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Blomning Och Fruktmognad Hos Olika Äpplesorter Hilde Nybom

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Blomning Och Fruktmognad Hos Olika Äpplesorter Hilde Nybom LTV-fakultetens faktablad 2017:32 ALNARP Fakta från Institutionen för växtförädling – Balsgård Blomning och fruktmognad hos olika äpplesorter Hilde Nybom Ingen kan väl ha undgått nyheterna om det ovanligt dåliga fruktåret 2017? Plötsligen blev skånska äppleodlare intervjuade på bäs- ta sändningstid i TV med anledning av sina uteblivna eller åtminstone ovanligt låga skör- dar. Längre uppåt landet såg det ännu sämre ut med helt tomma träd. Sverige skulle kom- ma att lida brist på svenska äpplen! Anledningen var förstås de allvarliga frostnätterna i april. Blomknopparna var visserligen mycket små och satt i tätt slut- na klungor men det hjälpte inte. Hos några sorter blev nästan alla blommor helt förstör- da. Hos andra sorter såg blommorna oska- dade ut när de öppnade sig men pistillerna var korta och brunfärgade. Här blev det heller ingen frukt. Ytterligare andra sorter klarade sig förhållandevis fint och hade näs- tan normal fruktsättning. Bland de mest drabbade sorterna var Eli- Fig. 1. Den nya äpplesorten Gratia från Balsgård klarade vårfrosten utan problem. se och Ingrid Marie. Träden gapade nästan tomma i nordöstra Skåne där frosten hade med 96%. Synnerligen bra hade det däre- När blommar och mognar våra gjort störst skada. Aroma lyckades visser- mot gått för Stenkyrke (3%), Gul Rickard äpplesorter? ligen sätta frukt men de frost-inducerade (5%), Mio (9%) och Jonathan (10%). I den pomologiska litteraturen finns sällan ‘slipsarna’ på skalet försämrade värdet. Ytter- I denna studie fastställdes även tidpunkten detaljerad information om de olika äpp- ligare andra sorter, som Aromas dotter Fri- för blomningens start hos de olika sorterna. lesorternas blomningstid men desto mer da, hade däremot inga större problem med Senblommande sorter klarade sig i genom- om när de mognar. Även dessa uppgifter fruktsättningen detta år. snitt något bättre än tidigblommande sorter. kan dock vara svåra att tolka; menar för- Liknande erfarenheter har man gjort i an- fattaren plockmogen frukt? Eller kanske Vårfrosten 1991 dra länder, och det finns därför visst intresse ätmogen frukt som i så fall kan ha mognat Ett liknande år inträffade 1991. På Balsgård för möjligheten att förädla fram äpplesor- på trädet eller eftermognat i ett fruktlager? hade vi tänkt genomföra ett antal kors- ter med en jämförelsevis sen blomningstid Och för vilken region av landet gäller den ningar inom äppleförädlingsprogrammet (Miller, 2004). angivna mognadstiden? Eller är uppgifter- men vi gav upp - det var helt enkelt för Blomningstiden har dessutom stort infly- na rent av hämtade från ett annat land där svårt att hitta oskadade blommor. Istället tande på fruktens mognadstid. Överlag kan frukten kanske mognar upp till en månad improviserade vi snabbt fram ett nytt forsk- man säga att tidigare blomning oftast med- tidigare än i Sverige? Planterar man en sort ningsprojekt: hur varierar olika äpplesorter för tidigare fruktmognad även om det finns som inte hinner mogna fram innan vintern i frostkänslighet? Blommor samlades in från gott om undantag. I de nordiska