Giuseppe Ungaretti and Alberto Savinio) Giulia Ferri

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Giuseppe Ungaretti and Alberto Savinio) Giulia Ferri Coming back to fathers’ land : sense of belonging and search for the origins (Giuseppe Ungaretti and Alberto Savinio) Giulia Ferri To cite this version: Giulia Ferri. Coming back to fathers’ land : sense of belonging and search for the origins (Giuseppe Ungaretti and Alberto Savinio). Literature. Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-..]; Università degli studi La Sapienza (Rome), 2020. Italian. NNT : 2020GRALL016. tel-03100128 HAL Id: tel-03100128 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03100128 Submitted on 6 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES préparée dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre la Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes et l’Università di Roma «Sapienza» Spécialité : Études italiennes Arrêté ministériel : le 6 janvier 2005 – 25 mai 2016 Présentée par Giulia FERRI Thèse dirigée par Enzo NEPPI et codirigée par Francesca BERNARDINI NAPOLETANO préparée au sein du Laboratoire LUHCIE et du Dipartimento di Lettere e culture moderne dans l’école doctorale LLSH Retour à la terre des pères : sentiment d’appartenance et quête des origines. Alberto Savinio et Giuseppe Ungaretti Thèse soutenue publiquement le 9 novembre 2020 devant le jury composé de : Monsieur Pierre GIRARD Professeur, Université Lyon 3, Président Madame, Paola ITALIA Professeure, Università di Bologna, Rapportrice Madame, Emanuela BERTONE Professeure, Université Côte d’Azur, Rapportrice Monsieur Tommaso POMILIO Professeur, Université de Rome « Sapienza », Membre Monsieur Massimo LUCARELLI Maître de conférences, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Membre Madame Francesca BERNARDINI NAPOLETANO Professeure, Université de Rome « Sapienza », Membre Monsieur Enzo NEPPI Professeur, Université Grenoble Alpes, Membre 2 A mio nonno Guido 3 Indice Premessa p. 4 Introduzione p. 12 I PARTE Capitolo 1: Incontri e affinità 1 Parigi 1912-1913 p. 23 2 Apollinaire, figura di raccordo p. 24 3 Milano, il progetto della «Vraie Italie»: un’intesa intellettuale p. 27 4 L’epoca della diffidenza: screzi e riavvicinamenti p. 31 Capitolo 2: L’affaire «Comœdia» 1 «Comœdia» e i non dichiarati obiettivi di una rubrica sull’Italia p. 37 2 L’articolo di Savinio su «Comœdia» p. 40 3 L’accesa polemica degli intellettuali italiani contro Savinio e De Chirico p. 45 4 Le conseguenze della polemica p. 49 5 L’intervento di Ungaretti p. 52 II PARTE Capitolo 1: Grande Guerra e affermazione identitaria 1 «Voglio liberarmi dei rimorsi che mi pesano addosso»: la guerra di Savinio p. 56 2 «E se la guerra mi consacrasse italiano?»: la guerra di Ungaretti p. 69 Capitolo 2: La formazione di uno spirito nazionalista 1 «Le peuple le plus civilisé de l’Europe»: il nazionalismo di Savinio p. 91 2 Per una civiltà che deve «abbagliare il mondo»: il nazionalismo di Ungaretti p. 103 Capitolo 3: L’appoggio al fascismo 1 Savinio e il fascismo come rinascita della civiltà meridionale p. 110 2 L’Italia simbolo della «giovinezza d’Occidente»: il fascismo di Ungaretti p. 136 Capitolo 4: Da un’identità italiana a un’identità europea 1 Vivere «come nazionali di tutte le nazioni»: Savinio e l’identità europea p. 161 2 «L’Europe de l’esprit»: Ungaretti e l’identità europea p. 173 Capitolo 5: Il richiamo della terra natia 1 Savinio e la Grecia: una «sorgente di acqua poetica» p. 183 2 Ungaretti e l’Egitto: «nostalgia del tuo sole» p. 195 Conclusioni p. 211 • • Appendice p. 217 Bibliografia p. 224 Résumé en français p. 252 Abstract in English p. 272 4 Premessa Il presente lavoro nasce da una riflessione sull’umana ricerca di radici e sul conseguente sentimento d’appartenenza che l’individuo sviluppa nei confronti del luogo ― o dei luoghi ― che considera “casa”. Si tratta di un aspetto che gioca un ruolo determinante nella costruzione identitaria dell’individuo, come illustrano sapientemente le parole di Simone Weil, contenute nel suo saggio L’enracinement: L’enracinement est peut-être le besoin le plus important et le plus méconnu de l’âme humaine. C’est un des plus difficiles à définir. Un être humain a une racine par sa participation réelle, active et naturelle à l’existence d’une collectivité qui conserve vivants certains trésors du passé et certains pressentiments d’avenir. Participation naturelle, c’est-à-dire amenée automatiquement par le lieu, la naissance, la profession, l’entourage. Chaque être humain a besoin d’avoir de multiples racines. Il a besoin de recevoir la presque totalité de sa vie morale, intellectuelle, spirituelle, par l’intermédiaire des milieux dont il fait naturellement partie.1 Il sentimento d’appartenenza può dunque essere ritenuto espressione di un bisogno primario dell’uomo ed è strettamente connesso all’esistenza di una collettività. Quella etnica è allora una componente fondamentale dell’identità e può essere descritta come