FLUID POWER FORMULAS WEIGHTF OF. ONEFCUBIC. - FOOT- OFTHEORETICAlflUID TOROUE TO ORIVE _ flOWFORCERATE(fXJUnds)(GPM)250,000" x \JSPECIFIClapprox.) GRAVITY U/IITUNITTHEORETICAllllPUTACTUAlINTERNAlAREATIMEHORSEPO'NER(Minute)(SquareTOROUEFLOWAREAInches)RATETO(Square231NEVIDRIVEOUTPUTSPEEDInches){GPMJ{RPM} flEW PRESSURE (PSI) J ==~ .32080==!!k~ x 100 = 2!!.§..2193VOLUMETRICFlO'NRPMOUTPUTPRESSURE.2253xSUS-~.3208ACTUALxRATEx PUMPHORSEPOWERSUSflOW(PSI)OUTPUTflOWElf._ADDITIONALDISPlACEMENTRATEVOLUMEx134.6xR.I,TEFLOWMECHANICAL(GFM)THROUGHxOUTPUT100(GPM)x PRESSURE(Cu.1.0.(GPMJ231ElfIn.lRev.)(GPM)x(psi)100m1714 SUSA1714SUS=A=62.42831714AOf4.6354pv8MTElf712••1xpSIEFFICIE/ICY=1714E1fA (Ov-r:raU)Approximately0 = = EIf,'CL x EIf.EOt = PRESSURE.!:.xr X DIAMETER'RADIUS>(psi)(psi)WORDFORCEEIf.EO!(Inches)xx (Inches)VOLUMENET=AREAFORMULAFORMULA:TTHEDOF(SquareOilX UNDER100Inct.es)PRESSURE= VOLUMEIfiPFAElf",=psixAorF=PA=TACT.=Y..(Gallons)r[»HP"O",roorA = .78S[» lETTERlETTER FORMULAFORMULA:RPMM PH COMPRESSIBILITY MECHANICAL IN PERCENT BULK MODULUS OF THE FLUID x 100 CIP) = VELOCITYAREAHORSEPOWERCENTISTOKESCElITISTOKESCEIITISTOKESOVERAllMECHANICALVOLUMETRICPRESSUREflOWVALVESPECIAC--1- FACTOREFACIENCYGRAVITYEFFICIENCYEFFICIENCYINPUT(e., ) SG CSc.s0=c.sEIf~.Elfa,PVHPVA=_W_==~BASIC·=.2253.219325O,ooolapprox.)SUS_O_PSUSFORMULAS_ _ or194.4134.6GPM\/2%x psiPer 1000 psi FLaN RATE = VISCOSITY IN CENnSTOKES AREA c., = a VSG In P/JUnds,AdditionalGal/ollS/MinulePushRequiredor PullOr7 ToReach Pressure 4.6354WEJGHT OF ONE1714 CUBICSUSSUSFOOTOF WATERVISCOSITY ININ CENTISTOKES OVERALLVOLUMETRICIn Gallons/MinuteIN PERCENTIN PERCENT OVERAll EFACIENCY PUMPIn P/JUnds/Squaretn Feet/SecondEffiCIENCYB,oIn SquiireHOrsepD!!frBEARINGInchInches~ LIftRequired VPRESSURE DROP(PS!) B HOURS OF BEARING LIFE = RATED LIFE HOURS x RATEDSPEED8'0(RPM)= xRATED( HAS.RATEDx PRESSURERPM, x f-;:i(PSI) J \ 3 PUMPCOMPRESSIBILITYFLUIDVALVESPECIFICPUMPNOTE:CYLINOERLIFEEFACIENCYPUMPPOWERINPUTSAYBOlTIe.FLUIDCYLINDERGRAVITY)FORCEEFACIENCYFLOWPOWERPRESSUREIN OFUNIVERSALHORSEPOWERAREAFACTOROFOil A FLUIDSECOIIDSFORISVISCOSITIESOFTEN ABBREVIATEDFOROFGREATERVISCOSITIES100 TOTHANAS240SSU.OFSAYBOLT24032SEEACTUATORSAYBOLTTOCOMPRESSIBILITY100PAGEUNIVERSAlSAYBOlTUNIVERSAL120 PUMPFORVELOCITYSECONDS:UNIVERSAlFORMULAFORMULASADDITlONAlOUTlETSECONDS:OF ATHROUGHFLUIDFLOWSECONDS:VISCOSITYFOR:PIPINGINFORMATION. PUMP FORMULAS FLUID FlOW RATE FORMULAFLUID FORMULASFOR: FLUID POWER FORMULAS ACTUATOR FORMULAS - CONTINUED

