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THE IMPACT of LIFE HISTORY TRAITS March, 200 1

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THE IMPACT of LIFE HISTORY TRAITS March, 200 1 FRESHWATER PHYLOGEOGRAPHY:THE IMPACT OF LIFE HISTORY TRAITS ON THE POST-GLACIAL DISPERSAL OF ZOOPLANKTON IN NORTH AMERICA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph bY ANDREA JOAN COX In partial hl fi Nment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science March, 200 1 (3Andrea Jorn Cox, 200 1 National Library Bibliothèque nationale If1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Seivices services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doiverit être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT FRESHWATER PHYLOGEOGRAPHY: THE IMPACT OF LIFE HISTORY TRAITS ON THE POST-GLACIAL DSIPERSAL OF ZOOPLANKTON IN NORTH AMERICA .Andrea Joan Cox Advisor: University of Guelph. 200 1 Professor P.D.N. Hebert This study used molecular markers to examine patterns of genetic variation and post-glacial dispersa1 in three species of freshwater zooplankton fiom glaciated North America. A survey of both mitochondrial and allozyme variation in the cladoceran Sida crysrollino revealed the presence of four allopatric assemblages derived from separate Wisconsinan refupia. Divergence between phylogroups was deeper than that previously observed for refugial lineages of freshwater fishes subject to the same glaciation events. Examination of mtDNA variation at wo genes in the arctic anostracans Branchinec~apuludosa and Arterniopsis ste+soni revealed a divergent phylogeographic history. A. stefanssoni populations denve from a single glacial refuge, while B. paludosa occupied several refugia The distribution of these phylogroups supports the presence of hi& arctic refugial lineages of both species in the Canadian arctic. Results fiom this study highlight die importance of life history characteristics including body size, diapause, and generation tirne in determinhg the ability of different tava to persist in glacial refugia during the Pleistocene. white birds cal1 across the arctic hindra voices on the wind each bird caries our future our answer determines theirs Dina ElCox Legacy. CAA MTB Press, 2000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis represents immeasurable amounts of love and friendship that I received from many speciai people. The boundless encouragement and support that I have received from my family, and many wonderful fnends has been a constant source of strenkqh and inspiration. Funding for this research was provided by NSERC, to Paul D.N. Hebert. Salary support was provided by Ontario Graduate Scholarships in Research and Technology, University of Guelph Graduate Entrance Awards. and a Norman James Aquatic Ecology Sc holarship. Addi tional support was provided by the Northem Studies Training Program ( Canada). and the Polar Continental Shelf Program (Canada). I would like to thank my advisory cornmittee Dr. Paul Hebert. Dr. Teri Crease. and Dr. Roy Danzrnann for their guidance, input and direction. Dr. Fu and Dr. Lynn. mrmbers of my examining cornmittee. provided important suggestions which improved the final version of this thesis. My passion for dl things arctic has been cultivated and encouraged by Paul Hebert since 1994. His enthusiasrn for the north has certainly more than strengthened mine. I am incredibly grateful for the nurnerous opportunities that he has provided me with since 1 fint began my 'nordiem joumey? on the Arctic Ecology field course as an undergraduate. I would like to thank Paul for providing me with a graduate experience that was not only c hallenging, but highl y rewarding. My nonhem journey also began with Chad Rowe - his constant fncndship has enriched my experience at Guelph. Jonathan Wiîi has ben both a fnend and mentor to me. and his influence is seen throughout the pages of this thesis. Chapter 2 was written in collaboration with Dr. Paul Hebert. Sara Adamowicz, Teri Crease. Ryan Gregory and Jon Witt provided many heipful comments on early drafts of the manuscript. Rob Dooh John Havel, Sheila Potter, James Rhydderch, Chad Rowe, Anna Sands. Young Um and Jon Witt assisted with North Amencan collections. while Henk Ketelaars. Tom Little. and Klaus Schwenk provided samples From Europe. Arctic collections for Chapter 3 were made possible by the superb staff of the Polar Continental Shel f Project in Resolute and Tuktoyaktuk, and John