Exploring Allotropes of Carbon

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NNCI—Nanoscale Science and Engineering Exploring Allotropes of Carbon Explore! 1. Look at the models of diamond and graphite (both are made of carbon atoms) How do they differ? A. Does shape explain how each functions? 2. Now look at the buckyball and the carbon nanotube. How do they differ? 3. Can you roll the graphene models to form the three forms of CNTs? A. armchair, zigzag, and chiral What is an allotrope of carbon? An allotrope is a different physical form of the same material—in this case carbon. All of the models you observed are pure forms of carbons but notice how different their forms are. Carbon can have several different physical forms with the most common ones being diamond and graphite. Scientists have determined that there are other forms of pure carbon in particular buckyballs or fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNT). A buckyball consists of 60 carbon atoms and has a diameter of ~1.1nm while a CNT can be several nm wide and up to several mm long. These nanoscale materials have unique properties — CNTs have extraordinary mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and chemical properties. A single CNT is 200X stronger, 5X more elastic, and 5X more conductive than steel. Visit www.nnci.net NNCI—Nanoscale Science and Engineering Exploring Allotropes of Carbon Possible applications of buckyballs include: 1. Used as a storage device for hydrogen in fuel cells. 2. Treat HIV by attaching them on to the HIV molecule section that binds to proteins thereby inhibiting the virus. 3. Their antioxidant properties may be able to fight motor deterioration caused by multiple sclerosis. 4. May be used to trap and deliver cancer drugs. Possible applications of CNTs 1. Lighter but stronger including materials for airplane wings, co-axial cables, fiber composites in engines. 2. Clean up oils spills. CNTs with boron act like sponges that are able to absorb many times their weight in oil. 3. Create transistors that will be even smaller than current transistors. 4. Create artificial muscles composed of a CNT yarn filled with wax. The artificial one can lift 200X more than natural muscles. 5. Develop sensors of CNTs and gold nanoparticles to detect oral cancer. 6. Attach to cancer tumors and by absorb- ing infrared light—burn the tumor. Information found at understandingnano.com Visit www.nnci.net .

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The Era of Carbon Allotropes Andreas Hirsch
commentary The era of carbon allotropes Andreas Hirsch Twenty-five years on from the discovery of 60C , the outstanding properties and potential applications of the synthetic carbon allotropes — fullerenes, nanotubes and graphene — overwhelmingly illustrate their unique scientific and technological importance. arbon is the element in the periodic consist of extended networks of sp3- and 1985, with the advent of fullerenes (Fig. 1), table that provides the basis for life sp2 -hybridized carbon atoms, respectively. which were observed for the first time by Con Earth. It is also important for Both forms show unique physical properties Kroto et al.3. This serendipitous discovery many technological applications, ranging such as hardness, thermal conductivity, marked the beginning of an era of synthetic from drugs to synthetic materials. This lubrication behaviour or electrical carbon allotropes. Now, as we celebrate role is a consequence of carbon’s ability conductivity. Conceptually, many other buckminsterfullerene’s 25th birthday, it is to bind to itself and to nearly all elements ways to construct carbon allotropes are also the time to reflect on a growing family in almost limitless variety. The resulting possible by altering the periodic binding of synthetic carbon allotropes, which structural diversity of organic compounds motif in networks consisting of sp3-, sp2- includes the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and molecules is accompanied by a broad and sp-hybridized carbon atoms1,2. As a in 19914 and the rediscovery of graphene range of
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