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Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights

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Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights Right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence Updated on 31 August 2018 Guide on Article 8 of the Convention – Right to respect for private and family life Publishers or organisations wishing to translate and/or reproduce all or part of this report in the form of a printed or electronic publication are invited to contact [email protected] for information on the authorisation procedure. If you wish to know which translations of the Case-Law Guides are currently under way, please see Pending translations. This Guide has been prepared by the Directorate of the Jurisconsult and does not bind the Court. It may be subject to editorial revision. This Guide was originally drafted in English. The text was finalised on 31 December 2016. It will be updated regularly as the case-law evolves. This update was finalised on 31 August 2018. The Case-Law Guides are available for downloading at www.echr.coe.int (Case-law – Case-law analysis – Case-law guides). For publication updates please follow the Court’s Twitter account at https:/twitter.com/echrpublication. © Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights, 2018 European Court of Human Rights 2/115 Last update: 31.08.2018 Guide on Article 8 of the Convention – Right to respect for private and family life Table of contents Note to readers .............................................................................................. 6 I. The structure of Article 8 ........................................................................... 7 A. The scope of Article 8 ................................................................................................................. 7 B. Should the case be assessed from the perspective of a negative or positive obligation? ......... 8 C. In the case of a negative obligation, was the interference conducted “in accordance with the law”? ..................................................................................................................................... 9 D. Does the interference further a legitimate aim?...................................................................... 10 E. Is the interference “necessary in a democratic society”?......................................................... 11 F. Relation between Article 8 and other provisions of the Convention and its Protocols ............ 11 1. Private and family life ......................................................................................................... 11 a. Article 2 (right to life) and Article 3 (prohibition of torture) ........................................ 11 b. Article 6 (right to a fair trial) ......................................................................................... 12 c. Article 9 (freedom of thought, conscience and religion) .............................................. 13 d. Article 10 (freedom of expression) ............................................................................... 13 e. Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) ..................................................................... 14 2. Home and correspondence ................................................................................................ 15 a. Article 2 (right to life) .................................................................................................... 15 b. Article 10 (freedom of expression) ............................................................................... 15 c. Article 13 (right to an effective remedy) ....................................................................... 15 d. Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) ..................................................................... 16 e. Article 34 (individual applications) ............................................................................... 16 f. Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (protection of property) ...................................................... 16 g. Article 2 § 1 of Protocol No. 4 (freedom of movement) ............................................... 17 II. Private life .............................................................................................. 18 A. Sphere of private life and lack of definition ............................................................................. 18 B. Physical, psychological or moral integrity ................................................................................. 18 a. Victims of violence ........................................................................................................ 19 b. Reproductive rights ...................................................................................................... 20 c. Forced medical treatment and compulsory medical procedures ................................. 21 d. Mental illness ................................................................................................................ 22 e. Health care and treatment ........................................................................................... 23 f. End of life issues ............................................................................................................ 24 g. Disability issues ............................................................................................................. 25 h. Issues concerning burial ............................................................................................... 25 i. Environmental issues ..................................................................................................... 26 j. Sexual orientation and sexual life .................................................................................. 27 k. Professional or business activities ................................................................................ 28 C. Privacy ....................................................................................................................................... 29 a. Right to one’s image and photographs; the publishing of photos, images, and Articles .......................................................................................................................... 30 b. Protection of individual reputation; defamation ......................................................... 31 c. Data protection ............................................................................................................. 33 d. Right to access personal information ........................................................................... 35 e. Information about one’s health .................................................................................... 36 European Court of Human Rights 3/115 Last update: 31.08.2018 Guide on Article 8 of the Convention – Right to respect for private and family life f. File or data gathering by security services or other organs of the State ...................... 37 g. Police surveillance ......................................................................................................... 38 h. Stop and search police powers ..................................................................................... 39 i. Privacy during detention ................................................................................................ 39 D. Identity and autonomy ............................................................................................................. 39 a. Right to personal development and autonomy ............................................................ 40 b. Right to discover one’s origins ...................................................................................... 40 c. Religious and philosophical convictions ........................................................................ 41 d. Desired appearance ...................................................................................................... 41 e. Right to a name/identity documents ............................................................................ 41 f. Gender identity .............................................................................................................. 42 g. Right to ethnic identity ................................................................................................. 43 h. Statelessness, citizenship and residence ...................................................................... 44 i. Marital and parental status ........................................................................................... 45 III. Family life.............................................................................................. 46 A. Definition of family life and the meaning of family .................................................................. 46 B. Procedural obligation ................................................................................................................ 47 C. Margin of appreciation in relation to family life ....................................................................... 47 D. Sphere of application of family life ........................................................................................... 47 1. Couples................................................................................................................................ 47 a. Marriages not according to custom, de facto cohabitation ......................................... 47 b. Same sex couples .........................................................................................................
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