MacDonald at the Eastern Arctic Scientific Resource Centre in Igloolik. Dr.3 Denton Belk. Richard DutTord. and Jim Saunden provided direction and contacts regarding B. paludosa collection sites in the US.. Robert Mussleman of the U.S. Department of Agriculture 3nd Chad Rowe provided Bronchinecta from Wyoming, while Larry Weider supplied specimens from the Tatra Mountains of Slovakia. Many people helped collect fairy shrimp in the Canadian no&: Benoit Boulet. John Colboume. Alison Derry. Rob Dooh. Tyler Hoar. Chad Rowe. Tom Little, Derek Taylor, Dave Totararn. Larry Weider. and Jon Witt. I will never forget the 600 feet as1 conversations with Derek Taylor, John Colboume. Tom Little. and Dave Totararn - i can't think of a better place to taik evolution vs. creationism than north of sixty in a Bell 206L. Rob Hodgson. and Debbie 'Sunshine' still give me energy. I would like to thank many members of the Hebert Laboratory, both past and present. for providing both friendship and advice 24/7: Young Um is a tnie fiend who 1 admire and respect for her pursuit of her dreams. Sara Adamowicz Junjian Chen. Alina Cywinska Rita De Melo. Alison Demy, Jeremy Dewaard, Rob Dooh, Teme Finston. Ryan "the phantom" Gregory. David Hardie. Ed Remigïo, James Rhydderch. Veronika Sacherova. Liz Strazinsky. Graham Thompson. Heather Pollard, and Chris Wilson contributed much to this thesis. Tom Little and John Colbourne are first class scientists, and encouraged me from day one. I would also like to thank many other department rnembers for their assistance and friends hip: Ron Brooks. David Barker. Mary-Anne Davis. Alison Derry, Suzanne Gray. Diana Hamilton, Chris Henschel, Angela Hollis, Swan Mannhardt, Rob 4lacLaughlin. Seanna McTaggart. Tom Nudds. Cheryl Prokopowich. Ian Smith. Derek Taylor. lrene Teeter. Dara Torgerson, and Kelly Wells. I thank Rob Willson for many shared Irish Crearn coffees. and philosophizing about life. Many. many thanks to Pat and Sandy Skinner for entxusting me with "the Glen", where Chapter 3 was completed. Jennifer Cnizet. Melinda PorteIli. Holly Spiro. Shauna Schock, Young Um. James Rhydderch. Ken Oakes (oceans, anyone?), Kam Vlasman, Geraid Tetrault Chad McAlpinc and Marie McGrath are like family to me and provided endless friendship. srniles and laughter - it is my pnvilege to cal1 you fnends. Vemnika Sacherova, Jeremy Dewaard. and Rob Dooh went above and beyond the cd1 of duty as both colleayies and Fnends - your support has meant more than any of you could possibly realize! For always being hirnseif. 1 would especially like to thank Graeme Skinner. who reminded me to enjoy the journey dong the way. My parents. David and Dina my sisters Pamela and Elizabeth. and my brother David have never ceased to amaze and inspire me in their continued support (and patience!) for my pursuit of al1 things biological. It is from their unconditional love and encouragement, that 1 draw the strength and inspiration to follow my dreams. TABLE OF CONTENTS AC KNOWLEGEMENTS ............................................................................ i TABLE OF CONTENTS.. .......................................................................... iv .. LIST OF TABLES.. ............................................................................... .VII .*. LIST OF FIGURES.. .............................................................................. .WII LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................. x CHAPTER 1 General Introduction.. ........................................................................... .1 Li terature C i ted.. .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2 Colonization, extinction, and phylogeogrnphic patterning in a freshwater crustacean.. .........................................................................................1 1 Abstract.. ........................................................................................... 12 Introduction.. ..................................................................................... 13 Materials and Methods.. ........................................................................ 15 Specimen collection.. ..................................................................... .15 ..\llozyme electrophoresis.. ................................................................ 17 Mitochondrial DNA analysis............................................................
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