A SOPAC Desktop Study of
Ocean-Based
RenewAble eneRgy TeChnOlOgieS
SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 701
A technical publication produced by the SOPAC Community Lifelines Programme
Acknowledgements
Information presented in this publication has been sourced mainly from the internet and from publications produced by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
The compiler would like to thank the following for reviewing and contributing to this publication:
••••••
Dr. Luis Vega Anthony Derrick of IT Power, UK Guillaume Dréau of Société de Recherche du Pacifique (SRP), New Caledonia Professor Young-Ho Lee of Korea Maritime University, Korea Professor Chul H. (Joe) Jo of Inha University, Korea Luke Gowing and Garry Venus of Argo Environmental Ltd, New Zealand
Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), Fiji •••••••••
Paul Fairbairn Rupeni Mario
– Manager Community Lifelines Programme – Senior Energy Adviser – Senior Energy Project Officer – Energy Project Officer – Energy Project Officer – Energy Resource Economist – Energy Support Officer
Arieta Gonelevu Frank Vukikimoala Koin Etuati Reshika Singh Atishma Vandana Lal Mereseini (Lala) Bukarau – Senior Adviser Technical Publications Sailesh Kumar Sen – Graphic Arts Officer
Cover Photo Source: HTTP://WALLPAPERS.FREE-REVIEW.NET/42__BIG_WAVE.HTM Back Cover Photo: Raj Singh
A SOPAC Desktop Study of
Ocean-Based
Renewable Energy Technologies
SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 701
Ivan Krishna
Compiler
First edition October 2009
A technical publication produced by the SOPAC Community Lifelines Programme
A SOPAC Desktop Study of Ocean-based-Renewable energy Technologies
List of Acronyms
ACP ADb eU member states in Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Asian Development bank
ASTM AwS CDM CwP CiRAD CAD$ CO2
American Standards and Measurements bureau Archimedes wave Swing Clean Development Mechanism Cold water Pipe Centre de co-opération internationale en Recherche Agronomique de Développement Canadian Dollars Carbon Dioxide
DOe (USA) DeCM DTi ePC ePA
Department Of energy - USA Direct energy Conversion Method Department of Trade and industry electric Power Corporation, Samoa environmental Protection Agency
- european norm
- en
- eU
- european Union
- eST
- early Stage Technologies
eMeC FRP FJ$ european Marine energy Centre Fibreglass Reinforced Plastic Fiji Dollar gDP geF ghg ieA iMF kVA kw lFPM MJ gross Domestic Product global environmental Facility greenhouse gas international energy Agency international Monetary Fund Kilo Volt Ampere, a measure of apparent power Kilo watt, a measure of real power longitudinal Flux Permanent Magnet Mega Joule
- Mw
- Mega watt
- MST
- Multi-Stage Turbine
MhD nelhA niOT naReC nRel OTeC CC-OTeC OC-OTeC OwC PiC
Magnetohydrodynamic natural energy laboratory of hawaii Authority national institute of Ocean Technology new and Renewable energy Centre national Renewable energy laboratory Ocean Thermal energy Conversion Closed Cycle OTeC Open Cycle OTeC Oscillating water column Pacific island Country
PiePSAP PiFS PiReP PRO Png PTO PM
Pacific island energy Policy and Strategic Action Plan Pacific island Forum Secretariat Pacific island Renewable energy Project Pressure Retarded Osmosis Papua new guinea Power Take-Off Mechanism Permanent Magnet
ReM ReD
Regional energy Officials Meeting Reversed electro Dialysis
- RiTe
- Roosevelt island Tidal energy
Solar energy Research institute Secretariat of the Pacific Applied geoscience Commission Société de Recherche du Pacifique Secretariat of the Pacific Community Syncwave Power Resonator Syncwave energy latching System Seawave Slot-Cone generator Scientific Applications & Research Associates Società per Azioni
SeRi SOPAC SRP SPC SPR SwelS SSg SARA S.p.A TFPM UK
Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet United Kingdom
UnCTAD UnDP Un
United nations Conference on Trade And Development United nations Development Programme United nations
UnelCO USP USA
Vanuatu’s Power Utility University of the South Pacific United States of America
- US$
- United States Dollar
- VAT
- Value Added Tax
weC wb wave energy Converter world bank
4
A SOPAC Desktop Study of Ocean-based-Renewable energy Technologies
Table of Contents
executive Summary.........................................................................................................................................................................................9 1. introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................................1 0 2. Ocean Thermal energy Conversion Technology....................................................................................1 1
2.1 introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................11 2.2 background and history of OTeC .............................................................................................................................................................................................11 2.3 Technology Types.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
2.3.1 Closed-Cycle OTeC.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
- 2.3.1.1
- Kalina and Uehara Cycles...................................................................................................................................................................15
2.3.2 Open-Cycle OTeC........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17 2.3.3 hybrid OTeC System.................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
2.4 Plant Design and location.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................19 2.5 Other Uses of OTeC Technology.................................................................................................................................................................................................21
2.5.1 Air Conditioning.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21 2.5.2 Chilled-soil Agriculture.............................................................................................................................................................................................................21 2.5.3 Aquaculture.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21 2.5.4 Desalination............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 2.5.5 hydrogen Production............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.5.6 Mineral extraction.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
2.6 limitations of OTeC Technologies............................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
2.6.1 Technical Challenges...............................................................................................................................................................................................................22 2.6.2 engineering Challenges.......................................................................................................................................................................................................24 2.6.3 Disadvantages of OTeC........................................................................................................................................................................................................24 2.6.4 OTeC and the environment............................................................................................................................................................................................25 2.6.5 economic Considerations and Market Potential..............................................................................................................................27
2.7 Discussion......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
3. wave energy Technology..........................................................................................................................................................3 0
3.1 introduction and background............................................................................................................................................................................................................30
3.1.1 hydrodynamics................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 34
3.2 Technology Types...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
3.2.1 Oscillating bodies..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................36
3.2.1.1 3.2.1.2 3.2.1.3 3.2.1.4 3.2.1.5 3.2.1.6 3.2.1.7 3.2.1.8 3.2.1.9
