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Universidade Federal De Pernambuco Centro De UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SOCIOLOGIA DOUTORADO EM SOCIOLOGIA POR UMA SOCIOLOGIA DA IMAGEM DESENHADA: REPRODUÇÃO, ESTEREÓTIPO E ACTÂNCIA NOS QUADRINHOS DE SUPER-HERÓIS DA MARVEL COMICS. AMARO XAVIER BRAGA JUNIOR RECIFE 2015 AMARO XAVIER BRAGA JUNIOR POR UMA SOCIOLOGIA DA IMAGEM DESENHADA: REPRODUÇÃO, ESTEREÓTIPO E ACTÂNCIA NOS QUADRINHOS DE SUPER- HERÓIS DA MARVEL COMICS. Tese desenvolvida por Amaro Xavier Braga Junior orientada pelo Prof. Dr. Josimar Jorge Ventura de Morais como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Sociologia. RECIFE 2015 DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho aos meus filhos Adrian Céu e Gabriel Sol que toleraram minhas ausências nas brincadeiras e no acompanhamento de suas tarefas de casa e minha pouca disponibilidade para tirar as dúvidas e revisar os assuntos de suas provas, o que impactou bastante suas notas; À minha esposa Danielle, pelas leituras, revisão e comentários, mesmo a contragosto. AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade Federal de Alagoas pelo programa de Qualificação que me permitiu finalizar a pesquisa nos últimos meses do doutorado; Ao professor Jorge Ventura pela paciência e disposição na orientação; Aos colegas Arthemísia, Lena, Giba, Marcela, Veridiana, Rayane, Regina, Francisco, Márcio, Breno, Glícia, Paula, Caio, Clarissa e Micheline pelos bons momentos e pelas “terapias em grupo” nos momentos de aflição coletiva; Ao professor Henrique Magalhães pela leitura minunciosa e apoio na revisão após a defesa. A Ela, por mais um ciclo. RESUMO A pesquisa analisou o desenvolvimento da actância das histórias em quadrinhos por vias das publicações de HQs de super-herois da editora Marvel Comics, buscando relacionar a reprodução do “social” e a estereotipia como mecanismo performático na figuração agencial. Trata as HQs como objetos artístico-midiáticos de entreternimento e foi desenvolvida seguindo as perspectivas de uma sociologia pós-humanista, baseada na teoria do Ator-Rede levando em consideração algumas particularidades contidas nos trabalhos de Law (2006), na “dança agêncial” de Pickering (1995) e na sociologia das associações de Latour (1993a; 2005), principalmente. Estas escolhas conduziram o trabalho para algumas posições metodológicas resgatando nos estudos sobre a fotografia e o desenho nas ciências sociais algumas posições e práticas comuns. Uma das hipóteses é que este panorama das representações visuais de imagens étnico-raciais e de gênero nestes materiais pode ajudar a entender o processo “social” relacionado ao surgimento e\ou desenvolvimentos da reprodução do “social” e o papel dos estereótipos como um sistema de resistência material; além de que, o deslocamento espacial e temporal destas publicações resignificam o processo de reprodução dos estereótipos em novas actâncias. Resultando que estas apropriações sobre o contexto social são acomodações da tensão entre as críticas sociais (manifestadas na ocasião de sua produção) e as vontades dos produtores que desejam sua circulação. Em conformidade com Latour (2001; 2005) não objetivou demonstrar uma realidade ou uma verdade em relação às imagens desenhadas e ao contexto social, mas de vivificar a natureza performática das HQs e suas implicações. É na relação com os indivíduos que os objetos ganham a propriedade de se tornarem instrumentos de explicação. Nesta perspectiva, os mundos dos objetos e dos sujeitos não foram vistos como mundos separados e assimétricos, com perspectivas que tendem a avaliá-los a partir de determinismos de um (sujeito) sobre o outro (objeto). Na perspectiva pós-humanista, deste trabalho, esta relação se processou em termos de associação simétrica, sem prevalências de um sobre o outro, mas de uma dinâmica constante e irregular entre humanos e não-humanos, tal como disposta por Latour em seus estudos sobre a ciência. Palavras-chave: Sociologia dos Objetos. Histórias em Quadrinhos. Pós-humanismo. ABSTRACT The research analyzed the development of actant in comics books by way of publications superheroes of Marvel Comics publisher, trying to relate the reproduction of “social” and stereotyping as performative mechanism in agential figuration. Treats comics as an art-media objects of viewing entertainment and has been developed following the prospects for a post-humanist sociology, based on Actor-Network theory taking into account some particularities contained in the works of Law (2006), in "agential dance" of Pickering (1995) and the sociology of associations in Latour (1993a; 2005), mainly. These choices led the work to some methodological positions rescuing studies on photography and drawing in the social sciences some common positions and practices. One hypothesis is that this panorama of visual representations