflects a long-evolved traditional culture of sea-use. In Pemba island examples can be found of sites dating from all periods since 8 th century when the Swahili history started with no gaps (even though there are exceptions of earlier sites in Unguja island such as Unguja Ukuu). In no other place can the same range of historical assets be seen over such a relatively short distance.

Bandari Kuu is one of the three earlier sites on Pemba Island, dating from the 8 th century. The others are old Tumbe in the north and Bandari ya Faraji on the east coast. The ruins of the 14 th century mosque, at the height of Swahili civilization, are evidence of the largest Muslim community of that era, which enabled the spread of the ideology. The concentration of pillar tombs (resembling the ‘pyramids of Egypt’ of the east African coast), indicates a large concentration of eminent or religious people that were buried in Ras Mkumbuu and a strong veneration of those people. There is no archaeological evidence of mosques dating from 10 th C or earlier with the exceptions of Ras Mkumbuu, the Shanga Mosque from the 8 th C and the Chibuene remains of Muslim burials from the 10 th C on the coast of Mozambique. Ras Mkumbuu, Shanga and Chibuene provide the earliest evidences of Islamic civilization in East Africa South of the Sahara. The entire span of building constriction representing the Swahili history and culture can be found on Pemba Island.

On the other hand sacred natural features on Unguja and Pemba Islands are associated with old traditions and beliefs. For example, some natural features on Pemba Island have a special meaning for the local population and are considered sacred. Examples are Misali island (the island itself is considered sacred and three caves on the island are used as shrines), Ngezi Forest and Ras Mkumbuu (the forest was considered a sacred site associated with a number of taboos and traditions), and caves, stones, tree trunks and sits in the sea that are used as shrines.

3.2.2 Marine resources

3.2.2.1 Coral Reefs and sea grasses The distribution of coral reefs in Zanzibar is clearly documented. It is estimated that Zanzibar has a total of 90 km 2 of living coral. The preliminary species list given for Islands indicates that there are 168 coral species. The status of coral reefs in Zanzibar is comparatively good (Priority Action Programme, 2000). However, there are certain areas that have been affected due to the presence of

21 sea urchins and crown-of-thorn infestation especially at Matemwe in the east coast of Zanzibar. As for sea grasses, at least 12 species have been recorded along the coast of Tanzania (Mtolera, 2008). Sea grasses provide breeding, nursery and feeding grounds for many marine organisms and are an important food source for herbivorous invertebrate, fish, dugong and green and hawksbill turtles. Sea grasses also have been destroyed due to seaweed farming in many areas when farmers prepare their farms to cultivate algae. Tourism has been on the increase in the Islands and tourism activities have been taking place in many areas around the coast. Coral reefs are among the primary area of attraction for many tourists who visit Zanzibar. Snorkelling and diving may have significant impact on corals especially in cases where the number of tourists gets beyond the carrying capacity of reefs.

According to the Rapid Assessment Report (2005), Pemba Island’s steep reef with their high diversity and coral growth and sloping down in excess of 64 m have been considered to be of ecoregional importance and unique as the only oceanic reefs in the East African Marine Ecoregion (EAME)

3.2.2.2 Marine mammals and turtles Several species of marine mammals (8 dolphins, 3 whales and 1 dugong species) are found in Zanzibar. Dolphins are still hunted in some areas where they are used primarily as bait, but also for local consumption (Berggren et al., 2007). Interest in the small resident populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose and humpback dolphins in Menai Bay, Zanzibar (Amir et al., 2004) has increased during the past few years and the areas are becoming known for some of the best boat-based dolphin watching sites in Zanzibar. Five species of turtle exist in Zanzibar waters (Khatibu and Jiddawi, 2005) and not less than 28 species of sharks are present (Jiddawi & Stanley, 1999).

Marine mammals in the Pemba Channel Conservation Area (PECCA) include dolphins and whales. Two common species of dolphins: the Indo-Pacific bottle nose ( Tursiops aduncus ) and the spinner (stenella longirosrisis ) which are the species most often encountered in Zanzibar coastal waters (Amir et al., 2005). Other cetaceans that have been sighted and recorded in the area include humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), Risso’s dolphins ( Grampus griseus ), and common bottlenose dolphins.

Whale spp regularly sighted in the Pemba Channel are the humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) and the sperm whales ( Physeter catadon ). Humpback whales migrate seasonally from temperate waters where they eat to warm tropical waters where they breed and calve. They come to Pemba from July to November every year where they raise their calves before they migrate back to

22 the temperate region. The Pemba-Zanzibar Channel is one of the centres of dugong population in Tanzania.

3.3 Threats to coastal and marine resources Threats to the marine environment include over utilisation of resources and overfishing, use of destructive fishing gears and methods, environmental degradation, land use conflicts, uncoordinated and unregulated tourism activities, coral bleaching, urbanization, agricultural and industrial activities. Root causes in summary include increasing number of fishers that rely on inshore resources, lack of compliance with laws and regulations, lack of alternative livelihoods, insufficient public awareness, lack of common vision for tourism, poor coordination between government institutions, poor environmental management and land use planning, climate change and poverty that lies at the heart of the root causes and results in a growing population being increasingly dependent on current methods of using the natural source base.

3.4 Recommendations for better uses of resources i. Interventions to control environmental degradation

ii. Promotion of ecotourism

iii. Conserving the current resource base for future generations

iv. Manage and monitor threats on environment and coastal and marine resources

v. Maintaining the productivity of the resource base

vi. Maintaining biodiversity and avoiding irreversible environmental changes

vii. Ensuring equity within and between generations

viii. Maintaining and protecting the heritage (cultural and history) of the area, region, or nation

CHAPTER FOUR

COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM MANAGEMENT SCHEMES

4.1 Introduction The management zoning scheme that is proposed in this plan is derived from Zanzibar Tourism Zone Plan which strategically has allocated areas for tourist activities in such a way to best resolve existing problems facing the Zanzibar Coastal, Marine and Historical/Cultural resources, protect the outstanding resource values and accomplish the defined management objectives by defining what can and what cannot be done in different areas in Unguja and Pemba. Within each zone are tourist areas which are differentiated in terms of types and levels of use; and types and levels of physical development which distinct one tourism area from another.

In the reflection of the Zanzibar National Land Use Plan (1995) and Tourism Zone Plan, the tourism management zone are based primarily but not limited to the following criteria:

i. Land use sustainability; ii. Introduction of uses and developments that resolves existing management conflicts; iii. Elimination of uses and developments that either damage resources or create undue burden to tourism management; iv. Sustainability of the tourism and protection of outstanding resource values; v. Enhancing Zanzibar tourism significance; vi. Constraints imposed by landscape and ecological determinants; vii. Provision of diverse range of appropriate visitor experiences; viii. Land/environmental capability and suitability to support proposed or existing use and physical developments; ix. Cultural sustainability and protection of scared and historical sites; x. Use of already impacted areas and resources; and xi. Increased contribution to national and local economies and enhance people relations.

4.2 Unguja

4.2.1 Tourism Development Zones in Unguja Zone 1: The North-West Corridor North-West Corridor (See Fig. 4.1) is a 15 kilometres stretch from Fuji to Bubwini, which is characterized by irregular coastline with small sandy bays and caves interspersed with rockier mini headlands. Three tourist areas, TA1, TA2 and TA3 (See Fig. 4.2) which together have a length of 5,350 meters are allocated in this zone.

Zone 2: Nungwi/North Zone Nungwi zone extends from Kendwa village to Kendwa Mchangani covering a shoreline distance of 1.9 kilometres. This zone is a stretch of continuous and extensive beautiful sand beach and only one tourism area, TA4 is allocated in this zone.

Zone 3: The North-East and Mnemba The North-East and Mnemba zone stretches for 23 kilometres from Muyuni to Kiwenga Kumbaurembo including the Mnemba Island. The zone comprise of three distinct sand sections with a total of 16 kilometres. The three distinct sand sections are separated by low rocky bluffs, and the beach in this zone is quite small. The zone comprise of tourism areas TA5 in Muyuni, TA6 in Matemwe, TAs 7, 8 and 9 in Mchangani; and TAs 10 and 11 in Kiwenga.

Zone 4: The South-East Corridor The South-East Corridor zone is stretch of 12 kilometres from Pingwe to the southern edge of Paje. The area is separated from a 4 kilometre beach near Jambiani with broken beaches. Included in this zone is a stretch of 2 kilometres at Michamvi and a narrow coastal strip of extensive coral rag land. Seaweed farming is common in this area and is rapidly expanding. Contained in this zone are tourism areas TA12, TA13, TA14 and TA15.

Unzoned Stone Town The Stone Town of Zanzibar which is a World Heritage Site is not zoned for tourism development since is well developed for tourism and well known as a key tourism attraction in Zanzibar. In addition, Stone Town has its own management authority i.e. Stone Town Conservation Authority. This is similarly to other town areas in Unguja and Pemba which have been left aside in the tourism development plan but will need careful management of the resources in these areas which include a wealth of cultural and historical sites forming the Zanzibar heritage. These unzoned areas would need careful management of natural and cultural resources.

Figure 4.1: Tourism Zones in Unguja

4.2.2 Tourism Areas in Unguja Tourism Area 1 (TA1) This area is in West District, in Chuini Village in Chuini locality and comprise of 17 Hectares in tourism zone 1, the Northwest Corridor. The area covers 1.2 kilometres of shoreline coral rocks with gentle elevation and can be utilized in both low and high tides. Village type hotels 4 with 500 bed capacity are planned in this area, of which currently the planned capacity has been reached in this area and hence there is no further lallocation of land for hotel development.

Tourism Area 2 (TA2) The area is in West District, in Mfenesini Village, in Nyanjale locality covering 30 Hectres in tourism zone 1, the North-West Corridor. The area consists of 1.75 kilometres of shoreline with broaken beaches by coral rocks at the centre. Non-rocky parts of this area in the northern side which comprise of sand beaches is subjected to farming even close to the beach. The southern part of the area has beautiful sandy beaches but again this area is threaten by human activities, mainly quarrying. Three high quality village type hotel and three medium sized hotels are planned in this area, all together with a capacity of 600 beds.

Tourism Area 3 (TA3) The area is in Northern B District, in Mangapwani Village in Darajila locality with an area of 75 Hectres in tourism zone 1, the North-West Corridor. The area has a total length of 2 kilometres of shoreline. The northern part of this area is of sandy soil while the southen part is mainly coral rock, and generally the area has a gentle elevation. The beach area is fairs good and the sea can be utilized even in low tides. One high class unit develelopement is planned in this area with 200 beds capacity.

