DOCSLIB.ORG

F PROSE DECLAIMERS: BRITISH ROMANTIC ESSAYISTS and CLASSICAL RHETORIC by Katie S. Homar Bachelor of Arts, John Carroll Universit

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
F PROSE DECLAIMERS: BRITISH ROMANTIC ESSAYISTS and CLASSICAL RHETORIC by Katie S. Homar Bachelor of Arts, John Carroll Universit PROSE DECLAIMERS: BRITISH ROMANTIC ESSAYISTS AND CLASSICAL RHETORIC by Katie S. Homar Bachelor of Arts, John Carroll University, 2007 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2014 F UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Katie S. Homar It was defended on February 3, 2014 and approved by Thora Brylowe, Assistant Professor, Department of English Stephen L. Carr, Associate Professor, Department of English John Klancher, Associate Professor, Department of English, Carnegie Mellon University Dissertation Advisor: Don H. Bialostosky, Professor, Department of English ii Copyright © by Katie S. Homar 2014 iii PROSE DECLAIMERS: BRITISH ROMANTIC ESSAYISTS AND CLASSICAL RHETORIC Katie S. Homar, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2014 Prose Declaimers argues that major romantic essayists repurposed classical rhetoric in their experimental prose. Although they did not identify as rhetoricians, they repurpose practices, such as declamation, to reinvent themselves as “prose declaimers” whose texts resist easy identification with the period’s political agendas. These essayists invest literary writing with the community-building functions of rhetoric even as they differentiate themselves from political orators. By revealing romantic essayists' adaptations of classical rhetoric, Prose Declaimers complicates rhetoricians’ conversations about epideictic rhetoric, or the rhetoric of community- building and celebration. I argue that the romantic essayists were modern epideictic rhetors who transformed the mode from the celebration of shared ideals into a means of orchestrating competing political perspectives in a modern society. My research demonstrates the versatility of epideictic rhetoric in the nineteenth century and reintroduces its resources for rhetoricians and literary scholars. The opening chapters situate Romantic essayists in the transformations of rhetoric and literature at the turn of the nineteenth century. The third chapter argues that Coleridge’s Friend refigures literary prose as modern epideictic rhetoric. Chapters 4 and 5 trace the development of Hazlitt’s rhetorical theory and practice from his early Eloquence of the British Senate to The Spirit of the Age. Hazlitt criticizes the corrupt deployments of rhetoric in parliament, schools, and periodicals, and he repurposes the practices of these institutions to develop his politically iv oppositional prose. In Chapter 6, I argue that Charles Lamb adapts rhetorical exercises to magazine readers in his Elia essays. Chapter 7 examines De Quincey’s rhetorical theory and practice as responses to the innovative Blackwood’s Magazine. De Quincey’s redefinition of “rhetoric” as bravura mind-play anticipates Victorian configurations of literature and rhetoric. v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION: PROSE DECLAIMERS ............................................................ 1 2.0 CLASSICAL RHETORIC AND ROMANTIC LITERARY MAGAZINES ....... 14 2.1 EPIDEICTIC RHETORIC ............................................................................... 14 2.2 CLASSICAL EDUCATION ............................................................................. 25 2.3 ROMANTIC LITERARY MAGAZINES ....................................................... 33 2.3.1 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine ........................................................... 40 2.3.2 The London Magazine ................................................................................ 44 2.4 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 50 3.0 THE "PROSE DECLAIMER'S" FRIEND: COLERIDGE'S RHETORICAL PRINCIPLES .............................................................................................................................. 54 3.1 COLERIDGE’S “CLERKLY” PROSE WRITER......................................... 57 3.2 THE FRIEND: A ROMANTIC MODEL OF EPIDEICTIC RHETORIC .. 62 3.3 COLERIDGEAN RHETORICAL PRINCIPLES .......................................... 67 3.3.1 “Old and Venerable Truths” ..................................................................... 