Implementation of Offshore & Potential of Tidal, Wave and for SUSTAINABLE USE OF OCEANS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GREEN ECONOMY AND THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY Principality of Monaco, November 28, 2011

Magdalena A K Muir Board Member, Climate, Coastal and Marine Union & Adjunct Professor, John Hopkins University & Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary

Part of Development project being implemented cooperatively by AINA, U of C, EUCC and JHU Offshore Wind Energy, Current, Tidal and Wave Energy and Offshore Grid Infrastructure The Context Importance of climate mitigation through development of marine such as offshore wind farms, and ocean current, tidal and wave facilities. As well as generating energy, the oceans play a ne vital role in transmitting renewable energy through long distance high voltage transmission lines and offshore grid infrastructure. Marine renewable energy can play a vital role in mitigating and adapting to climate change and ocean acidification. Key example being energy and water nexus, and role that renewable energy can play in desalination of brackish and salt water to meet freshwater needs globally. Marine renewable energy planning and designs can enhance marine biodiversity and ecosystem , and the ecosystem services benefits necessary to communities. Marine Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Oceans Offshore wind farms and wave and tidal projects could have complimentary impacts on birds, fish, marine mammals, and marine and coastal ecosystem and support sustainable oceans industries such as fisheries and tourism For example, appropriate implementation could enhance fisheries productivity through nono--taketake zones and iincreasedncreased fisheries breeding zones and habitat. Caution needs to be exercised with new technology. For example, electroelectro--magneticmagnetic fields associated with thethe high voltage transmission lines and hubs of proposed electricity grids may have impacts on certain species (sharks, skates and rays) and benthic organisms on the seabed. Ongoing monitoring and modification of offshore wind farms, current, tidal and wave projects, and related grid infrastructure can positively address biodiversity and ecosystem concerns through the construction, authorization, operation and maintenance, and the abandonment and reclamation of these facilitie s. Outline of Presentation

Global Trends and Investment for Renewable Energy Global Offshore Wind Resources and Development and Offshore Electricity Grid Infrastructure Ocean Energy Resources and Development and Offshore Electricity Grid Infrastructure Sustainable Cities and Regions and Role of Sustainable Seas and Renewable Global Trends and Investment for Renewable Energy The focus of the renewable power market is rapidly moving away from the traditional mature markets of Europe and the US. In absolute terms Europe will be the biggest market for renewable power over the next five years, but following that will lead. The Middle East and North African market will grow very quickly with most of the investment from solar technologies replacing oiloil--firedfired power plants. By far the most rapid growth will be seen in the rapidly developing economies of India, the Middle East and North Africa, Africa and Latin America. By 2020, the markets outside of the Europe, US, Canada and China will account for 50% of world demand. Offshore Wind Opportunities: Average European Wind Speed European Offshore Wind Energy Development Germany Offshore Wind Energy Development