. FORMULA FOR: WORD FORMULA LETTER FORMULA

CYLINDER VELOCITY or SPEED VELOCITY = 231 x flOW RATE (GP!.1) y = 2310 ory = .32080 In FeetJSerond 12 x 60 x IIET AREA (Square Inches) 72M A

CYLINDERVOLUME CAPACITY VOLUME = r X RADiUS' (Inches) x STROKE (Inches) v = rf' I 231 In Gallons of Fluid 221

= IIET AREA (Slrwe Inches) x STROKE (Inches) v = ~ I= Length 01 Slroke 231 231

CYlINDER flOW RATE _ 12 x 60 x VELOCITY (FeevSec) x NET AREA (Square InCl1es) flOW R~TE o = 720vA or 0 = 3.117yA In Gallons Per Minute 231 231

flUID MOTOR TOROUE TOROUE = PRESSURE (psi) x F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. In.lRev.) In Inch Pounds 2r

= HORSEPOWERx 63025 T = 63025 HP RPM n

= FLOW RATE (GPM) x PRESSURE (psi) x 36.77 T = 36.770P or T = 36.770psi RPM n n

flUID MOTOR TOROUE/100 psi T,=HPn 2310Tn ==-d-63025.0628d TOROUE/loo psi - = F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. Inches/RevotuDon) .0628 -- In Inch Pounds

FLUID MOTOR SPEED SPEED _ 231 flOW RATE (GPM) In RevoIulions/Minule - F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. Inches/Revolution)

FLUID MOTOR POWER HORSEPOWER = TORQUE OUTPUT (Inch Pounds) x RPM 63025 In Horsepower Output

THERMAL FORMULAS

NOTE: ONE BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU) IS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT REOUIREDTO RAISE THE TEMPERATUREOF ONE POUND OF WATER OIlE OEGREEF.AHRENHBT.ONE HORSEPOWER= 2545 BTU/HR.

RESERVOIR COOUNG CAPACITY HEAT (BTU/HR) = 2 x TEMPERATUREOJFFERENCEBffi'/EEN RESERVOIRWAlLS AND AIR (oF) x AREA OF RESERVOIR(SO. Ft) BTUIHR = 2.0 x AT x A BASED ON ADEQUATE AIR CIRCULATION

HEAT IN HYDRAULIC OIL (approx.) HEAT (BTU/HR) = Fl(J.'I1WE (GPM) x 210 x TEMPERATUREDIFFERENCE(oF) I BTU/HR = 0 x 210 x AT DUE TO SYSTEM INEFFICIENCY (SG = .89 • .92)

HEAT IN FRESH WATER (approx.) tHEAT (BTU/HR) = FLOW RATE (GPAt) x 500 x TEMPERATUREDIFFERENCE(OF) BTU/HR = 0 x 500 x AT

PRESSURE DROP FORMULAS NOTE: SEE PAGES79 THROUGH84 FOR INFORMATION

ACCUMULATOR· FORMULAS NOTE: SEE PAGES 130 AND 131 FORADDITIONAL INFORMATION Where UP" = psia(ABSOLUTf} = psig (GAUGE PRESSURE)+ 14.7 psi