67 3.3.2 “The Flux and Reflux of the Mind”: Rhetoric as Inquiry ...................... 69 3.3.3 “My Reader, My Fellow-Labourer”: The Figure of the Active Reader 73 3.3.4 Reviving “Our Elder Writers”: Seventeenth-Century Styles ................. 74 3.4 VARIATIONS ON “COLERIDGEAN RHETORICAL PRINCIPLES” .... 79 vi 3.4.1 Coleridge, De Quincey, and the “Literature of Power ............................ 79 3.4.2 Coleridge and Lamb’s “Suggestive” Style ................................................ 82 3.4.3 Coleridge, Hazlitt, and the “Mechanical” William Pitt........................... 85 3.5 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 87 4.0 HAZLITT'S ELOQUENCE OF THE BRITISH SENATE AS ROMANTIC ARS RHETORICA ............................................................................................................................... 89 4.1 INTRODUCTION: HAZLITT AND RHETORIC ........................................ 89 4.2 HAZLITT’S RHETORICAL EDUCATION .................................................. 92 4.3 THE "DIVISION OF LABOUR" .................................................................... 97 4.4 THE ELOQUENCE OF THE BRITISH SENATE ........................................ 101 4.4.1 Parliamentary Anthologies: The Epideictic Remediation of Parliamentary Oratory ............................................................................................ 104 4.4.2 Hazlitt’s Critical Adaptation of Parliamentary Anthologies ................ 107 4.4.3 Hazlitt's Rhetorical Theory in Eloquence of the British Senate ........... 111 4.4.3.1 Pitt and Mechanical Rhetoric .......................................................... 112 4.4.3.2 Burke and “Eloquence” .................................................................... 117 4.5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 127 5.0 "THIS SPLENDID PIECE OF PATCHWORK": HAZLITT'S HETEROGLOT RHETORIC IN THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE ......................................................................... 130 5.1 HAZLITT, THE NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE, AND THE LITERARY PROSE AUTHOR ............................................................................................................ 132 5.2 "POLITICAL POETS" AND "POETICAL POLITICIANS" ................... 135 vii 5.3 "THIS SPLENDID PIECE OF PATCHWORK": HAZLITT'S HETEROGLOT ADAPTATION OF CLASSICAL RHETORIC .............................. 148 5.3.1 Imitatio ....................................................................................................... 149 5.3.2 Double-Voiced Quotations ....................................................................... 152 5.3.3 Syncrisis ..................................................................................................... 155 5.3.4 The Self-Critical Prose Declaimer ........................................................... 158 5.4 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 161 6.0 “REHEARSING CONTINUALLY THE PART OF THE PAST”: LAMB’S ELIA ESSAYS AND CLASSICAL EDUCATION .......................................................................... 166 6.1 LAMB IN THE HISTORY OF CLASSICAL EDUCATION ..................... 169 6.2 "ACTING A CHARITY" IN ELIA'S ESSAYS ........................................... 176 6.2.1 "A Dissertation Upon Roast Pig" ............................................................ 178 6.2.2 "The Praise of Chimney Sweeps" ........................................................... 183 6.2.3 "A Complaint Against the Decay of Beggars in the Metropolis" ......... 190 6.3 EPILOGUE: LAMB, DE QUINCEY, AND LITERARY MAGAZINES . 201 7.0 DE QUINCEY’S RE-VISIONS OF CLASSICAL RHETORIC AND THE EMERGENCE OF “LITERATURE” .................................................................................... 206 7.1 DE QUINCEY’S RHETORIC IN 1828 AND THE MISSION OF BLACKWOOD’S ............................................................................................................... 211 7.2 DE QUINCEY'S VARIATIONS ON QUAESTIO INFINITA AND THE EMERGENCE OF "LITERATURE" ........................................................................... 222 7.2.1 "Letters to a Young Man" (1823)............................................................ 226 7.2.2 "A Brief Appraisal of the Greek Literature" (1839) ............................. 227 viii 7.2.3 "Suspiria de Profundis" (1845) ............................................................... 229 7.2.4 The Works of Alexander Pope (1848) ..................................................... 