Tourism Area 4 (TA4) Tourism area 4 comprise of two parts, one in Nugwi village, in Kendwa locality and another in Nungwi Mnarani Village, in Sazani locality, both in Northen A District. This is the only tourism area in zone 2, Nungwi/North zone.

(i) Area in Nungwi Village This is 30 Hectares area starting from Kendwa to near Nugwi school with coralline lands reaching very close to the beach in most of its parts covered with bushy vegetation and with steep rising reaching 20 metres a.s.l. 15 kilometres of the shoreline

in this area is available for hotel development. Six large scale development of high class are planned in this area with 900 beds capacity.

(ii) Area in Nungwi Mnarani Village This is 20 Hectres area starting from Sazani to Diko la Jomba, which is about 2 kilometres beach frontage consisting of patches of white sands and gentle elevation. Currently the area is mainly used for lime burning. Five small or medium hotels are planned in this area with 500 beds capacity.

Tourism Area 5 (TA5) The area is in Northern A District, in Kijini Village, in Muyuni locality with an area of 15 Hectres in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 1.3 kilometres of shoreline of which 600 metres at the centre part, are designated for development. The area has a gentle elevation but with severe erosion in the southern end of the beach. The area is ajucent to Mnemba Island which is a Marine Conservation Area. Corals are special features in this area with a natural reef break allowing boat access. Muyuni beach is also one of few turtle nesting sites in Zanzibar. Two village type hotel developments, Fishing and Diving lodge 5s are planned in this area with 160 beds capacity.

Tourism Area 6 (TA6) The area is in Northern A District, in Matemwe Village, in Mtondooni locality with an area of 5 Hectres in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 600 metres of shoreline of which 250 metres are available for hotel construction. The area comprise of combined coal and sandy flat terrain covered with thicket vegetation and few coconut palms. One village type hotel of high class with 150 beds capacity is planned in this area.

Tourism Area 7 (TA7) The area is in Northern A District, in Pwani Mchangani Village, in Pakwege locality with an area of 5 Hectres in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 800 metres of shoreline. Of which 200 metres are available for hotel development. The area is characterized by natural forests with scaterd coconut trees. The area comprise of flat seashore sandy soils with coralline terrain rising 20 metres a.s.l ; and the area is highly eroded.One village type hotel of high class is planned in this area with 120 beds capacity.

Tourism Area 8 (TA8)

The area is in Northern A District, in Pwani Mchangani Village, in Pwani Ndogo locality, in between Kilimajuu and Pwani Mchngani Ndogo village with an area of 24 Hectres in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 1 kilometre of unbroaken beautiful sand beach. The area has flat, unerroded terrain with coconut trees. Farming is practed in some parts of the area with seaweed farming practesed away from the beach. Five village type hotel developments of medium size and high quality are planned in this area with 590 bed capacity. Currently fives sites have been approved in this area.

Tourism Area 9 (TA9) The area is in Northern A District, in Pwani Mchangani Village, in Pwani South locality with an area of 26 Hectre in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba s. The area has a total length of 1.9 kilometres of beautiful beach of which 1.3 kilometres are available for hotel development. The area is mostly flat terrain with coconut trees. Six village type hotel developments are planned in this area with 760 bed capacity. Large scale hotel developments are also possible in this area.

Tourism Area 10 (TA10) The area is in Northern B District, in Kiwengwa Village, in Cairo locality, in with an area of 5 Hectres, north of Cairo village in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has flat terrain coverd with coconut palms. The sandy shores extends fro about 250 metres before giving way to coral cliff. Directly out to the sea is a reef door which make the area ideal for a fishing lodge. One high class village type hotel developments is planned in this area with 150 bed capacity.

Tourism Area 11 (TA11) The area is in Central District, in Kiwengwa Village, in Gulioni locality, in between Kiwengwa CCM branch and the last well near Cairo village with an area of 20 Hectres in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba comprising of beautiful sandy beach. The area has a total length of 1.8 kilometres of which 1 kilometre is available for hotel development. South of the area there is only one site for hotel development which is already in place. Northward are two stratches which can be used for hotel development, one in between Gulioni and Kiwenga villages and the other one in north of Kiwenga. Four village type hotel development of medium size are planned in this area with 590 bed capacity.

Tourism Area 12 (T12) The area is in Unguja South District, in Michamvi Kae Village, in Michamvi locality, with an area of 28 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East. The area is about 12 kilometres from Bwejuu locality with difficulty road access. The area has a total streatch of the beach is 2 kilometres and is about 29

600 metres from human settlement of Michamvi Kae. There is an access of rough earth road to the beach from the human settlement. Three high class village type hotel development is planned in this area with 820 bed capacity. There is also an option for a high raised hotel development at the central part of the area.

Tourism Area 13 (TA13) The area is in Unguja South District, in Bwejuu Village, in Dongwe/Bwejuu locality, with an area of 42 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East. The area has a continuous sand beach stretching for about 4 kilometres from Galico plot to near the football ground, of which 2.1 kilometres are available for hotel development. Genarally the area is of low terrain with dense coconut trees. Two types of developments are proposed in this area : One resort enclave and seven village style cottage hotels, together with 1250 beds capacity. In this area portion of the land should be reserved for public usage.

Tourism Area 14 (T14) The area is in Unguja South District, in Bwejuu Village, in Bwejuu South locality, with an area of 20 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East in between Paje and Bwejuu. The area generally flat and has a beach stretch of about 1.3 kilometres. Large part of this area has been sold locally and there is a mushrooming of guest houses and small sized cottages. The area is planned for guest houses and small zised hotels with a total of 590 bed capacity. The area also offer an oppotunity for high raised hotel not exceeding 3 storeys.

Tourism Area 15 (T15) The area is in Unguja South District, in Paje Village, in Paje South locality, with an area of 20 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East. The area is about 1.4 kilometres of which 1 kilometre is planned fro hotel development. The area is slightly undulating and sandy with slightly eroded beach. Some hotel developments has started in this area. Four medium sized hotels are planned in this area with 580 bed capacity.

Tourism Area 16 (TA16) The area is in Central District, in Uroa Village, in Dikoni locality with an area of 15 Hectre and have received considerable complement of hotels and hence not included in tourism development zone plan. The area is located in between Pongwe and Marumbi villages with beach streatch of 1.3 kilometres with fishing landsite aside with human settlements. The northern part of the village are permanent human settlement while the southen part is a stratch of beach for hotel development,

Three medium sized hotels are already developed in this area, which is the limit of acceptable use in this area with 200 beds capacity in total.

Tourism Area 17 (TA17) The area is in Central District, in Chwaka Village, in Shahaji locality with an area of 5.5 Hectre and have received considerable complement of hotels and hence not included in tourism development zone plan. The area has a beach frontage of about 300 metres which is slightly eroded and during low tide posses difficult to use. North of this area is an abandoned village, with sandy stratch and coral formation which are starting to rise. One village type hotel already developed in this area, which is the limit of acceptable use in this area with 100 beds capacity.

Tourism Area 18 (TA18) The area is in Unguja South District, in Makundichi Village, in Makunduchi locality with an area of 20 Hectre and has been identifies as having potential for future development of two or one hotels at later stage after development in the designated tourism zones is completed. The area has a beach stretch of 2.4 kilometres and is about 2 kilometres from Makunduchi settlement area of which which 1 kilometres will be available for hotel developments at the northern end of the beach. The area is suitable for large hotel development with bed capacity of 600 beds but 10 Ha parcel of land should be reserved for public usage.

Tourism Area 19 (TA19) The area is in Unguja South District, in Kizimkazi Mkunguni Village, in Usine locality with an area of 12 Hectre and has been identifies as having potential for future development of two or one hotels at later stage after development in designated tourism zones is completed. The area has three separate beautiful beach streches each like a small bay formation and can be reached even at low tides. The land is generally flat covered with natural bushy vegetation and coconut trees. The area is one of the few Zanzibar turtles’ nesting site and dolphins are regularly found just out to the sea from this area. Three exclusive hotel developments are planned here with 300 beds capacity.

4.3 Pemba

4.3.1 Tourism Development Zones in Pemba Zone 5: Wambaa/West Zone Wambaa zone comprise of white sand beach stretching for 2.2 kilometres divided into three major stretches interspaced with mangrove vegetation in between. The land in this zone is flat and covered with natural forest vegetation. The area has a low slop beach and allows swimming even at low tides in some parts of the area. The zone is 7 kilometres from Mkoani and 10 kilometres from Mzingani areas from which it can be accessed by boat. Also the area also can be accessed through a rough road passable only during the dry season which connect the area to Mkoani-Chake chake high way. Generally infrastructure development in this area is poor and social services like electricity and tap water are lacking. Though the area has high tourism potential there is no any tourism development which has been done in this area which can mainly be attributed to poor infrastructure and social services. Only one tourism area TAP6 is contained in this zone.

Zone 6: Vumawimbi Verani Vumawimbi Verani zone is located in north of Ngezi forest and comprises of sand beach stretching for 7 kilometres with vegetation changing from natural forest in the north to bush land at the southern part of the shoreline. Deep sea is just few metres from the shoreline allowing swimming and water sport all the time. This zone is very popular for picnics and weekenders from different areas of Pemba. However the area does not have any necessary infrastructure for tourism development, water pumping station is 6 kilometres away and tarmac road is 7 kilometres away from this area, making accessibility to this area to be poor as well as the social services. Like in Wambaa tourism zone, this area has high tourism potential but no any tourism development which has been done in this area which can mainly be attributed to poor infrastructure and social services. Two tourism areas TAP1 and TPA2 are contained in this zone. The RGZ should make efforts to improve tourism infrastructures including accessible road network, hotels, lodges, water supply and security, particularly within Ngezi Forest. Such developments can fundamentally benefit the poorest that otherwise wouldn’t have accessed these infrastructures.

Figure 4.3: Tourism Zones in Pemba

4.3.2 Tourist Areas in Pemba Tourism Area 1 (TAP 1) The area is in Micheweni District, in Mkangale Village, in Verani locality (See Fig. 4.3 and 4.4.) with an area of 20 Hectare and is located immediately north of Ngesi forest. The area is comprises of 2 kilometres of shoreline, coral fringed with sand beaches in between and covered with bush vegetation. In this shoreline, not more than 1 kilometre of this stretch will be availed for hotel development. Presence of corals and sand beaches create a diverse and good opportunities for different kind of construction in this area. Four village type hotels are planned in this area with 590 beds capacity.