la «parte dell’immagine che un individuo si fa di se stesso, che deriva dalla consapevolezza di appartenere ad un gruppo (o a gruppi) etnici, unita al valore e al significato emozionale associato a tale appartenenza».2 Il gruppo si definisce a sua volta attraverso il concetto di luogo, dunque il rapporto che si crea tra quest’ultimo e l’individuo è altrettanto decisivo nella costruzione identitaria. Weil sostiene che un’altra caratteristica del sentimento d’appartenenza sia la naturalezza, l’istintività. In questo, esso è senza dubbio prossimo all’attaccamento che si ha verso la propria famiglia. Un’affinità che si ritrova, d’altra parte, nella terminologia che in italiano, ma anche in molte altre lingue, definisce la fusione tra luogo, gruppo e famiglia: patria. Gli studiosi di psicologia ambientale Twigger-Ross e Uzzel, a proposito del legame che si istituisce tra individuo e territorio, affermano che «all aspects of identity will, to a greater or lesser extent, have place-related implications»3 e ritengono che la ragione sia da trovare nel fatto che l’attaccamento territoriale è strettamente legato a tutta una serie di elementi che costituiscono la memoria dell’individuo, il suo bagaglio di esperienze e ricordi. Il luogo agirebbe dunque da elemento centrale per la preservazione di quest’ultimi. Tale funzione 1 S. Weil, L’enracinement, Gallimard, Paris 1949, p. 61. 2 Tajfel H., Gruppi umani e categorie sociali, Il Mulino, Bologna 1995, p. 314. 3 Twigger-Ross C. L., Uzzel D. L., Place and identity processes, «Journal of environmental psychology», a. 1996, n. 16, p. 206. 5 del luogo, che se inteso nel senso di territorio o ambiente in cui si è radicati, al di là dei confini politico-geografici, può essere definito “patria”, è riconosciuta anche dagli studiosi di geografia umana. Essa, in effetti, è da loro considerata un luogo di memorie e progetti culturali, «l’elemento di riferimento per le radici culturali e per il valore, il senso ed il significato attribuiti ad esso dalle pratiche culturali del gruppo»4 e allo stesso tempo «la terra su cui si poggiano i piedi, il contesto in cui si svolge la nostra esperienza, lo sfondo delle nostre azioni». Riveste una «dimensione fondamentale per la vita dell’individuo e della società»5 poiché il legame che si istituisce tra i due poli è biunivoco: «i luoghi appartengono agli uomini e gli uomini ai luoghi».6 Tutti questi aspetti, riassumibili nelle categorie di percezione, comportamento e valore, sono stati analizzati dallo studioso Yi-Fu Tuan, il quale utilizza il termine “topofilia” per indicare «all of the human being’s affective ties with the material environment».7 Tra gli elementi che determinano l’attaccamento a un luogo, quello che secondo lui ha carattere di permanenza è dato dal fatto che esso è considerato «home, the locus of memories, and the means of gaining a livehood»8. Tuan sottolinea anche che lo spazio su cui può essere esercitato questo amore è inevitabilmente limitato alla possibilità che l’individuo ha di conoscerlo. Esso deve dunque avere innanzitutto i caratteri di continuità storica e compattezza geografica. Lo stato moderno, secondo lo studioso, è troppo grande per essere conosciuto nella sua totalità e per essere percepito come unità naturale, quindi egli mette in dubbio la spontaneità di un fenomeno come il patriottismo. Eppure, ci viene da chiedere, cosa avviene quando l’assetto storico e quello geografico sono in evoluzione e, dunque, le aspettative su ciò che lo stato potrebbe diventare si sommano a quello che è già? Subentra, forse, un altro tipo di “topofilia”, quello legato alla patria ideale. D’altra parte, sostiene Tuan, anche il pianeta terra può paradossalmente essere oggetto di sentimento d’appartenenza, poiché è percepito come unità geografica e storica. Può essere legittimo, allora, ritenere che l’attaccamento sia subordinato all’idea che, in un dato momento storico, sulla base dei propri desideri e delle influenze subite dal contesto culturale e sociale, l’individuo ha dell’unità. 4 F. Lando, Geografia e letteratura: immagine e immaginazione, in Fatto e finzione. Geografia e letteratura, Etas, Milano 1993, pp. 8-9. 5 C. Gallini, Patrie elettive. I segni dell’appartenenza, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2003, p. 7. 6 A. Frémont, La regione, uno spazio per vivere, Milano, Franco Angeli 1978, p. 138. Edizione originale: La région, espace vécu, Presses universitaires de France, Paris 1976. 7 Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophilia. A study of environmental perception, attitudes and values, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1974, p. 93. 8 Ibid. 6 La questione, naturalmente, si complica se entrano in gioco fattori quali la migrazione o l’esilio, che hanno ripercussioni non solo su quanti vi sono direttamente coinvolti, ma anche sulle seconde o terze generazioni, spesso condizionate dall’iniziale sradicamento dei propri avi.
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