Offshore Wind Energy Development UK Offshore Wind Potential UK Offshore (Round 3, 2010) EU Grid Road Map Proposed North Sea and Baltic Grid Proposed Electricity Grids for SouthSouth--WestWest Europe Including Links with Northern Africa Proposed Electricity Grid, Eastern Mediterranean Sea Offshore Wind Requirements: Distribution Area Around a 10 GW Mainland Hub Offshore Wind Requirements: 5 GW Hub, Multiple Strings with Multiple Wind Farms European Grid Declaration on Electricity Network Development and Nature Conservation in Europe Signatories to November 11, 2011 Declaration are : Bellona, Birdlife Europe, Deutsche UmwelthilfeUmwelthilfe,, EliaElia,, European Climate Foundation, Friends of the Earth Europe, Friends of the SupergridSupergrid,, 50Hertz,Germanwatch,Global Nature Fund, Greenpeace, National Grid, Natuur en Milieu, Red Electrica de EspanaEspana,, RSPB, RTE France, SEFEP, Statnett , , TenneT , Terna , WWF, Zero The Grid Declaration strengthens the coalition of stakeholders supporting grid expansion to integrate renewable energy and raise public awareness. It provides for cooperation on specific pilot projects to develop best practice and improve the implementation of grid development consistent with nature conservation. The coalition pledges to encourage transparency and address public acceptance. North and Baltic Sea Offshore Grid Proposals Direct and Split Design (November 2011) Desertec Industrical Initiative Supergrid to Transmit Renewable Energy from North Africa to Europe Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Morocco’s Proposal for Wind and & First Stage of Desertec Project Desertec Industrial Initiative ((DiiDii)) is designed to facilitate the longlong--termterm transition to renewable energy by buildingbuilding relationships between European investors, renewable energy technology innovators and policymakers from the MENA region. Morocco is the starting location for 400 billion euro Dii project. By 2050, Diiproject is intended to satisfy 100 percent of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region’s energy needs, as well as 15 percent of the EU. With 3,500 km of coastline and average wind speeds between 6 and 11 m/s, and existing grid connection to SpainSpain.. Morocco’s wind resources promising. Agreements have been reached between Dii and the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy for construction of a 500MW solar farm in 2012. Potential for a 2000MW farm by 2020, which would make Morocco first implementation of Diiproject. Next implementation of Diiproject may be Egypt, which has excellent wind and solar resources and an existing grid connection to Europe. Egypt offshore wind resource map from Egypt Wind Atlas indicating scope of offshore wind resources ((mean wind speed at 50 m a.g.l.,a.g.l ., mesoscale modelling) Americas: Canada Offshore Wind Located on Canada’s northwest coast, where the wind resource is one of the strongest and most consistent in the world, NaiKunWind’s 396MW offshore wind project is at an advanced stage of development with environmental certification from the British Columbia government, and agreements in place with key suppliers and First Nations. Given its development status, construction can begin within two years of the award of an electricity purchase agreement from BC Hydro, the provincial utility. Canada and US: Great Lakes Wind Resources and Proposed Development Significant wind resources for all lakes. LEEDCo will begin building 20MW wind project off Cleveland Ohio in 2012 Offshore Wind Resources for the US Proposed US Offshore Wind Projects