Tourism Area 2 (TAP 2) The area is in Micheweni District, in Mkangale Village, in Vumawimbi locality with an area of 12 Hectares. The area is flat with beautiful beaches and the tidal conditions allow swimming both in high and low tides. The beach area comprises of 4 kilometres of sandy beach soils with mature forest all along the beach. In this shoreline, 1 kilometre of this stretch will be availed for hotel development. In the northern end of the beach is a fish landing site. The area also is a sea turtles nesting site and hence of conservation significance. Three eco-hotel developments not exceeding 50 rooms are recommended in this area and 300 beds is the planned capacity.

Tourism Area 3 (TAP 3) The area is in Chakechake District, in Mivumoni Village, in Ufukweni locality with an area of 8 Hectares The area comprise of coral fringed beach with some patches of white sandy area and is about 300 metres long and the land area is dominated by bush vegetation. Two marine tourism units are planned in this area with 170 beds capacity.

Tourism Area 4 (TAP 4) The area is in Mkoani District, in Mtangani Village, in Mtangani locality with an area of 3 Hectares. The area comprise of a short bay like beach of about 150 metres and the area is good for swimming only during high tides. Coral fringed and elevated surroundings shows signs of erosion at the northern end of the area though mangroves cover the front part of this area. The area has good access to the deep sea even during low tides and hence opportunity for water sport. One marine tourism unit is planned in this area with 90 beds capacity.

Tourism Area 5 (TAP 5) The area is in Mkoani District, in Kukuu Village, in Kwakaimu locality with an area of 10 Hectares. The area comprise of a white sand beach of about 600 metres which is flat and coved with natural forest and scattered coconut trees. There is a small permanent settlement in the middle of the area and currently there are fish landing sites on both ends of the beach. Occasionally there turtles utilize the area as nesting site. Two village type hotels are planned in this area with 250 beds capacity.

Tourism Area 6 (TAP 6) The area is in Mkoani District, in Wambaa Village, in Kitongoji Bay locality with an area of 30 Hectares and is in proximity with Misali Island which is the major attraction in the area. The area comprise of white sand beach is 2.2 kilometres long but divided in three major stretches with mangroves stands in between. A stretch of 1.5 kilometres of this beach is designated for tourism development. The land is generally flat covered with natural forest with swamps at the central part. A small human settlement with fish landing site is found at the northern part of the area. A natural opening allows boat operation close to the beach even at low tides. Six unclassified hotel developments with 905 beds capacity are planned in this area.

Tourism Area 7 (TAP 7) The area is in Chakechake District, in Tundaua Village, in Tundaua locality with an area of 10 Hectares. The area is under the ownership of Commission for Land and Environment. The area is in proximity with Misali Island and just 150 metres to deep waters which are the major attractions in the area. The beach area stretches for 400 metres and is intersected by a seasonal stream 100 metres from the southern end. The central part of this area is flat with coconut trees, rising gently to the northern end while the southern end is steep sloped with different types of vegetation cover and under growth. Two high midsized village type hotel developments are planned in this area with 300 beds capacity.

Figure 4.4: Tourism Areas in Pemba

CHAPTER FIVE

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES

5.1 Introduction This chapter describes specific management programs, principles, objectives and actions to be undertaken for effective implementation of the Tourism Management Plan. The activities proposed reinforce the tourism zone scheme by defining specific and practical actions that would help to minimise identified problems, protect outstanding resources and values, and help to achieve the tourism purpose in Unguja and Pemba.

Outlines of major activities i.e. strategic activities with significant contribution to Zanzibar tourism vision and goal of are provided. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall continue to identify strategic activities as the implementation of the plan unfolds and as circumstances dictate. Routine operations and other activities relevant to the management plan, issues and objectives shall be identified or improved continuously through the development and implementation of Annual Operation Plans and Budgets (AOPB).

Actions included in this Tourism Management Plan are those which are feasible within the National and local set-up, policy and legal frameworks. Other activities were described in terms of what needs to be done, and not how and when these activities will be implemented. Details on how and when these activities will be conducted shall be contained in the AOPB and Annual Action Plans. Detailed and up-to date description of the management programs assist the Tourism managers in better understanding of what the Tourism Management Plan demands from time to time, over a period of ten (10) years. Annual Action Plans normally helps to ease the development and implementation of AOPB which contains detailed annual activities and financial plans or budgets.

5.2 Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program (VUDRP)

5.2.1 Program Purpose The overall aim of this program is to enhance visitor enjoyment and satisfaction and generate revenue that would bring a sustainable tourism industry in Zanzibar sustainably through rational use of the natural, historical and cultural resources of Unguja and Pemba.

5.2.2 Tourism Development and Revenue Principles In the ten (10) years, the Zanzibar shall implement the VUDRP whilst adhering to the following main principles:

(i) Principle of integrating tourism into sustainable development programs The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall strive to ensure that national policies and strategies on sustainable development are integrated into the implementation of VUDRP. Also efforts to reconcile conflicting resource use in Zanzibar shall be speeded up and strengthened in order to ensure sustainable tourism development.

(ii) Principle of development and management of sustainable tourism The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall endeavour to ensure that tourism and ecotourism products are accurately identified and tourism plans are designed, appraised, monitored and evaluated for sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) shall be part and parcel of the development of tourism in Unguja and Pemba. Tourism and ecotourism developments shall take into account the land use plans at all levels. Care shall always be taken to make sure that development of tourism in the area complies with National laws and regulations. Use of technology shall be encouraged to ensure that efficiency and

effectiveness in managing tourism is guaranteed.

(iii) Principle of sustainable tourism program In order to succeed in the implementation of the VUDRP involvement of key stakeholders, information exchange and capacity to manage tourism is the key. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall endeavour to involve key stakeholders at every stage of development and implementation of VUDRP. Also the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall strive to build and maintain the capacity to manage VUDRP. Information exchange on lesson learned would be encouraged in order to improve the implementation of VUDRP.

(iv) Sustainable funding Sustainable funding is simply the amount of money the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar needs to provide and sustain a particular level of services over time. It is important to appreciate that sustainable funding does not mean enough money to publicly fund all the tourism services which The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar need to provide. It is the responsibility of Government and the Zanzibar community at large to establish what they

believe is an appropriate and affordable level of publicly funded services and then to work out how much money is required over time to sustain that particular level.

5.2.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities The following is an outlines of the VUDRP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years 2012-2022.

Table 5.1: VUDRP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 Objective 1: To increase the contribution of tourism in RGZ GDP from at least 20% to at least 40% by the year 2022 Target 1.1 Activity 1.1.1 Develop a framework for tourism concessions Income from tourism areas land lease and contracts tourism stand at Activity 1.1.2 Develop mechanism for promoting ecotourism USD 204.11 6 entrepreneurship Million per annum Activity 1.1.3 Facilitate and build the capacity of Zanzibar by 2022 Commission of Tourism including recruit and train staff to manage the VUDRP Activity 1.1.4 Introduce ecotourism opportunities based on the tourism zone scheme and environmental guidelines. Activity 1.1.5 Develop and implement aggressive marketing plan. Activity 1.1.6 Review the investment policy, financial and tax regulations to ensure the grace period for investors tax payment is not abused through ownership change. Activity 1.1.7 Develop and implement financial monitoring and evaluation plan Activity 1.1.8 Develop and implement financial regulations and procedure manuals which will allow effective tax collection from tourism activities which will include hotel taxation based on actual occupancy. Objective 2: To speed up tourism related investments application Target 2.1 Activity 2.1.1 Develop a mechanism for fast tracking tourism Reduce investment investment applications application process to one month by Activity 2.1.2 Develop and implement client service charter 2022 Activity 2.1.3 Establish investments coordination unit and integrate it with licensing unit in Zanzibar Commission of Tourism

Activity 2.1.4 Establish information centre in ZIPA and develop a mechanism for providing the centre with sectoral information related to tourism investments

Activity 2.1.5 ZIPA to reduce investment application processing period to one month by 2013

Objective 3: To help tourists achieve highest possible degree of satisfaction by 2015 Target 3.1 Activity 3.1.1 Conduct baseline survey for tourism performance Visitors’ in Unguja and Pemba satisfaction level Activity3.1.2 Develop tourism satisfaction indicators enhanced Activity 3.1.3 Develop and implement visitor and investor satisfaction monitoring plan Activity3.1.4 Improve public security and ensure tourist and investors’ properties are well protected Activity 3.1.5 Develop and implement accommodation facilities auditing and grading system acceptable at international standards Activity 3.1.6 Develop and implement tourism diversifica tion program e.g. medical/intellectual tourism Activity 3.1.7 Re-schedule traditional, cultural and other festivals where possible to synchronize with tourism high season Objective 4: To ensure that ecotourism developments are designed, appraised, monitored and evaluated for sustainability Target 4.1 Activity 4.1.1 Review and/or implement land use and tourism Environmental and zone plans eco-tourism Activity 4.1.2 Establish and operationalise joint technical management committee for appraisal of proposed tourism framework development projects developed/adopted Activity 4. 1.3 Encourage eco-lodges/hotels with rain water by June 2015 harvesting plan in areas with limited/or no water supply. Activity 4.1.5 Defining clearly type and style of development in tourism areas Activity 4.1.6 Develop tourism development impact database and monitor the impacts Activity 4.1.7 Introduce measures for control of waste disposal from tourist facilities including advocating onsite waste treatment and environmental acceptable waste disposal. Activity 4.1.8 Introduce and implement environmental education program to hotel and other tourist facilities operators Activity 4.1.9 Introduce environmental and ecotourism certification program Activity 4.1.10 Ministry responsible for environment to develop the framework and work closely with other related ministries and the private sector

5.3 Administration and Operations Program (AOP)

5.3.1 Program Purpose The purpose of this program is to boost efficiency and effectiveness of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar operations through provision of relevant facilities, infrastructure and training to tourism sector staff and management. Also the programs shall implement activities that coordinate the implementation of the Tourism Management Plan.

5.3.2 Tourism Administration and Operations Principles In the next ten (10) years the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall implement AOP while sticking to the following main principles:

(i) Professional guidance on the management of Tourism The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall use professional guidance in managing tourism in Unguja and Pemba. Decisions in the key management areas shall strictly follow government regulations and professional guidance. However, care shall be taken to ensure that guidance provided by various professionals is appropriate to the real Zanzibar tourism needs and in compliance with tradition and norms of Zanzibar so as to achieve results through gradual accumulation.

