Implementation of Offshore Wind Power & Potential of Tidal, Wave and Ocean Current Energy for SUSTAINABLE USE OF OCEANS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GREEN ECONOMY AND THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY Principality of Monaco, November 28, 2011 Magdalena A K Muir Board Member, Climate, Coastal and Marine Union & Adjunct Professor, John Hopkins University & Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary Part of Sustainable Energy Development project being implemented cooperatively by AINA, U of C, EUCC and JHU Offshore Wind Energy, Current, Tidal and Wave Energy and Offshore Electricity Grid Infrastructure The Context Importance of climate mitigation through development of marine renewable energy such as offshore wind farms, and ocean current, tidal and wave facilities. As well as generating energy, the oceans play a ne vital role in transmitting renewable energy through long distance high voltage transmission lines and offshore grid infrastructure. Marine renewable energy can play a vital role in mitigating and adapting to climate change and ocean acidification. Key example being energy and water nexus, and role that renewable energy can play in desalination of brackish and salt water to meet freshwater needs globally. Marine renewable energy planning and designs can enhance marine biodiversity and ecosystem , and the ecosystem services benefits necessary to communities. Marine Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Oceans Offshore wind farms and wave and tidal projects could have complimentary impacts on birds, fish, marine mammals, and marine and coastal ecosystem and support sustainable oceans industries such as fisheries and tourism For example, appropriate implementation could enhance fisheries productivity through nono--taketake zones and iincreasedncreased fisheries breeding zones and habitat. Caution needs to be exercised with new technology. For example, electroelectro--magneticmagnetic fields associated with thethe high voltage transmission lines and hubs of proposed electricity grids may have impacts on certain species (sharks, skates and rays) and benthic organisms on the seabed. Ongoing monitoring and modification of offshore wind farms, current, tidal and wave projects, and related grid infrastructure can positively address biodiversity and ecosystem concerns through the construction, authorization, operation and maintenance, and the abandonment and reclamation of these facilitie s. Outline of Presentation Global Trends and Investment for Renewable Energy Global Offshore Wind Resources and Development and Offshore Electricity Grid Infrastructure Ocean Energy Resources and Development and Offshore Electricity Grid Infrastructure Sustainable Cities and Regions and Role of Sustainable Seas and Renewable Marine Energy Global Trends and Investment for Renewable Energy The focus of the renewable power market is rapidly moving away from the traditional mature markets of Europe and the US. In absolute terms Europe will be the biggest market for renewable power over the next five years, but following that China will lead. The Middle East and North African market will grow very quickly with most of the investment from solar technologies replacing oiloil--firedfired power plants. By far the most rapid growth will be seen in the rapidly developing economies of India, the Middle East and North Africa, Africa and Latin America. By 2020, the markets outside of the Europe, US, Canada and China will account for 50% of world demand. Offshore Wind Opportunities: Average European Wind Speed European Offshore Wind Energy Development Germany Offshore Wind Energy Development Netherlands Offshore Wind Energy Development UK Offshore Wind Potential UK Offshore Wind Farm (Round 3, 2010) EU Grid Road Map Proposed North Sea and Baltic Grid Proposed Electricity Grids for SouthSouth--WestWest Europe Including Links with Northern Africa Proposed Electricity Grid, Eastern Mediterranean Sea Offshore Wind Requirements: Distribution Area Around a 10 GW Mainland Hub Offshore Wind Requirements: 5 GW Hub, Multiple Strings with Multiple Wind Farms European Grid Declaration on Electricity Network Development and Nature Conservation in Europe Signatories to November 11, 2011 Declaration are : Bellona, Birdlife Europe, Deutsche UmwelthilfeUmwelthilfe,, EliaElia,, European Climate Foundation, Friends of the Earth Europe, Friends of the SupergridSupergrid,, 50Hertz,Germanwatch,Global Nature Fund, Greenpeace, National Grid, Natuur en Milieu, Red Electrica de EspanaEspana,, RSPB, RTE France, SEFEP, Statnett , Swissgrid , TenneT , Terna , WWF, Zero The Grid Declaration strengthens the coalition of stakeholders supporting grid expansion to integrate renewable energy and raise public awareness. It provides for cooperation on