232 7.3 DE QUINCEY AND ARNOLD ...................................................................... 237 7.4 CONCLUSION: ROMANTIC PROSE DECLAIMERS ............................. 244 WORKS CITED........................................................................................................................ 254 NOTES ....................................................................................................................................... 276 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this dissertation has been a challenging, strange, and sometimes fun process, and I would like to thank my dedicated dissertation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PAPER VI UNIT I Non-Fictional Prose—General
    PAPER VI UNIT I Non-fictional Prose—General Introduction, Joseph Addison’s The Spectator Papers: The Uses of the Spectator, The Spectator’s Account of Himself, Of the Spectator 1.1. Introduction: Eighteenth Century English Prose The eighteenth century was a great period for English prose, though not for English poetry. Matthew Arnold called it an "age of prose and reason," implying thereby that no good poetry was written in this century, and that, prose dominated the literary realm. Much of the poetry of the age is prosaic, if not altogether prose-rhymed prose. Verse was used by many poets of the age for purposes which could be realized, or realized better, through prose. Our view is that the eighteenth century was not altogether barren of real poetry. Even then, it is better known for the galaxy of brilliant prose writers that it threw up. In this century there was a remarkable proliferation of practical interests which could best be expressed in a new kind of prose-pliant and of a work a day kind capable of rising to every occasion. This prose was simple and modern, having nothing of the baroque or Ciceronian colour of the prose of the seventeenth-century writers like Milton and Sir Thomas Browne. Practicality and reason ruled supreme in prose and determined its style. It is really strange that in this period the language of prose was becoming simpler and more easily comprehensible, but, on the other hand, the language of poetry was being conventionalized into that artificial "poetic diction" which at the end of the century was so severely condemned by Wordsworth as "gaudy and inane phraseology." 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Romantic Liberalism
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Romantic Liberalism DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in English by Brent Lewis Russo Dissertation Committee: Professor Jerome Christensen, Chair Professor Andrea Henderson Associate Professor Irene Tucker 2014 Chapter 1 © 2013 Trustees of Boston University All other materials © 2014 Brent Lewis Russo TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii CURRICULUM VITAE iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION v INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Charles Lamb’s Beloved Liberalism: Eccentricity in the Familiar Essays 9 CHAPTER 2: Liberalism as Plenitude: The Symbolic Leigh Hunt 33 CHAPTER 3: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Illiberalism and the Early Reform Movement 58 CHAPTER 4: William Hazlitt’s Fatalism 84 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Charles Rzepka and the Trustees of Boston University for permission to include Chapter One of my dissertation, which was originally published in Studies in Romanticism (Fall 2013). Financial support was provided by the University of California, Irvine Department of English, School of Humanities, and Graduate Division. iii CURRICULUM VITAE Brent Lewis Russo 2005 B.A. in English Pepperdine University 2007 M.A. in English University of California, Irvine 2014 Ph.D. in English with Graduate Emphasis in Critical Theory University of California, Irvine PUBLICATIONS “Charles Lamb’s Beloved Liberalism: Eccentricity in the Familiar Essays.” Studies in Romanticism. Fall 2013. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Romantic Liberalism By Brent Lewis Russo Doctor of Philosophy in English University of California, Irvine, 2014 Professor Jerome Christensen, Chair This dissertation examines the Romantic beginnings of nineteenth-century British liberalism. It argues that Romantic authors both helped to shape and attempted to resist liberalism while its politics were still inchoate.