(ii) Adaptive management and collaboration During the implementation period of the tourism plan and beyond, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall be providing services across the board, acting decisively and responding rapidly to changing management needs and circumstances. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall collaborate closely with all stakeholders to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of tourism administration and operations in Zanzibar. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar through the Ministry responsible for tourism shall implement tourism and administration and operation program through development and implementation of Annual Operation Plan Budget (AOPB). AOPB shall contain clear annual costs for all operations and proposed activities; and well balanced with the expected income. AOPB shall be reviewed on a yearly basis to cope with changing administration and operations needs.

(iii) Use of local and external resources for synergy The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall encourage making effective use of both internal and external resources to achieve synergy in administering tourism operations in Unguja and Pemba. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall be open to ideas and innovations from within and outside Zanzibar while safe guarding Zanzibar interests.

5.3.3 Program objectives, targets and activities Below is an outlines of the AOP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years 2012-2022.

Table 5.2: AOP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 Objective 1: To ensure tourism operations in Unguja and Pemba are efficient and effective by 2022 Target 1.1 Activity 1.1.1 Develop and implement a comprehensive Human resource Human Resource Development plan framework for Activity 1.1.2 Recruit and deploy appropriate staff on technical tourism merit management is in Activity 1.1.3 Develop and implement staff performance place by June 2014 evaluation Activity 1.1.4 Develop and implement Human Resources Policy and Procedures Objective 2: To improve social services and infrastructure attracting and supporting tourism investments. Target 2.1 Activity 2.1.1 Construct, rehabilitate and maintain roads Accessibility and accessing all tourism areas to an all weather necessary social status. services are in place Activity 2.1.2 Establish electrification program to ensure by 2022 electricity is available in all tourism areas Activity 2.1.3 Ensure pipe or deep bore hole water is available to all tourism areas and the surroundings. Activity 2.1.4 Ensure telecommunication facilities and services are available in all areas planned for tourism development Target 2.2 Activity 2.2.1 Develop a budget for facilities required by the Adequate ZCT for efficient tourism administration and administration operations facility acquired by Activity 2.2.2 Fund the budget for the required facilities or June 2015 develop and submit a funding proposal to secure the needed facilities Activity 2.2.3 ZCT to retain part of tourism licence fees to its accounts as field retention fund Objective 3: Develop funding mechanisms and ensure effective implementation Target 3.1 Activity3.1.1 Form and operationalise Tourism Plan Tourism funding implementation team/ task force

framework Activity 3.1.2 Develop and formalize AOPB format within developed and government operation framework implemented by Activity 3.1.3 Find mechanism of sustainable funding the Dec 2015 tourism AOPB Activity 3.1.4 Establish Zanzibar Museum and Heritage Fund and secure the funding. Target 4.1 Activity 4.1.1 Formation/strengthening of tourism coordination To harmonize inter- unit sectoral operations Activity 4.1.2 Conduct regular tourism coordination unit related to tourism meetings

5.4 Local Tourism and Education Program (LTEP)

5.4.1 Program Purpose This program aims at promoting local tourism, supporting local investors and encouraging local people active participation in tourism for community livelihoods improvement and maintaining Zanzibar cultural and traditional integrity in face of opening a wide international tourism market. The program will also aim to insure positive attitude of local people towards tourism which will result to increased local people active participation in tourism and good neighbourhood is enhanced between the local people and investors.

5.4.2 Local People Relation Principles In the ten (10) years of this Tourism Management Plan, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall strive to implement the Tourism Management Plan through maintaining the following key principles:

• Integrate traditional and cultural practises in Zanzibar tourism profile The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall the rich Zanzibar culture and traditions are protectively integrated in the tourism as a mean of local people entry into tourism activities. Clear regulations on how to work with traditional structures are necessary and shall be promoted.

• Encourage of local investors and promote the involvement of local experts The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall acknowledge the position of local investors in Zanzibar tourism development by creating means for fair competition in tourism development in Zanzibar. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall also strive to ensure that local people actively participate in tourism activities as means of income generation and livelihood improvement.

• Recognising existing uses When implementing the Tourism Management Plan local people land interests and existing cultural, spiritual and such land uses will be protected from tourism development and accommodated in the tourism management plan. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall also ensure public use of coastal and marine resources is well acknowledged and safe guarded in all stages of Tourism Management Planning implementation.

• Addressing causes of negative attitudes During the implementation of the Tourism Management Plan efforts shall be made to make sure that causes of local people negative attitude towards tourism are identified to form the basis for tourism education program. Addressing causes of negative attitude is a key in improving local people active participation in tourism and sustaining good relationship between local and investors.

5.4.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities Below is an outlines of the LTEP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years 2012-2022.

Table 5.3: LTEP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 Objective 1: Participation of Zanzibaris in tourism improved by 2015 Target 1.1 Activity 1.1.1 Develop profile of local people participation in A framework for tourism promoting local tourism Activity 1.1.2 ZCT to establish and operationalise one District and participation in Tourism Stakeholders’ Forum annually tourism developed by Activity 1.1.3 ZCT to collaborate with hotel investors, local June 2013 communities and local governments to introduce cultural evening events like dances, traditional dishes as special tour packages in their hotels and also community areas Activity 1.1.4 Establish a program for improving agricultural products standards to improve the market and access to tourism hotels and tourists satisfaction Activity 1.1.5 Facilitate and encourage the local people to establish cultural tourism projects which will be locally managed Activity 1.1.6 Sensitize the local people to form tourism based entrepreneurial groups Activity 1.1.7 Train the local people entrepreneurial groups on tourism business economic opportunities, customer care and business management in general. Activity 1.1.8 Community political will and empowerment in managing tourism resources in their areas

Activity 1.1.9 To encourage and promote locally made products from Zanzibar instead of imported one Target 1.2 Framework Activity 1.2.1 Develop incentive packages for local tour for supporting local operators and local hotel investors tourism investors Activity 1.2.2 Encourage hotel reservation through local travel developed by 2014 agencies and tour operators Activity 1.2.3 Integrate local tour operators and travel agencies in ZCT international tourism promotion plans Objective 2: Attitudes of local people towards tourism improved by June 2022 Target 2.1 Activity 2.1.1 Study and develop profile on local people 80% of the local attitudes towards tourism population is willing to Activity 2.1.2 Monitor attitudes of local people towards support and participate in tourism tourism by June 2016 Activity 2.1.3 Introduce community and schools tourism outreach program for providing education and sensitizing the local people on tourism positivity Activity 2.1.4 Prepare and distribute effectively educational materials on Zanzibar cultural integrate and ways of avoiding negative impacts associated with tourism Activity 2.1.4 Media to play a major role in promoting tourism Activity 2.1.5 Religious leaders/Youth/NGO’s to play a role in changing local behaviour in positivity towards tourism development. Activity 2.1.6 Establish and enforce social corporate responsibility component in tourism investment contracts/agreements Activity 2.1.7 Enforcement of laws and regulations that protect Zanzibar culture.

5.5 Resources Management Program (RMP)

5.5.1 Program Purpose Resources management program purpose is to protect the all tourism resource base including coastal, marine, cultural and historical tourism attractions for sustainable income generation and local people livelihoods’ support. The program also aims at ensuring tourism resources data are available for rational decisions on management tourism in Zanzibar.

5.5.2 Resources Management Principles During the period of ten (10) years of the Tourism Management Plan, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall strive to management tourism in Unguja and Pemba based on the following key resources management principles:

(i) Economic principle Full-cost pricing of the resources is the essence of economic principle. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall ensure that there is less price distortion by gradually allowing the market forces to determine prices. This will make the destination to compete through tourism related quality services. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall ensure that there is sustainable income from tourism activities by advocating, estimating and put into effect resource user costs that will maintain income-generating capacity of resources.

(ii) Sustainability and Ecosystem principle The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall ensure that tourism activities are practised within professionally acceptable limit of use to ensure the tourism does not go beyond the carrying capacity to jeopardize the resources. Precautionary principle to safeguard ecological functions in the face of uncertainty would be observed during the implementation of the tourism management plan. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall encourage use of natural resources in ways that ensure non-declining stream of benefits for all, and without weakening ecological functions of the resources.

5.5.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities Below is an outlines of the RMP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years 2012-2022.

Table 5.4: RMP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 Objective 1: Beach erosion is controlled in all areas experiencing erosion through ecologically acceptable beach tourism Target 1.1 Incidences of Activity 1.1.1 Study and develop beach erosion profile beach erosion related to Activity 1.1.2 Monitor incidences and extent of beach erosion developments reduced Activity 1.1.3 Develop and implement beach erosion control by 2015 Plan Activity 1.1.4 Develop and operationalise guidelines for hotel and/ or beach development and by-laws on the use and management of hotel and/or beaches in Unguja and Pemba Activity 1.1.5 Introduce awareness and adaptation to climate change programs Objective 2: Coastal and Marine habitats and populations dynamics maintained through sustainable tourism Target 2.1 Activity 2.1.1 Take inventory of coastal tourism development Coastal habitat protected and update tourism zone development profile from all coastal Activity 2.1.2 Coastal hotel development subjected to EIA development by June Activity 2.1.3 Access to turtles nesting sites by tourists and 2022 local people controlled

Activity 2.1.4 Control over harvesting of coconut palm leaves and trees for construction of tourists facilities Activity 2.1.5 Control over collection of sea shells through development of no collection zones Target 2.2 Activity 2.2.1 Control the number of tourists viewing Dolphins Marine resources to ecologically acceptable level protected from use Activity 2.2.2 Control diving and coral reef viewing to avoid pressure by June 2022 coral destruction Activity 2.2.3 Set control measures on big fish catching events Activity 2.2.4 Ministry(ies) responsible for tourism and environment involve the private sector in resource management Target 2.3 Activity 2.3.1 Suspend investment permits/contracts on land in Stop further all already full allocated Tourism Zones development in full Activity 2.3.2 Conduct regular monitoring including allocated Tourism Zones environmental, social, tourism and infrastructural Activity 2.3.3 Ensure environmental management plans are enforced Target 2.4 Activity 2.4.1 Encourage and invite both local and foreign Ensure close investors management of Tourism Activity 2.4.2 Development ventures be in conformity with the Zones including those carrying capacity both ecologically and socially reserved for future use Activity 2.4.3 Any further development to take place in any and underutilized zones tourism zone be subjected to a thoroughly scrutiny using existing organs before its commencement Activity 2.4.4 Conduct regular monitoring including environmental, social, tourism and infrastructural Objective 3: To protect cultural, historical and other heritage sites Target 3.1 Activity 3.1.1 Carry out survey to identify and demarcate Historical and cultural clearly the cultural and historical sites sites management Activity 3.1.2 Issue title deeds to identified and surveyed framework developed cultural and historical sites and adopted by 2015 Activity 3.1.3 Develop heritage master plan Activity 3.1.4 Establish a program for routine maintenance and rehabilitation of the historical buildings Activity 3.1.5 Promote education and research on preservation of culture through staff training and provision of research funds. Target 3.2 Activity 3.2.1 Fund the budget required for cultural and Ensure adequate funding historical sites management is available for Activity 3.2.2 Develop and submit funding proposal to historical and cultural secure the support managing cultural and sites management by historical sites 2015 Activity 3.2.3 Establish Zanzibar Museum and Heritage Fund and secure funding.