specific pilot projects to develop best practice and improve the implementation of grid development consistent with nature conservation. The coalition pledges to encourage transparency and address public acceptance. North and Baltic Sea Offshore Grid Proposals Direct and Split Design (November 2011) Desertec Industrical Initiative Supergrid to Transmit Renewable Energy from North Africa to Europe Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Morocco’s Proposal for Wind and Solar Energy & First Stage of Desertec Project Desertec Industrial Initiative ((DiiDii)) is designed to facilitate the longlong--termterm transition to renewable energy by buildibuildingng relationships between European energy market investors, renewable energy technology innovators and policymakers from the MENA region. Morocco is the starting location for 400 billion euro Dii project. By 2050, Diiproject is intended to satisfy 100 percent of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region’s energy needs, as well as 15 percent of the EU. With 3,500 km of coastline and average wind speeds between 6 and 11 m/s, and existing grid connection to SpainSpain.. Morocco’s wind resources promising. Agreements have been reached between Dii and the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy for construction of a 500MW solar farm in 2012. Potential for a 2000MW farm by 2020, which would make Morocco first implementation of Diiproject. Next implementation of Diiproject may be Egypt, which has excellent wind and solar resources and an existing grid connection to Europe. Egypt offshore wind resource map from Egypt Wind Atlas indicating scope of offshore wind resources ((mean wind speed at 50 m a.g.la.g.l.,., mesoscale modelling) Americas: Canada Offshore Wind Located on Canada’s northwest coast, where the wind resource is one of the strongest and most consistent in the world, NaiKunWind’s 396MW offshore wind project is at an advanced stage of development with environmental certification from the British Columbia government, and agreements in place with key suppliers and First Nations. Given its development status, construction can begin within two years of the award of an electricity purchase agreement from BC Hydro, the provincial utility. Canada and US: Great Lakes Wind Resources and Proposed Development Significant wind resources for all lakes. LEEDCo will begin building 20MW wind project off Cleveland Ohio in 2012 Offshore Wind Resources for the US Proposed US Offshore Wind Projects 27 27 Case Study: the Delaware Model Competitive bid process for new generation Factored in environmental and social benefits, long- term price stability, potential cost of emissions, and fuel price volatility Case Study: Cape Wind, MA Cape Cod Permitting process took 10 years 130 turbines Approximately 468 MW Martha’s Vineyard Estimated cost of $2.62 billion Nantucket North America : Proposed Atlantic Wind Connection Proposed to facilitate the efficient and cost effective development of offshore wind energy, and eventually ocean energy projects .. Brazil’s Offshore Wind Resources Significantly investing in all renewable resources. Estimates of 3,500 GW of wind energy potential offshore in Brazil if its full Exclusive Economic Zone were used. If the areas were limited to those with water depth of less the 100 m, the potential for generation would be of 636 GW. Asia: China Offshore wind potential estimated at more than 750 GW by China Meteorological Administration. These offshore wind resources are in close proximity to coastal settlements and developments. China has within a very short time become a major player in the manufacturing of wind turbines, and in the development of wind energy on land. China is encouraging the manufacture of larger turbines and offshore wind turbines, and indicated its intent to be a leader in the development of offshore wind power. Offshore electricity grid infrastructure needed. China Wind Energy Development Roadmap 2050 is recent summary of government plans and policy. China: Preliminary project planning for offshore wind resources in all provinces before 2020 Asia: India In 2011, India announced that it may take two years to study and gather data on the potential for offshore wind. Preliminary studies indicate that coastal areas off Tamil Nadu and Gujarat states may have potential The results from the studies need to be validated by setting up offshore masts to measure one to two years of wind speed data and to analyze the seabed to see if it can provide an adequate foundation .. Asia: Japan Significant offshore wind resources . Limited wind resources in shallow areas near the coasts which likely to be developed first. Most wind resources in deeper areas, necessitating floating wind farms attached to land forms or floating independently In 2011, Japan’s Ministry