    [Show full text]
  • 1822 ESSAYS Charles Lamb
    1822 ESSAYS Charles Lamb Lamb, Charles (1775-1834) - English essayist and critic well-known for the humorous and informal tone of his writing. His life was marked by tragedy and frustration; his sister Mary, whom he took lifelong care of, killed their parents in a fit of madness, and he himself spent time in a madhouse. Essays (1822) - A collection of essays written by Lamb under the pseudonym, “Elia,” including, among others, “On the Tragedies of Shakspeare,” “On the Genius and Character of Hogarth,” and “Recollections of Christ’s Hospital.” Table Of Contents CONTENTS . 3 RECOLLECTIONS OF CHRIST’S HOSPITAL . 4 ON THE TRAGEDIES OF SHAKSPEARE . 13 SPECIMENS FROM THE WRITINGS OF FULLER, THE CHURCH HISTORIAN . 25 ON THE GENIUS AND CHARACTER OF HOGARTH; WITH SOME REMARKS ON A PASSAGE IN THE WRITINGS OF THE LATE MR. BARRY . 31 ON THE POETICAL WORKS OF GEORGE WITHER 45 THE END OF THE ESSAYS OF CHARLES LAMB . 48 CONTENTS Recollections of Christ’s Hospital On the Tragedies of Shakspeare Specimens for the Writings of Fuller On the genius and Character of hogarth On the Poetical Works of George Wither RECOLLECTIONS OF CHRIST’S HOSPITAL To comfort the desponding parent with the thought that, without diminishing the stock which is imperiously demanded to furnish the more pressing and homely wants of our nature, he has disposed of one or more perhaps out of a numerous offspring, under the shelter of a care scarce less tender than the paternal, where not only their bodily cravings shall be supplied, but that mental pabulum is also dispensed, which HE hath declared to be no less necessary to our sustenance, who said, that, “not by bread alone man can live”: for this Christ’s Hospital unfolds her bounty.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anxiety of Influence: a Theory of Poetry Free
    FREE THE ANXIETY OF INFLUENCE: A THEORY OF POETRY PDF Prof. Harold Bloom | 208 pages | 03 Jul 1997 | Oxford University Press Inc | 9780195112214 | English | New York, United States The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry - Harold Bloom - Google книги Professor Bloom Yale; author of Blake's Apocalypse,and Yeats, interprets modern poetic history — the history of poetry in a Cartesian climate — in terms of Freud's "family romance After graduating from Yale, Bloom remained there The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry a teacher, and was made Sterling Professor of Humanities in Bloom's theories have changed the way that critics think of literary tradition and has also focused his attentions on history and the Bible. He has written over twenty books and edited countless others. He is one of the most famous critics in the world and considered an expert in many fields. In he became a founding patron of Ralston College, a new institution in Savannah, Georgia, that focuses on primary texts. Harold Bloom. Harold Bloom's The Anxiety of Influence has cast its own long shadow of influence since it was first published in Through an insightful study of Romantic poets, Bloom puts forth his central vision of the relations between tradition and the individual artist. Although Bloom was never the leader of any critical "camp," his argument that all literary texts are a response to those that precede them had an enormous impact on the practice of deconstruction and poststructuralist literary theory in this country. The book remains a central work The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry criticism for all students of literature and has sold over 17, copies in paperback since Written in a moving personal style, anchored by concrete examples, and memorably quotable, Bloom's book maintains that the anxiety of influence cannot be evaded-- neither by poets nor by responsible readers and critics.
    [Show full text]
  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge John Spalding Gatton University of Kentucky
    The Kentucky Review Volume 4 Number 1 This issue is devoted to a catalog of an Article 6 exhibition from the W. Hugh Peal Collection in the University of Kentucky Libraries. 1982 Catalog of the Peal Exhibition: Samuel Taylor Coleridge John Spalding Gatton University of Kentucky Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/kentucky-review Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. Recommended Citation Gatton, John Spalding (1982) "Catalog of the Peal Exhibition: Samuel Taylor Coleridge," The Kentucky Review: Vol. 4 : No. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/kentucky-review/vol4/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Kentucky Libraries at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Kentucky Review by an authorized editor of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Samuel Taylor Coleridge Gc car un1 To brc de~ In Wordsworth's judgment, Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) was "the most wonderful man" he ever met. Endowed with one of So1 the most brilliant and complex minds of his day, he would, like bUJ Chaucer's parson, "gladly .. learn, and gladly teach." If he an< squandered a wealth of thought in correspondence and wh conversation, and left unfinished or merely projected major poems, Rh lectures, and systematic expositions of his philosophical tenets, his pre critical theories, and his theology, he nevertheless produced a vast So1 and impressive array of poetry, prose, and criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • 'What Is Life?' Mathelinda Nabugodi Antae, Vol. 3, No. 2. (Oct., 2016)