CHAPTER SIX

OPERATIONAL PLAN

6.1 Introduction In this Tourism Management Plan, a 3-years Action Plans have been established for each of the Management Programs to provide a guide for those who manage and coordinate tourism in Zanzibar on a daily basis. For practical purposes it is not realistic to prepare an action plan for the period of ten years in the understanding of changing situations and conditions in real time. Another set of three years action plan will be developed in future as part of the implementation of this plan.

6.2 Three Years Operational Plan of the Management Programs Table 6.1: Operational Plan

VISITOR USE, DEVELOPMENT AND REVENUE PROGRAM

Targets Activities Responsibility Time Frame Performance Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Indicators 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Objective 1: To increase the contribution of tourism in RGZ GDP from at least 20% to at least 40% by the year 2022

Target 1.1 Activity 1.1.1 ZCT, ZATI, ZRB, Number of Income from Develop a framework for tourism ZIPA, District contracts, tourism stand at concessions tourism areas land lease and Administration, concessions USD 204.11 7 contracts Tourism Division collected Million per annum Activity 1.1.2 ZCT, ZATO, ZATI, Number of by 2022 Develop mechanism for promoting Ministry of Labour, Ecotourism ecotourism entrepreneurship Economic entrepreneurships Empowerment, established Tourism Division

Activity 1.1.3 Ministry of Number of staff Facilitate and build the capacity of Livestock and recruited, number Zanzibar Commission of Tourism including Fisheries- of staff trained in recruit and train staff to manage the Tourism Division, different levels VUDRP ZCT Activity 1.1.4 Tourism Division, Number of Introduce ecotourism opportunities based ZCT, ZATI investments and on the tourism zone scheme and opportunities environmental guidelines. utilized Activity 1.1.5 Tourism Division, Marketing plan Develop and implement aggressive ZCT, ZATO, document, tourist marketing plan. turn-up after exhibitions Activity 1.1.6 Ministry of Number of Review the investment policy, financial and Cooperative, Trade, documents tax regulations to ensure the grace period Industry and reviewed, for investors’ tax payment is not abused Market, ZCT, situation through ownership change. ZATI, ZATO,ZIPA improvement Activity 1.1.7 ZRB, TRA, ZCT Monitoring and Develop and implement financial evaluation monitoring and evaluation plan document Activity 1.1.8 ZRB, TRA, ZCT Manuals Develop and implement financial developed, regulations and procedure manuals which Increase in tax will allow effective tax collection from collection from tourism activities which will include hotel tourism taxation based on actual occupancy. Objective 2: To speed up tourism related investment applications Target 2.1 Activity 2.1.1 ZCT, ZIPA Facilitative Reduce investment Develop a mechanism for fast tracking procedure in application process tourism investment applications place, number of to one month by successful

2022 applications

Activity 2.1.2 ZCT Client Service Develop and implement client service charter document charter Activity 2.1.3 ZCT Coordination unit Establish investments coordination unit in place and and integrate it with licensing unit in operating Zanzibar Commission of Tourism Activity 2.1.4 ZCT,ZIPA Centre existence Establish information centre in ZIPA and and its active provide the centre with sectoral information functionality related to tourism investments Activity 2.1.5 ZIPA Investment ZIPA to reduce investment application application period to one month by 2013 reports Objective 3: To help tourists achieve highest possible degree of satisfaction by 2015 Target 3.1 Activity 3.1.1 ZCT Baseline reports Visitors’ Conduct baseline survey for tourism satisfaction level performance in Unguja and Pemba enhanced Activity3.1.2 ZCT,ZATO Indicator Develop tourism satisfaction indicators document Activity 3.1.3 ZCT Monitoring Develop and implement visitor satisfaction document, monitoring plan suggestion boxes Activity3.1.4 Police in Incidences of Improve public security and ensure tourist collaboration all theft and property and investors’ properties are well community invasion reduced protected members

Activity 3.1.5 ZCT, ZATI, ZATO Audit system and Develop and implement accommodation grading system facilities auditing and grading system document acceptable at international standards Activity 3.1.6 ZATI, ZATO, Number of new Develop and implement tourism Tourism Division, tourism packages diversification program e.g. ZCT, Regional and introduced medical/intellectual tourism District Authorities Activity 3.1.7 ZCT, ZATO Events Number of Re-schedule traditional, cultural and other organizers, events/festivals festivals where possible to synchronize Community rescheduled into with tourism high season members tourism high season Objective 4: To ensure that ecotourism developments are designed, appraised, monitored and evaluated for sustainability

Target 4.1 Activity 4.1.1 ZCT, CLE Reviewed plan Environmental and Review and/or implement land use and document and/or eco-tourism tourism zone plans progress reports management Activity 4.1.2 ZCT, CLE, Minutes of the framework Establish and operationalise joint technical committee developed/adopted committee for appraisal of proposed meetings by June 2015 tourism development projects Activity 4. 1.3 ZCT Minutes of Encourage eco-lodges/hotels with rain sensitization water harvesting plan in areas with meetings limited/or no water supply. Activity 4.1.5 ZCT List of clear Defining clearly type and style of tourism development in tourism areas development definitions Activity 4.1.6 ZCT Database and Develop tourism development impact impact data database and monitor the impacts entries

Activity 4.1.7 ZCT, Ministry of Reduced waste Introduce measures for control of waste Water, Energy, disposal directly disposal from tourist facilities including Construction, Land to the ocean, advocating onsite waste treatment and and Environment- number of hotels environmental acceptable waste disposal. Environmental with waste Division treatment plants

Activity 4.1.8 ZCT, Educational Introduce and implement environmental materials education program to hotel and other produced, tourist facilities operators trainings conducted Activity 4.1.9 ZCT, Ministry of Number of hotels Introduce environmental and ecotourism Water, Energy, issued with certification program Construction, Land certificates and Environment Activity 4.1.10 Ministry(ies) framework Ministry responsible for environment to responsible for development develop the framework and work closely environment and reports with related ministries and the private tourism sector

ADMINISTRATION AND OPERATIONS PROGRAM

Targets Activities Responsibility Time Frame Performance Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Indicators 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Objective 1: To ensure tourism operations in Unguja and Pemba are efficient and effective by 2022 Target 1.1 Activity 1.1.1 ZCT Plan document, Human resource Develop and implement a number of staff framework for tourism comprehensive Human developed to management is in place Resource Development plan different stages by June 2014 Activity 1.1.2 Ministry of Tourism Number of staff Recruit and deploy appropriate staff recruited Activity 1.1.3 ZCT Evaluation Develop and implement staff manual, number performance evaluation of staff evaluated Activity 1.1.4 ZCT Documents Develop and implement Human developed, Resources Policy and Procedures implementation progress reports Objective 2: To improve social services and infrastructure attracting and supporting tourism investments. Target 2.1 Activity 2.1.1 Ministry of Number of roads Accessibility and Construct, rehabilitate and maintain Infrastructure and constructed, necessary social roads accessing all tourism areas to an Communication number of roads services are in place by all weather status. rehabilitated 2022 Activity 2.1.2 Ministry of Land, Number of new Establish electrification program to Housing and Energy localities supplied ensure electricity is available in all with electricity tourism areas Activity 2.1.3 Ministry of Water Number of new Ensure pipe or deep borehole water is localities supplied available to all tourism areas and the with water, type 54

surroundings. of water supply Activity 2.1.4 Ministry of Number of new Ensure telecommunication facilities Infrastructure and localities and services are available in all areas Communication accessing planned for tourism development telecommunicatio n services Target 2.2 Activity 2.2.1 Ministry of Tourism Budget document Adequate Develop budget for facilities required administration facility by the Tourism Commission for acquired by 2015 efficient tourism administration and operations Activity 2.2.2 Ministry of Finance Percentage of Fund the budget for the required budget funded, facilities or develop and submit a number of funding proposal to secure the needed funding proposal facilities developed and submitted Activity 2.2.3 Ministry of Finance, Percentage of ZCT to retain part of tourism licence ZCT tourism licence fees to its accounts as field retention fees in ZCT fund accounts, Objective 3: Develop funding mechanisms and ensure effective implementation Target 3.1 Activity3.1.1 Ministry of Tourism, Plan team in Tourism funding Form and operationalise Tourism Plan ZCT place, plan team framework developed implementation team/ task force working and implemented by documents e.g. 2015 Meeting minutes, reports, etc. Activity 3.1.2 Ministry of Tourism, AOPB document Develop and formalize AOPB format ZCT within government operation framework

