AFRICA ENERGY – A TIP OF THE ICEBERG OVERVIEW Sreenivasan Chandrasekhar Thesis for the degree of Licentiate of Science (Technology) Submitted for inspection in Espoo, on October 15th, 2017 Thesis supervisor Professor Pekka Oinas Thesis advisors Docent Markku Hurme, Aalto University Professor Risto Raiko, Tampere University of Technology Aalto University, P.O. BOX, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Abstract of licentiate thesis Author Sreenivasan Chandrasekhar Title of thesis Africa energy – a tip of the iceberg overview Department Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Professorship Plant design Code of professorship KE-107 Thesis supervisor Pekka Oinas Thesis advisor(s) / Thesis examiner(s) Doc. Markku Hurme and prof. Risto Raiko Date 15.10.2017 Number of pages 256 Language English Abstract The status of energy supply and potential for exploitation of energy flows on the African continent in states between the ‘Maghreb’ in the north and borders of Re- public of South Africa is charted out. To facilitate the analysis of the energy situa- tion, the continent is divided into 6 sections and the energy sectors of each coun- try are sub-divided as well: Hydroelectric power, Oil & Gas, Mining, Agriculture, and Renewable energy resources. The first part contains the land facts pertaining to a particular country’s energy situation. The analytical part of the work draws upon data in Land facts section plus some fresh references to trace out the ener- gy belts of the continent and facilitate drawing of the energy maps. Calculations follow to estimate the densities of installed power and power poten- tial vis-à-vis each country’s total area. A comparison of the power densities re- sults in the scale-up factor, the bridge between present and future degrees of industrialization, whose magnitude is indicative of the land’s project engineering potential. The sheer magnitudes point to the scope for engineering activity – hydel in the central mass (where insolation stays diminished due to dense forest cover restricting water vapor’s evaporation and causing cloudiness), oil and gas offshore sites on the continent’s coastal sides, the grand coal patches, geother- mal resources in the south and east and wind energy in the Horn of Africa and Sub-Sahara. Bioenergy potential from its myriad forms that straddle the continent from west to east and in pockets in the south. Keywords Africa power potential, engineering scope Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Lisensiaatintyön tiivistelmä Tekijä Sreenivasan Chandrasekhar Työn nimi Africa energy – a tip of the iceberg overview Laitos Kemian tekniikan ja metallurgian laitos Professuuri Tehdassuunnittelu Professuurikoodi KE-107 Työn valvoja Pekka Oinas Työn ohjaaja(t)/Työn tarkastaja(t) Dos. Markku Hurme ja prof. Risto Raiko Päivämäärä 15.10.2017 Sivumäärä 256 Kieli Englanti Tiivistelmä Tässä työssä on kartoitettu Afrikan mantereella Pohjois-Afrikan ’Maghreb’- valtioiden ja Etelä-Afrikan Tasavallan väliin sijoittuvissa maissa sijaitsevat ener- giavarat ja energian tuotannon rakentamispotentiaalit. Energiatilanteen analy- soimiseksi manner on jaettu kuuteen osaan ja maakohtaiset energiasektorit on jaettu seuraaviin alasektoreihin: vesivoima, öljy ja maakaasu, kaivostoiminta, maatalous, uusiutuvat energiavarat. Työn ensimmäinen osa koostuu energiaa käsittelevästä tiiviistä maakohtaisesta tiedosta. Työn analyyttinen osa perustuu ensimmäiseen osaan sekä sitä täydentäviin uusiin kirjallisuusviitteisiin, joiden avulla on esitetty mantereen energiavyöhykekartat tavoitteena havainnollistaa Afrikan mantereen energiarikkaita alueita. Seuraavaksi on esitetty laskelmat, joilla arvioidaan maan pinta-alakohtaiset ra- kennetut voimalaitoskapasiteetit ja rakennettavissa olevat sähköntuotantopoten- tiaalit. Edellisten perusteella saadaan skaalauskertoimet, jotka yhdistävät nykyi- set ja tulevaisuuden teollistumisasteet ja joiden arvot viittaavat maakohtaiseen voimalaitospotentiaaliin. Skaalauskertoimien arvojen suuruus tarkoittaa teknisen toiminnan mahdollisuuksia: vesivoima mantereen keski-osassa (jossa auringon energia on vähäisempää), öljy ja maakaasu rannikkoalueilla, valtavat hiiliesiinty- mät sekä geotermiset varat etelässä ja idässä, tuulivoima Afrikan sarvessa ja Saharan eteläpuolella. Bioenergiavarat eri muodoissa ovat levittyneet lännestä itään kautta mantereen ja erillisalueina etelässä. Avainsanat Afrikan energiapotentiaali, projektitoiminta PREFACE This work was done on a 0-budget with effect from the opening months of the year 2010 – with breaks thereon lasting months at a stretch when I was drawn to work assignments in the field. My heartfelt gratitude goes to Docent Markku Hurme, erstwhile Professor of Plant Design, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, at