2727 Case Study: the Delaware Model Competitive bid process for new generation

Factored in environmental and social benefits, long- term price stability, potential cost of emissions, and fuel price volatility Case Study: Cape Wind, MA

Cape Cod Permitting process took 10 years 130 turbines Approximately 468 MW Martha’s Vineyard Estimated cost of $2.62 billion Nantucket North America : Proposed Atlantic Wind Connection Proposed to facilitate the efficient and cost effective development of offshore wind energy, and eventually ocean energy projects .. Brazil’s Offshore Wind Resources

Significantly investing in all renewable resources. Estimates of 3,500 GW of wind energy potential offshore in Brazil if its full Exclusive Economic Zone were used. If the areas were limited to those with water depth of less the 100 m, the potential for generation would be of 636 GW. Asia: China

Offshore wind potential estimated at more than 750 GW by China Meteorological Administration. These offshore wind resources are in close proximity to coastal settlements and developments. China has within a very short time become a major player in the manufacturing of wind turbines, and in the development of wind energy on land. China is encouraging the manufacture of larger turbines and offshore wind turbines, and indicated its intent to be a leader in the development of offshore wind power. Offshore electricity grid infrastructure needed. China Wind Energy Development Roadmap 2050 is recent summary of government plans and policy. China: Preliminary project planning for offshore wind resources in all provinces before 2020 Asia: India In 2011, India announced that it may take two years to study and gather data on the potential for offshore wind. Preliminary studies indicate that coastal areas off Tamil Nadu and Gujarat states may have potential The results from the studies need to be validated by setting up offshore masts to measure one to two years of wind speed data and to analyze the seabed to see if it can provide an adequate foundation .. Asia: Japan Significant offshore wind resources . Limited wind resources in shallow areas near the coasts which likely to be developed first. Most wind resources in deeper areas, necessitating floating wind farms attached to land forms or floating independently In 2011, Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry announced it will spend 20 billion up to yen ($257 million) on a pilot project of six 22--megawattmegawatt floating wind farms off the Fukushima coast. Asia: Korea’s Offshore Wind Development In November 2011, the South Korean government announced that it will invest 10.2 trillion won (US$9 billion) in building in three stages a 2.5 GW offshore wind farm mainly off southwest coast of Jeollabukdoand Jeollanamdo provinces: 100 megawatt demonstration phase for 2014, a 400 MW phase for 2016; and 2 GW phase for 2019. National government will provide policy and administrative support, and local governments will approve sea uses. The project leverages Korea’s extensive shipbuilding and expertise. Korea: Hankyung Wind Farm in coast of Jeju Province, 21MW (1.5MWx4 + 3MWx5) Small Island Developing States and Least Developed Economies Unique and dual role of wind and ocean energy in developing small island states and the coasts of less developed countries to achieve sustainable development and poverty alleviation. Ongoing issues of capacity, technology development & transfer that need to be addressed. For example, offshore and on land wind farms (as well as ocean energy), combined with hydrogen storage/ and hydraulic storage, can substitute for imported diesel fuel . Wind, ocean and other renewable energy can be combined with desalination facilities to alleviate the water shortages caused by higher temperature and changing precipitation patterns, thus assisting SIDS and developing countries to adapt to climate change. Off Grid Sustainable Energy Solutions: Ramea Island, Newfoundland, Canada

The of RameaIsland relies on diesel and wind power and will incorporate a hydrogen storage and generator system. In this isolated remote power system, hydrogen will be produced from water electrolysis when the wind power output exceeds demand. The hydrogen gas is placed in storage tanks. When the power output from the wind turbines is not sufficient to meet the community load, the stored hydrogen powers a generator which provides electricity for the community .. Global Future of Wind Energy Europe is biggest growth market for offshore wind for next five years, but after that China will lead. Along with China, Brazil and India become active. The Middle East and North African market will grow very quickly over with most of the investment from solar technologies replacing oil -- fired power plants. Most growth in developing economies of India, the Middle East and North Africa, Africa and Latin America. By 2020, the markets outside of the Europe, US, Canada and China will be 50% of world demand. Future Offshore Wind Technology for Deeper Seas : Floating Offshore Wind Farms Future: New technologies/design for marine infrastructure

For example, innovative building components like Ocean Brick System and Reef Balls and innovative marine design which enhances offshore wind and ocean energy development, marine biodiversity and ecosystems, and fisheries and tourism opportunities. Ocean Energy The oceans represent a vast and largely untapped source of energy in the form of surface waves, fluid flow, salinity gradients, and thermal. Marine current power is the energy obtained from ocean currents. is the energy from salinity gradients. Ocean thermal energy is the power from temperature differences at varying depths. is the energy from moving masses of water. Tidal power generation: tidal stream power, tidal barrage power, and dynamic tidal power. is the power from surface waves Marine is another form of ocean energy that is not discussed here. UK Round 1 Wave and Tidal Leases

In March 2010 in Round 1 of Wave and Tidal Leases, the Crown Estate announced the names of the successful bidders for the world’s first commercial wave and tidal leasing round, for ten sites in Pentland Firth and Orkney waters.

The 1.2 GW of installed capacity proposed by the wave and tidal energy developers for 2020, 600 MW each from wave and tidal . Pentland Firth & Orkney Waters: Wave and Tidal Energy And Role of Marine Spatial Planning Marine Tidal Current Energy

SeaGen turbine acts like underwater windmill. 1.2MW tidal current turbine has a capacity factor of 66% and delivered 800MWh into the national grid . Round 1 Wave and Tidal Leasing, 2010: Tidal farm, Pentland Firth & Orkney

Marine Current Turbines Ltd received a lease from The Crown Estate to deploy its SeaGen tidal current device off Brough Ness, southern tip of the Orkney Islands (South Ronaldsay) and north east of John O’Groats. First phase of SeaGen turbines in 2017, whole project by 2020 . Tidal Energy: lmpoundment/Turbineslmpoundment /Turbines