of ethnic-racial images and gender in these materials can help to understand the "social" process related to the appearance and\or developments to reproduction of the "social" and the role of stereotypes as a system of material resistance; Apart from that, the spatial and temporal displacement of these publications reframe the stereotypes reproduction process in new actants. Resulting that, these appropriations about the “social” context are on the social accommodation of tension between social criticism (voiced at the time of its production) and the wills of producers who want their movement. In accordance with Latour (2001, 2005) not aimed to show a reality or truth in relation to the drawn pictures and the social context, but to emphasize the performative nature of comics and its implications. It is in this relation with the people that the objects gain the fuction to become explanation instruments. In this perspective the worlds of objects and subjects were not seen as separate and asymmetric worlds, with perspectives that trend to evaluate them from determinism of a (subject) on the other (object). In the post-humanist perspective of this study, this relationship was done in terms of symmetric association without prevalence of one to another, but a constant and irregular dynamics between humans and non-humans, as prepared by Latour in his studies on the science. Keywords: Sociology of Objects. Comics. Post-humanism. RÉSUMÉ La recherche analysé le développement de la tensioactif de la bande dessinées (BD) par des publications de BD de super-héros de la éditeur Marvel Comics, en essayant de relier la reproduction de lo sociale et stéréotypes comme mécanisme performative de la figuration agential. Le BD c’est traite avec objets art-médias de divertissement et a été développé en suivant les perspectives pour une sociologie post-humaniste, basée sur la théorie acteur-réseau en tenant (Actor-Network theory) compte des particularités contenues dans les œuvres de Law (2006), dans «danse agential» de Pickering (1995) et de la sociologie des associations de Latour (1993a; 2005), principalement. Ces choix ont conduit le travail pour certains postes méthodologiques sauvetage des études sur la photographie et de dessin dans les sciences sociales des positions et des pratiques communes. Une hypothèse est que ce panorama des représentations visuelles des images ethnico-raciales et l'égalité dans ces matériaux peut aider à comprendre le processus «social» lié à l'apparition et \ ou des développements reproduction de la «social» et le rôle des stéréotypes comme un système la résistance des matériaux; En dehors de cela, le déplacement spatiale et temporelle de ces publications recadrer le processus de reproduction des stéréotypes dans les nouvelles tensioactif. Résultat que ces crédits sont sur le logement social de tension entre la critique sociale (exprimé au moment de sa production) et les volontés des producteurs qui veulent que leur mouvement. Conformément à Latour (2001, 2005) avait pour but de montrer une réalité ou vraie d'images tirées et le contexte social, mais pour accélérer le caractère performatif de la bande dessinée et de ses implications. Ce est par rapport à des personnes qui se oppose gain de la propriété à devenir des instruments de l'explication. Dans cette perspective, les mondes d'objets et de sujets ne ont pas été considérés comme des mondes séparés et asymétrique, avec des perspectives qui tendent à les évaluer du déterminisme d'un (sous réserve) de l'autre (objet). Dans la perspective post-humaniste de cette étude, cette relation a été fait en termes d'association symétrique sans la prévalence de l'un sur l'autre, mais une dynamique constants et irréguliers entre les humains et non-humains, tel que préparé par Latour dans ses études sur la science. Mots-clés: Sociologie des objets. Bandes dessinées. Post-humanisme. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Fig. 1.01 – Exemplos de Iluminuras: “Cristo caminha pelo calvário”; Fig. 1.02 – Exemplos de Iluminuras: “Cenas da Paixão”; Fig. 1.03 – Exemplos de Iluminuras: “Cantiga 140”; Fig. 1.04 – “Detalhe da iluminura da Cantiga 140. Nossa Senhora abraça o Cristo crucificado; Fig. 1.05 – Detalhe da iluminura “Mulher engravida do Próprio Irmão” ; Fig. 1.06 – Detalhe da iluminura “Mulher tem filhos do próprio Irmão”; Fig. 1.07 – “Carte Geografiche. Séc. XVI” de Giacomo Franco; Fig. 1.08 – “Mapa da Cólera de John Snow”; Fig. 1.09 – Cartum de Polo sobre suas descobertas de John Snow;. Fig. 1.10 – Etapa da Ilustração do holotipo do escaravelho Vaca-loira (Lucanus cervus); Fig. 1.11 – Etapa da Ilustração do holotipo do escaravelho Vaca-loira (Lucanus cervus); Fig. 1.12 – Versão final do holotipo do escaravelho Vaca-loira (Lucanus cervus); Fig. 1.13 – Versão redesenhada da genitália de uma
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