the Aalto Univer- sity, Finland, who had in the first place, granted me a seat in the Department to pur- sue doctoral studies. I am indebted to our erstwhile Professor of Power Plant Tech- nology, Dr. Risto Raiko, at Tampere University of Technology, Finland, who had personally supervised my studies in Power Plant Technology and put his valuable time, forever, so to say, at my disposal, thus imparting invaluable knowledge arising from his vast experiences in the field of energy and power plants engineering. This work was conceptualized, designed and executed by the author himself. Clarifica- tions with respect to qualitative, quantitative aspects of the work was offered by the aforesaid professors. The extent of applicability of the formulas hammered out by the author was scrutinized by Dr. Hurme (in the case of forest’s, jatropha’s, peat power potentials) and by Dr. Raiko (in case of solar, O&G power potentials). The manuscript was composed and written by the author himself, the near impossible task of ironing out to a publishable form was by our Professor Pekka Oinas at the Dept. of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, Aalto University. Dr. Hannu Sippola (from the chemical engineering side) and MSc Niko Niemelä, researcher (combus- tion engineering) at Tampere University of Technology aided at the text’s computeri- zation. Last, but not least, in this short list is my father, Mr. N. Sreenivasan, retired diplomat, the eternal optimist, and my mother, Saroja, an artist in her own right, the proverbial pessimist, their own special role in steering my ventures. This thesis is done in accordance with Aalto University’s School of Chemical Technology’s re- quirements set out for the Degree of Licentiate of Science in Technology Tampere, October 15th, 2017. (S. Chandrasekhar) CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................... 4 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. 5 ABBREVIATIONS LIST ............................................................................................ 9 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 13 2 LAND FACTS - Infrastructure & Resources .................................................... 16 2.1 THE HORN OF AFRICA ........................................................................... 16 2.1.1 SUDAN ..................................................................................................... 16 2.1.2 ETHIOPIA ................................................................................................ 19 2.1.3 ERITREA .................................................................................................. 22 2.1.4 DJIBOUTI ................................................................................................ 24 2.1.5 SOMALIA ................................................................................................ 25 2.2 CENTRAL AFRICA ................................................................................... 29 2.2.1 CAMEROON ............................................................................................ 29 2.2.2 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ......................................................... 32 2.2.3 GABON .................................................................................................... 34 2.2.4 EQUATORIAL GUINEA ........................................................................ 37 2.2.5 THE CONGO REPUBLIC ....................................................................... 40 2.2.6 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO .............................................. 43 2.3 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ......................................................................... 46 2.3.1 MAURITANIA ......................................................................................... 46 2.3.2 MALI ........................................................................................................ 49 2.3.3 NIGER ...................................................................................................... 52 2.3.4 CHAD ....................................................................................................... 55 2.4 WEST AFRICA .......................................................................................... 58 2.4.1 SENEGAL ................................................................................................ 58 2.4.2 THE GAMBIA ......................................................................................... 61 2.4.3 GUINEA-BISSAU .................................................................................... 64 2.4.4 GUINEA ..................................................................................................