FORMULA FOR: WORD FORMULA: lETTER FORMULA:

PRESSURE OR VOLUME . ORlGIIIAL PRESSURE x ORIGINAL VOLUME =. FIfIAL PRESSURE x FINAL VOLUME P, V, = P, V, lsothermic w/Constant "r (Temperature)

PRESSURE OR TEMPERATURE . ORIGIIW: PRESSURE x FIIJAi. m,IPERATURE ;; FlllAlPRESSURE X ORIG. TEMPERATURE P, T, = P, T, lsochoric w/ Constant "V" (Volume)

VOLUME OR TEMPERATURE ORIGII/AL VOLUME X AI/AL TEI,IPERATURE = FINAL VOLUME x ORIGINAL TEMPERATURE V, T, = V, T, Isobaric w/Constant "P" (Pressure)

ORIGINAL PRESSURE ORIGIIIAL VOLUME" ... FINAL PRESSURE FINAL VOLUME" PRESSURE OR VOLUME x = x w/Tempetalure Change Due To Heat of Compression ORIG.FINAL TEMP.TEMP. .> .....•.•.•...i;,; ORIG.FIlIAL VOLUME\VOLUMFj ",:,eINALORIS. PRESSUREPRESSUREl'" U.S. .037037.0005787.000021431.0005929.0160184.119825.0059429.004951764.56201.974.0013081.20032.035314528.317i,48052.160459.2641701.133681.0043294.5437413.7854327.453592.016384146.6561728231277.27427.679861.02341 Gar:u.1S Inches Liters VOLUME&CAPACITY EQUIVALENTS CuFeetU.S.LbsCuImpLitersYardsGallonsWaterGallons ~~~ Cubic - Water at Max. Oensity CU Inches 39.2° F 4° C

~rams.-\y.;;-. I ·of-Water

.0036065 .0361275 .0163872 6.23210 62.4283 28.3170 168.266 1685.56 764.559 .220083 2.20462 1 .833111 8.34545 3.78543 1 10.0172 4.54373 .0998281 1 .453593 . Cms/sec31.57.48052448,830.0163935,310.061020.0010.02832Gallons/minCuLitersGallons10,20028,32028,31761,02314.506.232107.48128.32264.20.508028.317Liters/minFahrenheit.00003521.000001.0002642..00001639.004329.0036065Into16.390005787feetcmsmetersinchescms/mininches... . CuLiters0.3048703.1BarsBar3.7850.2641703,785277.2744.543740.035314561.02340.0013785231Meters/minLiters/minGallons/minInto.1337114.22,001422.035.264,00001.000145.83267,160459,00009807.2200831000.069.133681.3785,20032cmscms/minfeeVmininchesfeetcminchesmeters... To Convert DegreetImperialGallons1,7281,000,000Kgs/sqMultiply(COPounds/sq1,000DCx=9.5)(tmeterCelsius(U.S.gallonsOFby+32in...- liquid)32)/1.8 To Convert 2,048Pounds/sqKgs/sqPascalGallonsImperial3,785.4126,895U.S.Multiply1,000gallons(Pa)meter(U.S.gallonsbyftin...liquid) BarrelCentigradeDegreeCubicBarsFeeVminCubiccentimetersfeetfeeVminfeeVsecinchesmetersinches(U,S.Fahrenheitinchesliquid) ImperialKilograms/sqPascalPounds/sqU.S.U.S,Liters/minGallons/minLitersImperialFeeVmingallons(Pa)gallonsinchinchinchcmmeter TABLE 6-E. CONVERSION BETWEEN ENGLISH UNITS AND SI UNITS

The "SI" (International Standards) units shown below are adopted for use by the International Fluid Power Com• munity, and should be used on documents prepared for international circulation.