    148 166 Answering the Question: ‘What is Life?’ Mathelinda Nabugodi antae, Vol. 3, No. 2. (Oct., 2016), 149-166 Proposed Creative Commons Copyright Notices Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. b. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). antae is an international refereed postgraduate journal aimed at exploring current issues and debates within English Studies, with a particular interest in literature, criticism and their various contemporary interfaces. Set up in 2013 by postgraduate students in the Department of English at the University of Malta, it welcomes submissions situated across the interdisciplinary spaces provided by diverse forms and expressions within narrative, poetry, theatre, literary theory, cultural criticism, media studies, digital cultures, philosophy and language studies. Creative writing and book reviews are also accepted. Nabugodi, ‘Answering the Question: “What is Life”’ 149 Answering the Question: ‘What is Life?’ Mathelinda Nabugodi University College London Percy Bysshe Shelley’s final poem, ‘The Triumph of Life’—cut short by Shelley’s death by drowning on the 8th of July 1822—offers a series of dream visions in which life’s triumphal procession appears.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature, Emotions, and the Possible: Hazlitt and Stendhal
    Literature, Emotions, and the Possible: Hazlitt and Stendhal “A possible experience or a possible truth does not equate to real experience or real truth minus the value ’real’; but at least in the opinion of its devotees, it has in it something out-and- out divine, a fiery, soaring quality, a constructive will, a conscious utopianism that does not shrink from reality but treats it, on the contrary, as a mission and an invention.” (Robert Musil, The Man without Qualities) Since the 1970s, literary criticism has been dominated first by formalist and then by cultural studies approaches with a general attitude of contempt for science, reason, and the truth. Paradoxically, in the last decades, literary critics have avoided confronting what is fundamental in literature: its intrinsic value as literature, and its ability to represent and express human psychology. The ethical and the aesthetic dimensions of literary forms have been neglected in favour of a sometimes vague sociological vision and a repetitive Freudian- Lacanian interpretation; they reduce the immense variety of affective phenomena to a few complexes (Oedipus, castration) or to an empty linguistic game. Fortunately, for the sake of literature, since the 1980s, some analytical philosophers have been interested in the affective dimension, and have been reflecting on the emotions elicited by the arts and on the knowledge value of literature. As evident nowadays, several disciplines are undergoing what can be called the affective turn, and a new vision of literary and artistic phenomena, revisiting some questions debated since Aristotle and very important in the eighteenth century, is shattering the structuralist, poststructuralist, deconstructionist, and postmodern spell.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hazlitt Review
    THE HAZLITT REVIEW The Hazlitt Review is an annual peer-reviewed journal, the first internationally to be devoted to Hazlitt studies. The Review aims to promote and maintain Hazlitt’s standing, both in the academy and to a wider readership, by providing a forum for new writing on Hazlitt, by established scholars as well as more recent entrants in the field. Editor Uttara Natarajan Assistant Editors Helen Hodgson, Phillip Hunnekuhl Editorial Board Geoffrey Bindman James Mulvihill David Bromwich Tom Paulin Jon Cook Seamus Perry Gregory Dart Michael Simpson Philip Davis Fiona Stafford A.C. Grayling Graeme Stones Paul Hamilton John Whale Ian Mayes Duncan Wu Tim Milnes Scholarly essays (4000–7000 words) and reviews should follow the MHRA style. The Board is also happy to consider more informal submissions from Hazlitt’s lay readership. Email [email protected] or post to Uttara Natarajan, c/o Department of English & Comparative Literature, Goldsmiths College, New Cross, London SE14 6NW. We regret that we cannot publish material already published or submitted elsewhere. Subscriptions, including membership of the Hazlitt Society: £10 (individual); £15 (corporate). Overseas subscriptions: $24 (individual) or $35 (corporate). Cheques/postal orders, made payable to the Hazlitt Society, to be sent to Helen Hodgson, The Guardian, Kings Place, 90 York Way, London N1 9AG Enquiries to [email protected] or by post to Helen Hodgson. www.williamhazlitt.org ISSN 1757-8299 Published 2012 by The Hazlitt Society c/o Dept of English & Comparative
    [Show full text]
  • The Relation of William Hazlitt to Jean Jacques Rousseau
    m The person charging this material is re- ml sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILINOIS LIBRARY AT URBAN A-CHAMPAIGN BUILDING USE ONi?« BUILDING USE ONES OCT -31273 73- OCT - 5 IS L161 — O-1096 mm. THE RELATION OF WILLIAM HAZLITT TO JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU BV J. ALLAN NEVINS THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ENGLISH COLLEGE OF LITERATURE AND ARTS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1912 N4| UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS U 1912- THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY 6tU^%Ur-i^A J. ENTITLED Jhs^J&r— ^<rujl4Uaj^_ IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF- Instructor in Charge APPROVED: HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF 219613 o Chapter 1: Introductory There is one single passage in Hizlitt's works in which we can hear beating with stethescopic distinctness the most intense and unfaltering of all those English hearts which the events of revolutionary Europe awoke to passion and aspiration twenty years after Rousseau's death. Its words bespeak at once the glorious force with which that vision of a delivered hum- anity first possessed him, and the tenacity with which his soul cleaved unto it through life, while its expression delivers to us the main factors in a personality capable of such exthu- siasm and devotion. He is traveling, in 1825, through the France which he had not seen since the bo^fhood days of his studies in art.