4 lane road tops this 242 MW tidal power plant

La Rance , France 242 MW Operating Since 1967 La RanceTidal Power Plant at St. Malo,Malo , France Potential Tidal Power Six sites represent over half potential tidal development Headwaters of the Bay of Fundy,Canada Severn estuary, UK Gulf of St. Malo , France SouthSouth--easteast coast of China Russian coast bordering the White Sea Russian coast bordering the Sea of Okhotsk Other Potential Tidal Energy Other potential sites include: Mersey estuary, UK Bristol Channel, UK Gulf of Kachch,Kachch , India West coast of Korea, NorthNorth--westwest coast of Australia, Cook Inlet ,Alaska Gulf of San Jose, Argentina Pros & Cons of Tidal Dam Energy Primary advantages of tidal energy are: --RegularRegular electricity production with 5% annual variation --SimultaneousSimultaneous use of the dam for a road or rail road -- Long --term operational lifetime of plant --CanCan protect coastlines from storm waves and flooding. Disadvantages: --HighHigh capital costs for initial construction --LimitedLimited sites as minimum of 5 metreis often cited. --EnvironmentalEnvironmental and ecosystem impacts. Wave Energy Power Buoy, AWS Oyster, OPT Ocean Aquamarine Energy Power

Pelamis Wave Power LIMPET, Wavegen Wave Dragon Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Sustainable Cities and Regions & Role of Sustainable Seas and Renewable Marine Energy Water and Energy Nexus: Renewable Energy and Desalination Sustainable London and London Array State of Hawai’i Galapagos Islands and sustainable energy development in a fragile environment Water and Energy Nexus: Renewable Energy and Desalination

Desalination by renewable wind and solar energy is currently being evaluated in a variety of European and international forums and projects. Wind energy modeling and studies of various wind energy powered desalination plants and prototypes underway. Important technological problems such as the intermittency of wind, and counter measures such as electricity storage and hybrid energy systems are being considered. Replacing fossil fuel by renewable energy such as sun and wind to desalinate seawater could reduce costly energy imports, eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, and support adaptation to climate change for higher temperatures, less precipitation, saline infiltration of aquifers, and growing water scarcity. Large scale desalination brings environmental challenges in the extraction of sea water and the release of heated brine into coastal and marine ecosystems, but these concerns can be partly addressed in the design of intake and outlet systems. Sustainable London: London Wind Farm Array with investment of 50% DONG Energy (), 30% E.ON UK Renewables and 20% by Masdar (Abu Dhabi) State of Hawai’i Interisland Renewable Energy Program (HIREP) Wind would produce renewable energy through of wind power on one or more islands, and transfer the electricity generated to another island by means of one or more undersea cables. Also potential OTEC and wave energy, which would use grid infrastructure. Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) The State of Hawai‘i, with the US Department of Energy, are preparing a HIREP PEIS. The PEIS is designed to provide the public and agencies an overview of the potential impacts and benefits in the development of HIREP's three primary components: an undersea cable system including converter/inverter station infrastructure, possible wind farms on one or more islands in Maui County, and utility infrastructure upgrades on O‘ahuO‘ahu.. The PEIS does not grant any development rights or privileges to a specific wind farm project. This PEIS will set a framework, identify broad areas of concern (both location and environment), and specify best management practices for the HIREP components. Galapagos Islands & Sustainable Energy Development in a Fragile Environment .. In the Galapagos Islands, the environment, economy and social welfare are closely linked. Sustainability in one of these areas affects the sustainability in the other areas, and promoting the use of renewable contributes to a more sustainable environment. EU Galapagos Renewable Energy Project for Isabela and Santa Cruz Islands has the objective of reducing environmental risks from fossil fuel through renewable energy (solar) and increasing energy efficiency. E8 San Cristobel Wind Project is UNDPUNDP--sponsoredsponsored recognized private public partnership model for developing renewable energy, which also qualifies as a CDM project . Thank you, et je vous remercie Magdalena AK Muir [email protected] http://arctic.ucalgary.ca/research/sustainable_energy_development