länderna kommit på allvar, blir det förstås stora pro- 129 äpplesorter, pistillerna skars itu och finns inga väderleksmässiga förutsättningar blem med skörden. En lätt höstfrost brukar procentsatsen skadade pistiller noterades för en god utveckling av sent mognande frukten klara fint men långa perioder med (Nybom, 1992). Bland de mest drabbade frukt, och man kan därför misstänka att vi låga temperaturer kan bli katastrofalt! återfanns Close och Gravenstein med 100% har en stor andel både tidigblommande och I den vetenskapliga litteraturen brukar skadade blommor samt Belle de Boskoop tidigmognande sorter. man utgå från ett väldefinierat stadium: Fakulteten för landskapsarkitektur, trädgårds- och växtproduktionsvetenskap 2017 Agra LV 3,3 1,7 Alexander RU 44 Alice SE 4,3 3 Alka PL 34 Ananasrenett NL? 4,3 6,7 Annas Hulta SE? 4,3 3 Antonovka UA 3,3 5 Gloster DE 5,5 Antonovka Polotora Funtovaja RU 4 4,3 Golden Delicious US 5 5,7 Aroma SE 5,3 4 Golden Noble GB 6,5 Aromatnoje RU 2,7 4,5 Golden Nugget CA 3,3 5 Arona LV 4,7 4,3 Gravenstein ? 2,5 Arvidsäpple ? 3,7 2,7 Grågylling från Skokloster SE? 44 Aspa SE 3,3 2,7 Gul Rickard DE 4,5 Atlas CA 3,7 4 Guldborg DK 3,7 3,7 Ausma LV 3,3 6 Guldparmän DE? 4,7 5,3 Barchatnoje RU 2,7 3,7 Gyllenkroks Astrakan SE 3 1,7 Barry US 2,7 4 Göteborgs Flickäpple SE 4,3 4 Belle de Boskoop NL 4,5 Hampus ? 3,3 2 Bellefleur Kitajka RU 4 4,7 Hanaskog SE 2,7 3 Bersis LV 36 Hannaäpple SE 3,7 4,7 Birgit Bonnier SE 3,3 4 Haugmann NO 3,3 3,3 Boiken DE 6,5 Hedenlunda SE 3 2,7 Borgherre DE 4,5 Heta FI 2,7 3,7 Borsdorfer DE 4,5 Heyer12 CA 2,7 2 Boäpple SE? 2,7 3 Himmelstalund SE 4,3 4,7 Breakey CA 2,3 2 Hugoäpple SE 3,3 3 Brunnsäpple, Hallands SE 3,7 5 Huvitus FI 3,3 5,7 Cadel RS 3,7 6 Idunn NO 3,7 2 Carrol CA 4 2,7 Iedzenu LV 3,3 5,3 Charlamovsky RU 2,7 3 Ilga LV 55 Close US 2,5 Ingrid Marie DK 5,3 6,7 Fakta från Institutionen för växtförädlingCollet – Balsgård CA 3,7 4 Ivöäpple SE? 4 Info nr 32 Cortland US 5,5 James Grieve GB 45 Cox Orange GB 6,5 Jaspi FI 2,7 2,7 Cox Pomona GB 5,5 Jonagold US 5,5 Discovery GB 3,7 3 Jonathan US 46 Domö Favorit SE 4,7 3,7 Josefiner SE 2,7 2,7 Tabell 1. Blomningstid (Blo.) och fruktmognadstid (Mog.)Drakenberg på en 9-gradig skala (1 = SEtidigast,3,7 9 = 5 senast)Juuso för 200 äpplesorter i genbanken FIpå Balsgård-3,7 4 SLU samt deras troliga geografiska ursprung (Urs.). DrejeaebleFör bättre översikt har regnbågensDK färger44 använts frånKalmare Glas röd (1–1,7) till lila (7). SE 4,5 Data för sorter i kursiv är hämtade från Nybom (1992).Dronning Louise För vissa sorter föreligger DKvälkända35 synonymerKaneläpple respektive DNA-baserade (Fruitbreedomics)RU 4 3,7 indikationer på att angivna namn antingen är synonymaEarly Red Bird eller att minst ett av de jämfördaCA proven2,7 2,5 (från någonKatinka av de sex genbankerna) tagitsNO från5 ett fel- 2,7 Eir NO etiketterat träd; Antonovka=Antonovka Obyknovennaja=Antonovka Kamenichka, Antonovka3,3 2,7 PolotoraKatja Funtovaja=Antonovka Pamtorutka,SE 3,3 3 Ella LV 4,7 5 Katrina NO Arvidsäpple=Astrachan Bily=Di Luglio=Petite Madeleine, Charlamovsky=Borovinka=Duchess of Oldenburg=Rodovitka, Guldparmän=Reines4,3 7 de Elstar NL 5,5 Kavlås SE 3 2,7 Reinettes=Reinette Dorée=King of the Pippins=Rote Goldparmäne, Ivöäpple=Orenco, Lundbytorp=Horsford Prolific, Oberländer=Baguette