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An Integrated Closed Convergent System for Optimal Extraction of Head-Driven Tidal Energy

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An Integrated Closed Convergent System for Optimal Extraction of Head-Driven Tidal Energy University of North Florida UNF Digital Commons UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 2018 An Integrated Closed Convergent System for Optimal Extraction of Head-Driven Tidal Energy Michelle Ann Vieira University of North Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Energy Systems Commons, Ocean Engineering Commons, and the Other Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Suggested Citation Vieira, Michelle Ann, "An Integrated Closed Convergent System for Optimal Extraction of Head-Driven Tidal Energy" (2018). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 848. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/848 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2018 All Rights Reserved AN INTEGRATED CLOSED CONVERGENT SYSTEM FOR OPTIMAL EXTRACTION OF HEAD-DRIVEN TIDAL ENERGY Michelle A. Vieira B.S Mechanical Engineering UNF, 2003 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a Major in Coastal and Port Engineering The University of North Florida College of Computing, Engineering, and Construction October 2018 Sponsored by Taylor Engineering Research Institute / TERI Chairperson of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Don Resio Department of Civil Engineering Members of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Brian Kopp Department of Electrical Engineering Professor Cigdem Akan Department of Civil Engineering 2 Thesis entitled “An Integrated Closed Convergent System for Optimal Extraction of Head- Driven Tidal Energy” by Michelle Vieira is approved: ______________________________________ ______________________________ Committee Chair: Don Resio ______________________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member 1: Brian Kopp ______________________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member 2: Cigdem Akan Accepted for the School of Engineering: ______________________________________ ______________________________ Department Chair: Dr. Osama Jadaan Accepted for the College of Computing, Engineering and Construction: ______________________________________ ______________________________ College Dean: Dr. Chip Klostermeyer Accepted for the University: ______________________________________ ______________________________ Dean of the Graduate School: Dr. John Kantner 3 ABSTRACT As the demands for energy increased with the global increase in population, there is a need to create and invest in more clean and renewable energy sources. Energy derived from the movement of the tides is an ancient concept that is currently being harnessed in a handful of large tidal range locations. However, the need to move from fossil fuel driven energy sources to those that are clean and non-polluting is a priority for a sustainable future. Globally, hydropower potential is estimated to be more than 16,400-Terawatt hours annually. Given that the electricity consumption worldwide was at 15,068-Terawatt hours in 2016, if properly utilized, hydropower could supply a substantial percentage of current demand. Most of the current hydropower supply is drawn from well-established dams and tidal barrage systems. However, tidal power plants that harness the change in water height and flow along the coast (i.e. using tidal energy) have the potential to push these figures even higher. Although there is no exact number for lengths of global coastlines, there are estimates that put that number between 220,000 and 880,000 miles of coasts. These opportunities in tidal energy technologies that harness energy from the sea may one day be the key to solving our energy crises. This research explored in detail a closed, convergent system for optimal extraction of head- driven tidal energy with minimal adverse environmental effects. The long-term goal of this project is to create a system that is viable in low tidal range locations traditionally not considered for locations of tidal energy systems, therefore increasing the overall global tidal energy portfolio. By implementing a closed system of ‘bladders’ and convergent nozzles to optimize the flow rate of the contained fluid, the proposed system can 1) derive tidal energy in low tidal range geographies 4 2) avoid typical hazards like system biofouling, marine life propeller impacts, and 3) allow for ease of installation, operation, and maintenance. 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I’d like to thank the University of North Florida’s School of Engineering, College of Computing, Engineering and Construction (CCEC). In addition, I would like to thank the Taylor Engineering Research Institute (TERI) for making this research and coursework under the Coasts and Ports Engineering program possible. My genuine appreciation to professors Don Resio, Brian Kopp, William Dally, and Cigdem Akan for all the efforts they have offered during this research. It’s necessary to thank all the students in the TERI lab who offered their help for many parts of this project. Thank you, Abdallah Elsafty, Ashley Norton, Amanda Tritinger, Dorukhan Ardag, Patrick Cooper, Nikole Ward, William Fletcher, Mathew Davies, Christian Matemu, and Sergio Pena. Also, thank you to the University of North Florida Graduate School and Dr. John Kantner for assisting the tidal energy system research from the beginning. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ 12 LIST OF APPENDISES ............................................................................................................... 13 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 15 2. BASIC CONCEPTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 17 2.1 Basic Tidal Concepts.……………………………………………………………17 2.2 Untapped Global Potential of Hydropower………...……………………………19 2.3 Understanding the Future of Tidal Energy Systems Through the Past……….….22 2.4 Existing Tidal Energy Capture Systems…………………………………………22 2.5 Global Research in Tidal Energy Capture Systems……………………………...25 2.6 Predictable and Reliable Tides…………………………………………………...26 2.7 Current State Hydropower and Tidal Energy…………………………………….27 2.8 Current Competitive Renewables: Wind and Solar……………………………...28 3. MOTIVATION FOR ......................................................................................................... 30 4. PROPOSED TIDAL ENERGY SYSTEM ....................................................................... 31 7 5. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 37 6. TIDAL ENERGY CONCEPTS ........................................................................................ 38 6.1 Governing Equations for Proposed Tidal System………………………………..38 6.2 Governing Equations for Fluid in Pipes………………………………………….42 7. INITIAL EXPERIMENT OF TIDAL SYSTEM USING A PHYSICAL MODEL .......... 45 7.1 Analysis of Initial Experimental Results of Tidal System Physical Model……...49 8. CONVERGENT PIPES AND NOZZLES FOR AMPLIFIED FLUID VELOCITY ....... 53 8.1 Analysis and Results of Convergent Pipes and Nozzle for Amplified Fluid Velocity…………………………………………………………………………..56 9. NUMERICAL MODEL SIMULATION OF TIDAL ENERGY SYSTEM ..................... 59 9.1 Analysis and Results and Numerical Model Simulation………………………...62 10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED TIDAL SYSTEM ........................................ 67 10.1 Analysis and Results of Economic Analysis of Proposed Tidal System………...68 10 PROVISIONAL AND UTILITY PATENTS FOR PROPOSED ENERGY SYSTEM .... 70 11 PLAN FOR INTERMEDIATE SCALE TESTING OF TIDAL SYSTEM ...................... 72 11.1 Intermediate Scale Testing Head-Driven Test ……………………………………72 11.2 Results and Analysis of Intermediate Scale Testing Head-Driven Test………….73 11.3 Intermediate Scale Test to Investigate Convergence on a Turbine………………75 8 11.4 Results and Analysis of Intermediate Scale Test to Investigate Convergence on a Turbine…………………………………………………………………………...79 13 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 81 14 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................... 84 15 FUTURE WORK .............................................................................................................. 85 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 86 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………………………90 CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………...……………………………………111 9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1:
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