Activity 3.1.3 Ministry of Tourism, Funding Find mechanism of sustainable ZCT, Ministry of strategies funding the tourism AOPB Finance developed, percentage of AOPB funding Activity 3.1.4 Department of Fund Establish Zanzibar Museum and Antiquity and establishment, Heritage Fund and secure funding. Museum, Ministry funding of Tourism strategies, amount of funds secured Target 4.1 Activity 4.1.1 ZCT, ZIPA, Coordination unit To harmonize inter- Formation/strengthening of tourism Ministry of livestock in place sectoral operations coordination unit and fisheries, related to tourism Ministry of lands, housing and energy, Ministry of information, culture, tourism and sports- ZCT, Ministry of agriculture and natural resources, Department of environment Activity 4.1.2 ZCT, ZIPA, Meetings Conduct regular tourism coordination Ministry of livestock documents unit meetings and fisheries, Ministry of lands, housing and energy, Ministry of information, culture, tourism and sports- ZCT, Ministry of agriculture and

natural resources, Department of environment

LOCAL TOURISM AND EDUCATION PROGRAM

Targets Activities Responsibility Time Frame Performance Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Indicators 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Objective 1: Participation of Zanzibaris in tourism improved by 2015 Target 1.1 Activity 1.1.1 ZTC Profile document A framework for Develop profile of local people in place promoting local tourism participation in tourism and participation in Activity 1.1.2 ZTC, District District forums in tourism developed by ZCT to establish and operationalise Authorities place, records of June 2013 District Tourism Stakeholders’ Forum forum discussions annually Activity 1.1.3 ZTC, ZATI, local Number of hotels Collaborate with hotel investors to communities, with cultural introduce cultural evening events like District Authorities evening events, dances, traditional dishes as special frequency of tour packages in their hotels cultural events in hotels Activity 1.1.4 Department of Extension Establish a program for improving Livestock, programs agricultural products standards to Department of established, improve the market and access to Agriculture, volume of tourism hotels and tourists satisfaction Zanzibar agricultural Cooperative Society products sold to tourism hotels

Activity 1.1.5 ZTC and Ministry Number of Facilitate and encourage the local responsible for sensitization people to establish cultural tourism economic workshops and projects which will be locally empowerment and meetings, cultural managed Trade tourism projects in place Activity 1.1.6 Zanzibar Number of Sensitize the local people to form Cooperative Society, sensitization tourism based entrepreneurial groups Tourism Division workshops and meetings, number of groups in place, Type of tourism entrepreneurships established Activity 1.1.7 ZTC, Cooperative Number and type Train the local people entrepreneurial Society, Trade and of trainings, groups on tourism business economic Marketing Divisions number of local opportunities, customer care and people trained business management in general. Activity 1.1.8 ZCT, Political Community Community political will and parties, Local participation in empowerment in managing Governments managing tourism tourism resources in their areas resources Activity 1.1.9 ZCT, ZIPA, Locally made To encourage and promote locally Ministry (ies) Zanzibar products made products from Zanzibar instead responsible for available in curio of imported one economic shops empowerment and Trade Target 1.2 Activity 1.2.1 ZCT Type and number Framework for Develop incentive packages for local of incentives supporting local tour operators and local hotel investors developed,

58 tourism investors effective response developed 2014 survey reports Activity 1.2.2 ZCT, ZATO, ZATI Record of formal Encourage hotel reservation through and informal local travel agencies and tour agreements, operators forums discussions Activity 1.2.3 ZCT, ZATO Tourism Integrate local tour operators and promotion plans, travel agencies in Zanzibar jointly prepared Commission of Tourism international promotional tourism promotion plans materials, promotions attendance Objective 2: Attitudes of local people towards tourism improved by June 2022 Target 2.1 Activity 2.1.1 ZCT, District Profile report 80% of the local Study and develop profile on local Authorities population is willing to people attitudes towards tourism support and participate Activity 2.1.2 ZCT Monitoring reports in tourism by June 2016 Monitor attitudes of local people towards tourism Activity 2.1.3 ZCT, Ministry of Sensitization Introduce community and schools Education, Tourism workshops, tourism outreach program for Division educational providing education and sensitizing materials produced the local people on tourism positivity and distributed Activity 2.1.4 ZCT, Ministry of Educational Prepare and distribute effectively Education, Tourism materials produced educational materials on Zanzibar Division and distributed cultural integrate and ways of avoiding negative impacts associated with tourism

Activity 2.1.5 Religious groups, Acceptance of Religious leaders/Youth/NGO’s Youth groups, tourism by many to play a role in changing local NGO’s community community perception/behaviour members in positivity towards tourism development. Activity 2.1.6 ZCT,ZIPA, Ministry Socio-economic Establish and enforce social corporate (ies) responsible for infrastructures in responsibility component in tourism land and Laws local community investment contracts/agreements areas, tourism investment agreements/contra cts Activity 2.1.7 ZCT, Ministry Tourists adhering Enforcement of laws and regulations responsible for the laws, posters in that protect Zanzibar culture. culture, other tourists entry and Ministries exit points, responsible for Brochures in enforcement of the hotels and laws and regulations transport facilities in culture, Tour operators, Hoteliers

RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Targets Activities Responsibility Time Frame Performance Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Indicators 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Objective 1: Beach erosion is controlled in all areas experiencing erosion through ecologically acceptable beach tourism Target 1.1 Incidences Activity 1.1.1 Department of Profile report of beach erosion related Study and develop beach erosion Environment, to developments profile Commission of reduced by 2015 land and Environment Activity 1.1.2 Department of Monitoring reports Monitor incidences and extent of Environment, beach erosion Commission of land and Environment Activity 1.1.3 Department of Beach erosion status Develop and implement beach erosion Environment, report control Plan Commission of land and Environment Activity 1.1.4 Department of Guidelines and by- Develop and operationalise guidelines Environment, laws in place for beach development and by-laws on Commission of the use and management of beaches in land and Unguja and Pemba Environment Activity 1.1.5 Department of Climate change Introduce awareness and adaptation to Environment, awareness and climate change programs Forestry adaptation programs Department, Ministry 61

responsible for land development

Objective 2: Coastal and Marine habitats and populations dynamics maintained through sustainable tourism Target 2.1 Activity 2.1.1 ZCT, Ministry of Inventory reports Coastal habitat Take inventory of coastal tourism lands and and status reports protected from all development and update tourism zone housing coastal development by development profile June 2022 Activity 2.1.2 ZTC licensing EIA reports Coastal hotel development subjected unit, Department to EIA of Environment, Commission of land and Environment Activity 2.1.3 Fisheries Status report, record Access to turtles nesting sites by Division of nesting sites tourists and local people controlled access Activity 2.1.4 Department of Status report Control over harvesting of coconut Agriculture, palm leaves and trees for construction ZATI of tourists facilities Activity 2.1.5 Fisheries Status reports, Control over collection of sea shells Division, number of no- through development of no collection collection zones zones developed Target 2.2 Marine Activity 2.2.1 Fisheries Limit of Acceptable resources protected Control the number of tourists viewing Division, Use (LAU) from use pressure by Dolphins to ecologically acceptable Institute of developed, records June 2022 level Marine Sciences of tourists accessing dolphin areas

Activity 2.2.2 Fisheries Status reports Control diving and coral reef viewing Division to avoid coral destruction Activity 2.2.3 Fisheries Status reports Set and implement control measures Division on big fish catching events Activity 2.2.4 Ministry(ies) Minutes Ministry(ies) responsible for tourism responsible for Transparency and environment involve the private tourism and sector in resource management environment Target 2.3 Activity 2.3.1 ZIPA, ZCT, Investment reports, Stop further Suspend investment permits/contracts Ministry Status reports, development in full on land in all already full allocated responsible for allocated Tourism Tourism Zones Land and Zones Housing, Activity 2.3.1 ZCT, ZIPA, Status report Conduct regular monitoring including Ministry(ies)/De environmental, social, tourism and partment(s) infrastructural responsible for Land, Housing, Water, Culture, Transport, Environment, Forest, Fisheries, Activity 2.3.2 Ministry(ies)/De Monitoring reports Ensure environmental management partment(s) plans are enforced responsible for land, housing, environment Target 2.4 Activity 2.4.1 ZIPA, ZCT Investment reports Ensure close Encourage and invite both local and management of foreign investors

Tourism Zones Activity 2.4.2 ZCT, ZIPA, Monitoring reports including those Development ventures be in Ministry(ies)/De reserved for future use conformity with the carrying capacity partment(s) and underutilized zones both ecologically and socially responsible for Land, Housing, Water, Culture, Transport, Environment, Forest, Fisheries, Activity 2.4.3 ZCT, ZIPA, Minutes of meetings Any further development to take place Ministry(ies)/De (one stop centre) in any tourism zone be subjected to a partment(s) thoroughly scrutiny using existing responsible for organs before its commencement Land, Housing, Water, Culture, Transport, Environment, Forest, Fisheries, Activity 2.4.4 ZCT, ZIPA, Monitoring reports Conduct regular monitoring including Ministry(ies)/De environmental, social, tourism and partment(s) infrastructural responsible for Land, Housing, Water, Culture, Transport, Environment, Forest, Fisheries, Objective 3: To protect cultural, historical and other heritage sites Target 3.1 Activity 3.1.1 Department of Survey report Historical and cultural Carry out survey to identify and Antiquity and sites management demarcate clearly the cultural and Museum framework developed historical sites

64 and adopted by 2015 Activity 3.1.2 Ministry of Land Number of title Issue title deeds to identified and deeds issued surveyed cultural and historical sites

Activity 3.1.3 Department of Master plan Develop heritage master plan Antiquity and document Museum Activity 3.1.4 Department of Rehabilitation and Establish a program for routine Antiquity and maintenance reports maintenance and rehabilitation of the Museum historical buildings Activity 3.1.5 Ministry of Number of staff Promote education and research on Tourism trained and the type preservation of culture through staff of training, funds training and provision of research allocated for funds. research Target 3.2 Activity 3.2.1 Ministry of Funds allocated Ensure adequate Fund the budget required for cultural Finance funding is available for and historical sites management historical and cultural Activity 3.2.2 Department of Number of proposal sites management by Develop and submit funding proposal Antiquity and developed and 2015 to secure the support managing Museum submitted, number cultural and historical sites of successfully funded proposals, funds secured Activity 3.2.3 ZCT, Fund in place, Establish Zanzibar Museum and Department of amount of secured Heritage Fund and secure funding. Antiquity and funding Museum, and other stakeholders

CHAPTER SEVEN

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

7.1 Introduction Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of the Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan is designed to ensure effective and efficient implementation of the plan and the sustainability of the intended impacts. The M&E system is set up as a review mechanism to monitor the progress and assess outcomes compared to the objectives, targets or expectations and strategies/actions. Monitoring will be the tracking of the progress of implementation of the plan. Evaluation, on the other hand, will be a critical objective appraisal of the overall planning process in the form of specific milestones of achievement.