d´été Fagerö SE 2,5 Kestrel CA 5,3 5 =Framboise, Oretorp=Hlaváckovo=Northern Spy, PrinsessäppleFarmors Juläpple=Florianer Rosenapfel,SE 34Suislepper=LowlandKesäter Raspberry, Svanetorp=Hanigerovo=SE 4,3 5 Reinette de Multhaupt=Mauss Reinette=Love Beauty.Filippa DK 4,7 4 Kim SE 4 5,7 Flädie SE 44 Kirkniemi FI 3,3 6 Sort Urs. Blo. Mog. Fredrik SE 5 5,7 Konsta FI 3,7 4 Agra LV 3,3 1,7 Frida SE 56 Kramforsäpple SE 3 3,7 Alexander RU 44 Frösåker SE 5,5 Kronprins NO 4,7 3 Alice SE 4,3 3 Fullerö SE 4,3 3,7 Landskronaäpple SE 4,7 4,5 Alka PL 34 Förlovningsäpple SE 3 1,7 Lane's Prince Albert GB 4,5 Ananasrenett NL? 4,3 6,7 Galloway GB 4,5 Larsmässeäpple SE 2,3 1 Annas Hulta SE? 4,3 3 Gloster DE 5,5 Lavia FI 3,3 3 Antonovka UA 3,3 5 Golden Delicious US 5 5,7 Laxton's Triumph GB 3,5 Antonovka Polotora Funtovaja RU 4 4,3 Golden Noble GB 6,5 Linda CA 3,5 Aroma SE 5,3 4 Golden Nugget CA 3,3 5 Linnés Äpple SE 45 Aromatnoje RU 2,7 4,5 Gravenstein ? 2,5 Lobo CA 4,5 Arona LV 4,7 4,3 Grågylling från Skokloster SE? 44 Luke CA 56 Arvidsäpple ? 3,7 2,7 Gul Rickard DE 4,5 Lundbytorp DK? 3,3 5 Aspa SE 3,3 2,7 Guldborg DK 3,7 3,7 Maglemer DK 34 Atlas CA 3,7 4 Guldparmän DE? 4,7 5,3 Maikki FI 2,3 1,7 Ausma LV 3,3 6 Gyllenkroks Astrakan SE 3 1,7 Make FI 3,7 2,7 Barchatnoje RU 2,7 3,7 Göteborgs Flickäpple SE 4,3 4 Mantet CA 4,3 2 Barry US 2,7 4 Hampus ? 3,3 2 McIntosh CA 4,5 Belle de Boskoop NL 4,5 Hanaskog SE 2,7 3 Melonkalvill SE 5,5 3 Bellefleur Kitajka RU 4 4,7 Hannaäpple SE 3,7 4,7 Mio SE 4,3 3 Bersis LV 36 Haugmann NO 3,3 3,3 Mutsu JA 4,5 Birgit Bonnier SE 3,3 4 Hedenlunda SE 3 2,7 Mälsåker SE 4,7 2,7 Boiken DE 6,5 Heta FI 2,7 3,7 Mölleskov DK 4,7 5 Borgherre DE 4,5 Heyer12 CA 2,7 2 Nanna FI 3,5 1,7 Borsdorfer DE 4,5 Himmelstalund SE 4,3 4,7 Norland NO 2,3 1 Boäpple SE? 2,7 3 Hugoäpple SE 3,3 3 Norrviken SE 2,7 Breakey CA 2,3 2 Huvitus FI 3,3 5,7 Nyckelby SE 6 4,7 Brunnsäpple, Hallands SE 3,7 5 Idunn NO 3,7 2 Oberle CA 31 Cadel RS 3,7 6 Iedzenu LV 3,3 5,3 Oberländer DE 3,3 5,7 Carrol CA 4 2,7 Ilga LV 55 Odin ? 65 Charlamovsky RU 2,7 3 Ingrid Marie DK 5,3 6,7 Olga LV 4,7 6 Close US 2,5 Ivöäpple SE? 4 Ontario CA 57 Collet CA 3,7 4 Cortland US 5,5 James Grieve GB 45 Opalescent US 5 5,7 Cox Orange GB 6,5 Jaspi FI 2,7 2,7 Oranie SE 3,3 3 Cox Pomona GB 5,5 Jonagold US 5,5 Oretorp US? 6,5 7 Discovery GB 3,7 3 Jonathan US 46 Parkland CA 31 Domö Favorit SE 4,7 3,7 Josefiner SE 2,7 2,7 Patterson CA 2,7 2,7 Drakenberg SE 3,7 5 Juuso FI 3,7 4 Peasgood Nonesuch GB 4,3 6,7 Drejeaeble DK 44 Kalmare Glas SE 4,5 Pederstrup DK 4,7 6 Dronning Louise DK 35 Kaneläpple RU 4 3,7 Pepin Schafranovij RU 3,7 5 Early Red Bird CA 2,7 2,5 Katinka NO 5 2,7 Persikerött sommaräpple DE? 3 2,7 Eir NO 3,3 2,7 Katja SE 3,3 3 Pigeon FR? 3,7 5 Ella LV 4,7 5 Katrina NO 4,3 7 Pirja FI 2,3 1 Elstar NL 5,5 Kavlås SE 3 2,7 Prinsessäpple ? 4,7 6 Fagerö SE 2,5 Kestrel CA 5,3 5 Raja LV 45 Farmors Juläpple SE 34 Kesäter SE 4,3 5 Rescue CA 2,3 2 Filippa DK 4,7 4 Kim SE 4 5,7 Ribston GB 4,5 Flädie SE 44 Kirkniemi FI 3,3 6 Rigas Rozabele LV 3,3 4 Fredrik SE 5 5,7 Konsta FI 3,7 4 Ringstad DK 3,7 4 Frida SE 56 Kramforsäpple SE 3 3,7 Risäter SE 33 Frösåker SE 5,5 Kronprins NO 4,7 3 Rosendals Klar SE 2,7 2,7 FakultetenFullerö för landskapsarkitektur,SE
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