    [Show full text]
  • A Biographical Criticism in the Novel to Kill a Mockingbird
    A BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM IN THE NOVEL TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD SKRIPSI Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) English Education Program By: JIMY PRAYOGO PURBA NPM. 1402050172 FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 ABSTRACT Purba, Jimy Prayogo. 1402050172. A Biographical Criticism in the Novel To Kill A Mockingbird. Skripsi. English Department of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. (UMSU). 2018. This research was completed by using descriptive qualitative research which showed that the biography of the author indirectly attached and gave an overview of the actual content of the novel. The relationship between Harper Lee as an author with her literary work entitled To Kill A Mockingbird was a major topic of discussion. The objectives of this research to find out the relationship between the novel To Kill A Mockingbird with Harper Lee’s biography and to describe the inspiration of Harper Lee so that she wrote the novel. The source of the data was taken from the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee. In collecting the data, some references related to the biographical criticism was applied. The data were analyzed by reading the novel, underlining statement of To Kill A Mockingbird novel that related to Harper Lee’s biography, analyzing and describing the relationship between To Kill A Mockingbird novel with Harper Lee’s biography. From the analysis, the researcher found sixty data from the novel which related to the biography of the author and the researcher also found the identification of the theme in the novel they are Grows up, Social, Economic, Religion, Law, and the similarity of the personality of the characters which inspire the writing of Harper Lee.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronological Biography of John Forster, 1812-1876
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1927 Chronological biography of John Forster, 1812-1876 Catherine Ritchey The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ritchey, Catherine, "Chronological biography of John Forster, 1812-1876" (1927). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1800. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1800 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 'CHROITOLOGICAL BIOGRAPHY OP JOHH P0RST5H 1812-1876 ty Catherine Ritchey Presented in partial fulfillment of the req^uirement for the degree of Master of Arts. State University of Montana 19E7 {Signed) Oliairman ^2xam. Oom UMI Number EP35865 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT yaMfiiBOfi riiDRwvng UMI EP35865 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • AP Literature Literary Theories and Methods for Criticism
    AP Literature Literary Theories and Methods for Criticism Historical / Biographical Approach: Definition: Historical / Biographical critics see works as the reflection of an author's life and times (or of the characters' life and times). They believe it is necessary to know about the author and the political, economical, and sociological context of his times in order to truly understand his works. Advantages: This approach works well for some works--like those of Alexander Pope, John Dryden, and Milton--which are obviously political in nature. One must know Milton was blind, for instance, for "On His Blindness" to have any meaning. And one must know something about the Exclusion Bill Crisis to appreciate John Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel." It also is necessary to take a historical approach in order to place allusions in their proper classical, political, or biblical background. Disadvantages: New Critics refer to the historical / biographical critic's belief that the meaning or value of a work may be determined by the author's intention as "the intentional fallacy." They believe that this approach tends to reduce art to the level of biography and make it relative (to the times) rather than universal. Moral / Philosophical Approach: Definition: Moral / philosophical critics believe that the larger purpose of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues. Advantages: This approach is useful for such works as Alexander Pope's "An Essay on Man," which does present an obvious moral philosophy. It is also useful when considering the themes of works (for example, man's inhumanity to man in Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn).
    [Show full text]