7.2 Monitoring Monitoring of the Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be the overall responsibility of the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism and should involve other closely related ministries/sectors such as IMS, Fisheries department, forestry department, department of environment, and department of antiquity. Tourism Plan implementation team/ task force within the ZCT, shall periodically audit the implementation of the plan by collecting information related to the monitoring of inputs/activities on quarterly basis and prepare reports reflecting the performance of sector related to tourism. The team/ task force shall prepare and issue monitoring and reporting guidelines to all officials who will be involved in the implementation and audit exercise. Specific data collection instrument will need to be prepared while quarter year performance summary will follow the format provided in Table 7.1. Monitoring will commence immediately after starting the implementation of the Tourism Plan.

7.2.1 Monitoring Data Collection The plan implementation team shall use the following in collecting data for plan monitoring:

• Preparation of detailed annual operational plans which shall be linked to resources available and shall portray the quarterly targets showing the extent to which the accomplishments of the operational plan are being met using the format given in Table 7.1.

• Physical observations and interviews/discussions with various stakeholders to get informed insights and clarifications. A field observation schedule will be prepared by team before making the physical observations.

• Conducting enquiries with the assistance of a questionnaire administered once every year designed to obtain the impressions of various stakeholders so as to obtain any early warning signs that may indicate potential problems during the implementation of the Plan.

• Summarize of the major recommendations for improving the rolling of the tourism Plan, prepare annual operating plan for the subsequent year and the implementation and monitoring process in the subsequent year.

Table 7.1: Format for Summarizing Progress on the Plan Implementation

Progress on the Implementation of Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan for the Period Covering ...... to ...... Management program ......

Objective Plans Achievements Remedial Planned Planned Targets Performed Reasons Actions Targets Activities achieved Activities for Deviation

7.2.2 Monitoring Report Schedule The reporting schedule will be in line with governmental financial year starting in July and ending June the following year. For each financial year, mid-year and end of the year progress reports will be prepared by the plan implementation team.

Mid-year Progress Report Mid-year progress report for the implementation of Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will cover the period of July to December of each year of the plan implementation. Collection and compilation of monitoring data shall be completed by end of January, and report to be finalized by mid-February. In the narrative report, the plan implementation team should report what have been achieved and the constraints for the last six months. Information should be provided on how the constrains were addressed and way forward. Mid-year stakeholders’ workshop may be convened to discuss the progress in the implementation of the report and provide suggestions for better implementation of the second half of the year.

End of Year Progress Report End of the year progress report for the implementation of Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will cover activities implemented in the period of January to June of each year of the plan implementation with a summary of what was reported for the first half of the year July-December for easy follow up of the report. The plan implementation team shall prepare the end of the year progress report by mid-June and provide plan targets and activities for implementation in the subsequent year (i.e., work plans). The plan should be finalized by end of July and by mid- August of each year, end of the year stakeholders’ workshop to discuss progress on plan implementation will be held to discuss the progress on the implementation of the report.

7.3 Evaluation Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be subjected to two internal and external evaluations. Internal evaluation will be done every two and a half years by the team from the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism, and the external evaluation will be done by mid-term of the plan implementation (after five years) and end of plan implementation (after ten years) by commissioned independent team of experts. Selection of the appropriate evaluators will consider relevant technical skills, evaluation skills and experience in similar organizations/assignments. Internal and external evaluation team shall be approved by the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism or other mandated body.

Both internal and external evaluation teams will be provided with Terms of References (ToR) which will have objectively: • Assessing the reasons for success or failure of specific aspects of the plan, • Assessing whether the plan is achieving its objectives and targets, • Finding out whether the effects of the plan are contributing to a better fulfillment of the Zanzibar tourism mission and vision, • Assessing the adequacy of resources being mobilized to implement the plan, • Determining whether available resources are being utilized efficiently to achieve the targets set for each objective of the plan, • Determining whether the planning process and implementation is facing any problems that need immediate or long-term solutions.

Both internal and external evaluations shall cover but not limited to the following: • Subject of the evaluation,

• Methodology to be adopted, data collection procedures, sampling procedures, indicators to be used, basis for comparisons, etc., • Analysis of the field findings, • Evaluation of the achievements and, • Feedback of evaluation of findings.

Both the internal and external evaluators will have the mandate to decide on other additional issues to be included or evaluated and agreed by Zanzibar Commission of Tourism in advance. Additional issues will be agreed at the de-briefing meeting between the ZCT Management and the evaluators and subject to the approval by ZCT. The evaluation reports will be discussed at progress review workshops and the recommendations adopted will be implemented and included in the rolled over Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Management Plan.

7.4 Plan Review Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Management Plan shall be reviewed and rolled every two and half years which will be in line with the block of operational plan. The review will be based on the internal and external review recommendations from plan progress workshops held biannually and/or annually. The aspect of rolling forward of the plan will make the plan dynamic as it will always take on board achievements/developments made both internally as well as externally.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: List of tourism stakeholders consulted

SN Date Venue Office Official met Position Contact 1 17/02/2012 Unguja MACEMP Mr. Kombo Manager P.O. Box 295, Zanzibar, Tanzania Ramla Talia Ass. Manager 2 18/02/2012 Unguja Gallaxy Lucy Njeri 3 18/02/2012 Unguja Zanzibar Unique Yunus Sales and Reservation P.O. Box 1759, Zanzibar, Tanzania ltd Manager Tel: +255773700089 www.zanzibarunique.com email:[email protected] 4 18/02/2012 Unguja ZanTours Ally Y. Ibaraja Hr & Admin Manager Migimbani street, Reservation Manager P.O. Box: 2560, Peter Mabaraga Zanzibar, Tanzania Email: [email protected] Website: www.zantours.com 5 19/02/2012 Unguja Kendwa Rocks (H) P.O Box 3939 Zanzibar, Tanzania (+255) 774415473/4/5 6 19/02/2012 Unguja Mnarani Beach Shaban Abdallah Front office Supervisor P.O Box: 3361 North Coast, Nungwi, Cottages Ltd Zanzibar – Tanzania Tel: +255(0)242240494 Fax: +255(0)242240494 Email: [email protected] www.lighhthousezanzibar.com 7 19/02/2012 Unguja Mnarini Marine Mr. Mataka Mohamed Bwana Kasa Turtles Conservation Abdallah Assistant 8 19/02/2012 Unguja DIAMONDS LA Sabrina Front office Supervisor P.O. Box 2019. Nungwi road, Zanzibar, GEMMA Tanzania. DELL’EST Tel:+255242240087 . Fax:+255242240089, 75

Email:[email protected] www.planhotel.com 9 20/02/2012 Unguja Commission for Mr. Ali – Khalil Mirza Director General P.O Box 1410, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Tourism in Tel-Gen:+25524233485/6 Zanzibar Tel-Dir:+255242233447 Fax:+255242233448. Mob:+255777411427 Email:[email protected] Website: www.zanzibartourism.net 10 21/02/2012 Unguja Ministry of Trade, Jahir Mussa Ahmed & Senior Trade Officers P.O. Box. 601, Malindi, Unguja, Industry and Khamis M. Yussuf Zanzibar Marketing Email: [email protected] Website:www.tradezanzibar.info Tel:+255242233274 . Fax: +255242233274. Mob:0777450769, 0715100735 11 21/02/2012 Unguja Tanzania Revenue Mbaruku Hussi Ag. Manager Authority Domestic Revenue Department 12 21/02/2012 Unguja Zanzibar Revenue Mohamed Amour Finance Manager & Ag. ZSSF Building, Kilimani Road. P.O Board Mohamed Commission Manager Box: 2072, Tel: +255242230639/2233041 Fax:+255242233904, Mob:0777474924 Email:[email protected] 13 21/02/2012 Unguja Ministry of Rajab Uweje Director of Human Infrastructure and Resource and communication Administration 14 21/02/2012 Unguja Department of Sihaba Hajivuai Ass. Director & Natural Environment Resource Dept 15 21/02/2012 Unguja Institute of Marine Dr. Jidawi Nariman Senior lecturer of Marine Science sciences & HoD 16 21/02/2012 Unguja Antiquities Faki Othman Marine Archeologist +255776572232 76

Director dept of Antiquity Dr. Amina Issa and museum +255777418048 17 21/02/2012 Unguja Ministry of Land, Housing and Energy 18 21/02/2012 Unguja Zanzibar Mr. Said A. Othman Senior Tourism Officer Commission for Tourism Director, Fisheries Mr. Mussa Aboud Jumbe 0777 416 408 19 21/02/2012 Unguja Division of Menay Bay Fisheries 20 22/02/2012 Unguja Ministry of Ameir A. Ameir Labour Commissioner P.O. Box: 3308, Zanzibar – Tanzania, Labour, Economic Fax:+255242231879 Empowerment Mob:+255777478760 Email:[email protected] 21 22/02/2012 Unguja Zanzibar Ms. Nana R. Mwanjisi Investment promotion P.O. Box 2286 Zanzibar – Tanzania Investment Manager Tel:+255-24-233026/2237353 Promotion Fax:+255-24-2232737 Authority Email:[email protected] :[email protected] Personal: [email protected] 22 22/02/2012 Unguja ZATI Julia Bishop Director 23 22/02/2012 Unguja Livestock Division Mr. Hamis Simba Senior Livestock [email protected] Research Officer 24 23/02/2012 Unguja RC – Kask Unguja Pembe Juma Regional Commissioner office Ally Ally Makame Regional Admin. Officer

25 23/02/2012 Unguja DC – Kask ‘A’ Mh. Riziki Juma Simai Unguja office – DC Kaskazini A

Mr. Ali Mzee Haji - Afisa Tawala Kask A Mr. Ali Shauri Shela - Afisa Elimu Kask A Mr. Ame Haji Ame - Afisa utumishi Mr. Dude Juma Ame - Afisa Maji Ms. Rizaki Hassan Ibrahim - Afisa Vizazi na Vifo Mr. Haji Jabir - Afisa Afya

26 23/02/2012 Unguja DC – Kask ‘B’ Mr. Amour Hamis - Afisa Tawala Kask B Unguja office Ms. Andikalo Vuai - Afisa Utumishi Kask B

27 24/02/2012 Unguja DC – Wilaya ya Ally Kassim Mohamed District Commissioner Kati Office 28 24/02/2012 Unguja Jozani Community Kassim Rajab Villager 29 24/02/2012 Unguja Halmashauri ya Kassim Mtoro Abu Katibu wa Halmashauri Wilaya ya kusini Unguja 30 24/02/2012 Unguja Kitongani Rajab. Mw. Mbwato - community villag Vuai Haji Msheba - Villager Iddi Hassan Ame - Villager Hassan Msafiri Tungu – Villg. Simai Haji Pandu -