Pelamis wave Power...................................................................................................................................................................................36 AwS Ocean energy.......................................................................................................................................................................................38 Fred Olsen’s FO3...............................................................................................................................................................................................39 wavebob.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................40 Finavera Renewables AquabuOy............................................................................................................................................40 wave energy Technologies (weT engen).................................................................................................................. 42 CeTO...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43 wave Star energy............................................................................................................................................................................................. 44 Seabased.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
3.2.1.10 bioPower Systems (biowAVe).........................................................................................................................................................46 3.2.1.11 Aquamarine Power (Oyster)................................................................................................................................................................47
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A SOPAC Desktop Study of Ocean-based-Renewable energy Technologies
3.2.1.12 Trident energy....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.1.13 Ocean navitas...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.1.14 Syncwave Systems....................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
3.2.2 Oscillating water Column...................................................................................................................................................................................................50
3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.3 3.2.2.4 wavegen.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................51 Oceanlinx......................................................................................................................................................................................................................51 Offshore wave energy (Owel)..................................................................................................................................................... 52 Orecon............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 53
3.2.3 Overtopping Devices................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
3.2.3.1 3.2.3.2 wave Dragon..........................................................................................................................................................................................................53 Seawave Slot-Cone generator (SSg)...................................................................................................................................55
3.3 Secondary Technologies..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
3.3.1 Power Take-Off Methods.....................................................................................................................................................................................................55
3.3.1.1 3.3.1.2 3.3.1.3 hydraulic System...............................................................................................................................................................................................56 linear generator.................................................................................................................................................................................................56 Magnetohydrodynamic generator..........................................................................................................................................57
3.4 wave Power Potential in Pacific island Countries.................................................................................................................................................58 3.5 Discussion......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
4. Tidal energy Technology............................................................................................................................................................60
4.1 background..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................60 4.2 Technology Types.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
4.2.1 Tidal barrage........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 61
4.2.1.1 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.3 4.2.1.4 4.2.1.5
Offshore Tidal lagoons, Tidal electric, UK................................................................................................................... 63 Tidal Delay, woodshed Technologies Pty ltd, Australia...........................................................................63 Two-basin barrage, UnAM engineering institute, Mexico....................................................................63 environment implications of Tidal barrage................................................................................................................. 64 Cost effectiveness of Tidal barrages....................................................................................................................................65
4.2.2 Tidal Stream........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 4.2.2.6 4.2.2.7 4.2.2.8 4.2.2.9
SeaFlow and Seagen, Marine Current Technologies, UK.................................................................. 66 Verdant Power, USA.......................................................................................................................................................................................68 hammerfest Strom AS, norway....................................................................................................................................................69 Underwater electric Kite, UeK Systems, US...............................................................................................................69 Clean Current, Canada.............................................................................................................................................................................70 Tidel, Soil Machine Dynamics hydrovision, UK....................................................................................................71 Open-Centre Turbine, Openhydro, ireland..................................................................................................................71 gorlov helical Turbine, gCK Technology, US.........................................................................................................72 enermar Kobold Turbine, Ponte Di Archimede international S.p.A., italy...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
4.2.2.10 wanxiang Vertical Turbines, China......................................................................................................................................... 73 4.2.2.11 Pulse Tidal PS100 energy Converter, UK...................................................................................................................... 73
4.3 Case Study: Tide-energy Project near the Mouth of the Amazon................................................................................................75 4.4 Discussion......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
5. Salinity gradient Technology.................................................................................................................................................7 9
5.1 Reversed electro Dialysis (ReD)......................................................................................................................................................................................................79 5.2 Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO).............................................................................................................................................................................................80 5.3 Discussion......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