Quantity SI Unit for Fluid Power "Customary" U.S. Unit Conversion Factor Length . millimeter (mm) . inch (in). 1 in = 25.4 mm Pressure* bar (bar, g or bar, a) . Ibs/sq in (psig or psia) . 1 bar = 14.5 psi Pressure** mm of mercury (mm Hg) inches of mercury (in Hg) 1 in Hg = 25.4 mm Hg Flow*** liters per minute (I/min) U.S. gallons per minute (U.S. GPM) . 1 U.S. GPM = 3.79 I/min Flowt cubic decimeters/see (dm3/sec) cubic feet per minute (cfm) 1 dm3 /sec = 2.12 cfm Force Newton (N) pound(f) or Ib(f) (force) . 1 Ib(f) - 4.44N Mass . kilogram (Kg) pound(m) or Ib(m) (mass). 1 Kg = 2.20 Ib(m) Time ... second (see) second (see) Volume*.**. liter (I) . gallon (U.S. gal) . 1 U.S. gal = 3.791 Temperature degrees Celcius (oC) degrees Fahrenheit (0 F) °C = 5/9 (OF - 32) Torque . Newton-meters (Nm) pounds(f)-inches Ibs(f)-in 1 Nm = 8.88 Ib(f)-in Power kilowat (kw) horsepower (HP) . 1 kw = 1.34 HP Shaft Speed revolutions per minute (rpm) revolutions per minute (rpm) Frequency . Hertz (Hz) . cycles per second (cps) . 1 Hz = 1 cps Displacement millileters/revolution (ml/rev) cubic inches per revolution (cipr). ·lml/rev = 0.061 cipr Kinematic viscosity centistokes (cSt) . Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) cSt = (4.635)(SUS)tt Velocity. meter per second (m/s) feet per second (fps) . 1 m/s = 3.28 fps NOTES: *Pressure above atmospheric **Pressure below atmospheric ***Liquid tGas tt@38°C; Factor is 4.667 @ 99°C

EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENTS

1 U.S. Galion 231 Cu bic Inches 1 Horsepower = 33,000 Ft. Lbs. per Minute 4 Quarts; or 8 Pints 550 Ft. Lbs. per Second 8.3356 Pounds 42.4 BTU per Minute 3.785 Liters 2545 BTU per Hour 746 Watts, or 0.746 Kilowatts 1 Imperial Gallon = 1.2 U.S. Gallons lPSI= 2.04161'Hg 27.71 "Water 1 Liter = 0.2642 U.S. Gallons Foot Column of Water = 0.433 PSI

1 Cubic Foot = 7.48 Gallons Foot Column of Oil = 0.390 PSI = 1728 Cubic Inches 1 "Hg = 0.491 PSI 1 Cubic Foot of Water Weighs 62.4 Pounds = 1.132 Ft. Water

1 Barrel Oil = 42 Gallons 1 Bar at Sea Level = 14.5 PSI (Approx.l Atmos.) 33.8 Foot Water Column 1 Micro-meter = 1 Millionth of a Meter (Micron) 42 Foot Oil Column = 1 Thousandth of a Meter II 29.92 Hg. = 0.00004 Inch Approx. VzPSI Decrease Each 1000 Ft. Altitude 25 Micro-meters = 0.001 Inch

APPROXIMATE MEASUREMENTS

1 Pint = 2 cups = 16 fluid ounces = 1 pound 1 Gallon = 231 cubic inches = 76,800 drops 1 Pint = 96 teaspoons = 32 tablespoons = 16 fluid ounces 1 Cup = 16 tablespoons = 48 teaspoons 1 Quart = 4 cups = 2 pints = 32 fluid ounces = 2 pounds 1 Tablespoon = 3 teaspoons 1 Quart = 192 teaspoons = 64 tablespoons = 32 fl. oz. 2 Tablespoons = 1 fluid ounce 1 Gallon = 16 cups = 4 quarts = 8 pints 1 Fluid ounce (volume) = 600 drops (hydraulic oil) 1 Gallon = 768 teaspoons = 256 tablespoons = 128 oz. 1 Cubic inch = 330 drops TABLE 6-F. EQUIVALENT VALUES