Villager Simai Ameir Ally - Villager 31 24/02/2012 Unguja Shehia ya pete Amir Simai Sheha 32 25/02/2012 Unguja Mkokotoni – Khamis Kikuni M/kt kamati ya wavuvi & Tondoo village Balozi 26/02/2012 Travel to / Arrival in Pemba 34 27/02/2012 Pemba Commission for Mr. Suleiman, and Mdhamin (Pemba) tourism other employees 35 27/02/2012 Pemba Kidike Mr. Kombo Ally Chair person: Kidike Hamad environmental conservation club 36 27/02/2012 Pemba Micheweni District Abdallah Ally Said – Council (M/kt), Kombo Khasan Hamis – (Ward director), Omary Khamis Ally – (Lawyer), Bi. Miza Juma – (Proc. Officer), Hamad Kombo Faki – (karani Masijala), Mwalim Masud Aman – (Revenue Officer)

37 27/02/2012 Pemba Ngezi Vumawimbi Mwadini Makame Officer In-charge Nature forest reserve 38 27/02/2012 Pemba Manta Resort south Sandy Ass. Manager Pemba Mr. Mathew Director 39 28/02/2012 Pemba Fundu Lagoon William Leonard Kima Assistant Manager Resort Hotel 40 28/02/2012 Pemba Bandari ya Bakari Omary 79

Chokocho – (Mlinzi), Neglected Hotel Ame Vuai Shein (Katibu kamati ya maendeleo), Haji juma Ally (Captain) 41 28/02/2012 Pemba Panolama Beach Kasim Khamis Juma Manager Resort 42 29/02/2012 Pemba Misali Island Mohamed Said Ranger Suleiman

Appendix 2: Zanzibar leading tourist attractions

Zanzibar top ten (10) Music and Zanzibar excursions Ruins things to see and/or do celebration

i. Stone town tour i. Taarab i. Spice tours i. Maruhubi Palace ii. Pange sandbank ii. Kidumbak ii. Princess Salme trip ii. Mtoni Palace iii. Dinner at iii. Ngoma Forodhani night iii. Slave routes iii. Kidichi market iv. Unyago of Persian Zanzibar Baths iv. Unwind on the v. Beni beaches of iv. Jozani Forest iv. Kizimkazi Zanzibar vi. Bi Kidude Baths v. Dolphin tours v. Diving or v. Mwangapwa snorkelling at vi. Whale ni coral Mnemba attol watching cave

vi. Misali Island vii. Diving and vi. Bi Khole snorkellin Ruins vii. Ngezi Forest g vii. Mbweni viii. Get up close and viii. Deep sea Ruins personal with fishing Dolphins viii. Beit El ix. Safari blue Ras ix. Take a local cooking class x. Sunset or ix. Dunga Ruins sunrise x. Festivals – Sauti cruise za Busara, Zanzibar xi. Prison island International trip Film Festival and Mwaka xii. Sand bank Kogwa picnic

Source: ZATI (2012)

Appendix 3: List of cultural sites in Pemba

Ruins Underwater sites

Banana mission, Bandari Kuu Sultan Khalifa’s Boat archaeological site, Bohara Mosque (Chake Chake), Chake Chake Fort and battery, Chake Chake Mosque, Chambani Mjini, Chwaka Great Mosque

Chwaka (Mazrui site), Chwaka Haruni’s Kokota Island Underwater Well tomb, Chwaka archaeological site, Chwaka small “Pea” mosque, Dongoni Mission, Finga house, Finga mosque, Jambangome

Kaliwa archaeological site, Ras Mkumbuu Underwater House Kichokochwe, Kimelian (Fundo Island), Kimimba archaeological site, Kiungoni mosque, Kiwani mosque, Makongwe house archaeological site

Ole Mandani mosque, Ole mandani Ras Mkumbuu Underwater Road archaeological site, Matumbi Makubwa Lighthouse, Mduuni, Misali island caves, Mitondooni archaeological site (Panza Island), Mkia wa ng’ombe mosque and tomb, Msuka mjini mosque, Mtambwe mkuu archaeological site

Mtangani mosque, Panza island graves Paraportiani archaeological site, Pujini (Mkame Ndume) archaeological site, Ras Kigomasha Lighthouse station, Ras Mkumbuu archaeological site, Shamiani mosque (Kiweni island), Shengejuu, Tumbe archaeological site, Verani (lying at the edge of Ngezi forest), Vitongoji tomb

Old mosques still in use

Chake chake mosque, Kiuyu mosque, Kojani, Micheweni, Shumba, Wingwi

Source: Horton & Clark 1985; MACEMP, 2006.

Appendix 4: List of Cultural Sites, Monuments and under water sites in Unguja

Site/Monument Under water sites

Chwaka, Fukuchani, Glorongay (Northeast), H.M.S. Pegasus (West of Jongowe/Tumbatu island, Stone Town), Colleen (West of Stone Town), Kizimkazi, Mkokotoni, Mvuleni, Glasgow pos. 1 (West of Stone Town), Glasgow Pwani deburi, Shangani, Shungi, pos. 2 (West of Stone Town), Penguin (West of Unguja Ukuu, Uro, Zanzibar gereza, Stone Town), Great Northern (West of Stone Beit El Rais, Chuini, Chukwani, Town), Adale O’Swald (West of Stone Town), El Dunga, Kidichi, Kizimbani, Majid (West of Stone Town), Royal Navy Lighter Mangapwani, Maruhubi, Mbweni, & Barge (West of Stone Town), Fumba Kwale Mtoni, Sebleni, Zanzibar Anglican Cathedral, Zanzibar Hamani Baths, Livingstone’s house, Malindi mosque , Persian well

Source: Horton & Clark (1985); MACEMP (2006).

Appendix 5: Current accommodation status in Zanzibar* Number Number of employees Grades Hotels Rooms Beds Foreigners Zanzibaris Mainlanders five stars 24 1719 3325 277 1627 1184 four stars 9 573 1048 331 359 291 three stars 23 738 1305 56 816 394 two stars 19 414 774 24 422 229 one star 43 664 1270 71 756 290 AA 34 407 765 36 283 91 A 174 1876 3499 99 1527 409 Total 326 6391 11986 894 5790 2888 Source: Data taken from ZCT, 2011 *Accommodations - hotels ranked from A grade to Five stars.

Appendix 6a: List of workshop participants - Unguja S/N Name Institution/ Contacts (email and phone o Organisation number) 1 Thabit. A. Abdulrahman ZATO 0773173456, email: [email protected] 2 Ilyas R. Nassor ZCT 0777423787 email: [email protected] 3 Maabad Jaffar Muhidin ZCT 0777410252 email: [email protected] 4 Dr. N.S. Jiddawi IMS 0777423183 email: [email protected] 5 Dr. Miraji U.Ussi ZCT 0777671170 email: [email protected] 6 Aviwa .I. Makame ZCT 0777423827 email: [email protected] 7 Ally H. Kombo MACEMP 0777457262 email: [email protected] 8 Tira A. Ndohele ZCT 0777417123 email: [email protected] 9 Juma Shomary MICTS 0777416035 email: [email protected] 10 Aziz Ramadhan Bonzo ZATOGA 0777497876 email: [email protected] 11 Yussy Kombo MACEMP 0713459447 email: 12 Ali Khalil Mirji Director General, ZCT email: 13 Omar, M.K VP OFFICE email: 14 Moh’d W. Fikirini ZCT 0773104087 email: [email protected] 15 Khalifa M. Makame ZATO 0777413585 email: infonzato.or.tz 16 Ali Vuai Juma Department of Museum 0777842896 email: And Antiquities [email protected] 17 Julia Bishop ZATI 0779412603 email: 18 Amour M. Ali ZCT 0777416253 email: [email protected] 19 Abbas M. Mohamed ZITOD 0777424293 email: [email protected] 20 Said Ali Said ZRB 0777412544 email: 21 Abin R. Mdowe ARDHI/DOLR 0777863209 email: [email protected] 22 Makame M. Haji Dept. of environment 0777427633 email: [email protected] 23 Amour A. Mbarak ZIPA 0773049473 email: 24 Rashid A. Juma Zanzibar Municipality 0777411892 email: 25 Rajab Salum Rajab Zanzibar Municipality 0773092031 email: [email protected] 26 Abdallah Hamed .A. TOUR GUIDE 0714664652 email: 27 Said A. Othman ZCT 0777416143 email: [email protected]

Appendix 6b: List of workshop participants - Pemba S/No Names(s) in full Institution/organisation Contacts. Phone number & emails 1 Ayoub Khamis Abdulla ZCT 0773136186 Email: [email protected] 2 Mgeni Nassor Dept. Of Fisheries 0777486129; Email: Mohammed [email protected] 3 Time Mohammed Mussa Dept. Of Museum and 0773228868 Antiquity 4 Khamis Rashid Juma Forestry 0773885777 5 Mgaa Said Mgaa Mkoa wa Kaskazini 0776814156 6 Mohamed A. Juma ZCT 0773109365; Email: [email protected] 7 Nassor R. Kombo ZCT 0773237364 8 Salama Ahmada Mkoa kusini Pemba 0778862376; Email: Majaliwa [email protected] 9 Hassanat Muhydin Mohd Community 0772808083 10 Hamad Khamis Hamad Baraza la Mji Wete 0777413320; Email: [email protected] 11 Suleiman Amour ZCT 0777418364; Email: Suleiman [email protected] 12 Mtumwa Mabrouk Kheir ZIPA 0777415508; Email: [email protected] 13 Salum Abdalla Said ZRB 0773180065; Email: [email protected] 14 Ali Othman Mussa DOE 0777005626; Email: [email protected] 15 Nasra A. Massoud Ministry of Labour 0779876190; Email: [email protected] 16 Abdulla M. Rashid TTCL 0777970084; Email: [email protected] 17 Moh’d H. Ali PATI 0778665071; Email: [email protected] 18 Rabia R. Omar Ministry of Social Welfare, 0777478761; Email: Youth, Women and [email protected] Children Development /Community 19 SharifMohamed Fisheries / MACEMP 0772456169; Email: [email protected] 20 Nassor .S. Zahraw Chake Chake Town 0777420137 Council 21 Mmanga J. Ali District Council 0777430743; Email: [email protected] 22 Haji Khamis Haji Baraza la Mji Mkoa kusini 0778442957 23 Abdullah A. Ussi ZCT 0777423407; Email: [email protected]