To convert units appearing in Column 1 into equivalent values of units in Column 2, multiply by factor in Column 3, Example: To convert 7 gallons into cubic inches, multiply 7 x 231 = 1617 cubic inches. To convert units appearing in Column 2 into equivalent values of units in Column 1, divide by factor in Column 3. Example: To convert 25 horsepower into BTU per minute, divide 25 by 0.02356 = 1061 BTU per minute. . Column 33.91 SecondsColumn·AtmospheresMilesMetersWatts0.001341BTUHorsepower453.5924PSIInchesU.S.GalionsCubicPounds2.0362.307700088Radians5280litersInches.U.S.Foot20000.55550.250.50.06250.000040.2642FahrenheitFeet0.06804161.8051.4670.036132.540.49121.13333,0000.04167550Horsepower1441000InchesI0.03342ColumnWattsPSIPoundsPintslitersInches.0.005952H745.7HoursQuartsOuncesMilesMicro-meternches.231ou42.440.001818Column8.34530.13370.00003030.0012860.88260.01745oCx778.30.68180.011360.43350.02950.00018940.30480.0043290.00057877.480520.0010.39370.023560.000264229.9286,4001728Weeks.0.2931WattsColumn14.7AtmospheresPoundsInches.GallonsCubicPSICentimetersFootDaysTonsTemperatureSquareOuncesGrains.FeetPouIGrams.QuartsHorsepower(lbs.nches(lbs.perSq.ln).Gallons(lbs.rsofperlbs.perFeetperInches.(Statute)..of..nds(lbs.of...1.8+32Waterofperof(Fluid)(Weight)lbs.(U.SJMinute.3CentimetersHourInches.perMercury2.WaterMercuryofHour{MPH)1perHourWater.InchesFeetWater(U.S.Second.Minuteliquid32perMercury.Sq.(Micron)per.(Bars)*..Sq.(MPH)liquid)Sq.(oC)(oF).(Bars)*..SecondMinuteIn).in)In)("Hg)("Hg)...In.)InJ- 32. Please read instructions above FeetCubicofInches.Water CubicGallonsFeetCentimetersAtmospheresHorsepowerDegreesDaysBTUFoot perofperlbs.FeetCentimeters. Water(U.S.of(U.S.liquid)(Angle)Second.Minute.HourperWater.liquid)~..Second CentigradeCubicFoot lbs.Inches.per MinutePlease read instructions.*1AtmospheresBar aboveequals approximately~ 1 atmosphere. See Pages 17 and 236.

TABLE 6-G. PSI GAUGE PRESSURE CONVERTED TO METRIC PRESSURE UNITS

This table is calculated on the basis of 1 bar = 14.5 PSI, or, 1 PSI = .069 bar PSI • 10 50 100 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 5000 Bars ••.....0.69 3.45 6.90 17.2 34.5 51.7 69.0 103.4 137.9 172.4 206.9 344.8

TABLE 6-H. GPM OIL FLOW CONVERTED TO METRIC UNITS

This table is calculated on the basis of 1 U.S. GPM = 3.79 liters per min. (liquid) or, 1 liter per min. = 0.2638 GPM. GPM .5 8 12 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 75 100 Liters/min~18.95 30.32 45.48 56.85 75.80 94.75 113.7 132.7 151.6 189.5 284.3 379.0

TABLE 6-1. SCFM AIR FLOW CONVERTED TO METRIC UNITS

This table is calculated on the basis of 1 SCFM = 0.4716 cubic decimeters per second, or 1 dm3/sec. = 2.12 SCFM. SCFM ~5 10 15 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300 350 Dm3/sec~2.358 4.716 7.074 11.79 23.58 35.37 47.16 70.74 94.32 117.9 141.5 165.1