The Era of Carbon Allotropes Andreas Hirsch
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Graphite Materials for the U.S
ANRIC your success is our goal SUBSECTION HH, Subpart A Timothy Burchell CNSC Contract No: 87055-17-0380 R688.1 Technical Seminar on Application of ASME Section III to New Materials for High Temperature Reactors Delivered March 27-28, 2018, Ottawa, Canada TIM BURCHELL BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Dr. Tim Burchell is Distinguished R&D staff member and Team Lead for Nuclear Graphite in the Nuclear Material Science and Technology Group within the Materials Science and Technology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). He is engaged in the development and characterization of carbon and graphite materials for the U.S. Department of Energy. He was the Carbon Materials Technology (CMT) Group Leader and was manager of the Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Graphite Program responsible for the research project to acquire reactor graphite property design data. Currently, Dr. Burchell is the leader of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant graphite development tasks at ORNL. His current research interests include: fracture behavior and modeling of nuclear-grade graphite; the effects of neutron damage on the structure and properties of fission and fusion reactor relevant carbon materials, including isotropic and near isotropic graphite and carbon-carbon composites; radiation creep of graphites, the thermal physical properties of carbon materials. As a Research Officer at Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories in the U.K. he monitored the condition of graphite moderators in gas-cooled power reactors. He is a Battelle Distinguished Inventor; received the Hsun Lee Lecture Award from the Chinese Academy of Science’s Institute of Metals Research in 2006 and the ASTM D02 Committee Eagle your success is our goal Award in 2015. -
Chemistry with Graphene and Graphene Oxide - Challenges for Synthetic Chemists Siegfried Eigler* and Andreas Hirsch*
Chemistry with Graphene and Graphene Oxide - Challenges for Synthetic Chemists Siegfried Eigler* and Andreas Hirsch* Dr. Siegfried Eigler*, Prof. Dr. Andreas Hirsch* Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP) Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth (Germany) Fax: (+49) 911-6507865015 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] The chemical production of graphene as well as its controlled wet- chemical modification is a challenge for synthetic chemists and the characterization of reaction products requires sophisticated analytic methods. In this review we first describe the structure of graphene and graphene oxide. We then outline the most important synthetic methods which are used for the production of these carbon based nanomaterials. We summarize the state-of-the-art for their chemical functionalization by non-covalent and covalent approaches. We put special emphasis on the differentiation of the terms graphite, graphene, graphite oxide and graphene oxide. An improved fundamental knowledge about the structure and the chemical properties of graphene and graphene oxide is an important prerequisite for the development of practical applications. 1. Introduction: Graphene and Graphene Oxide – Opportunities and Challenges for Synthetic Chemists Research into graphene and graphene oxide (GO) represents an emerging field of interdisciplinary science spanning a variety of disciplines including chemistry, physics, materials science, device fabrication and -
Carbon Allotropes
LABORATORIES Lab- Carbon Allotropes Background: Carbon occurs in several different forms known as allotropes. These allotropes are characterized by differences in bonding patterns which result in substances with distinctly different properties. The three allotropes that will be studied in this lab are: graphite, diamond and fullerene. Diamonds are a colorless, crystalline solid where each carbon atom is bonded to four others in a network pattern. This bonding structure makes diamond the hardest material known. Graphite is a soft , black crystalline solid of carbon where the carbon atoms are bonded together in layers. Within each layer, each carbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms. Because the adjacent layers are held together by weak London dispersion forces graphite is very soft. The most recently discovered allotrope of carbon is the fullerene. Fullerenes are a cage like spherical structure of bonded carbon atoms. The fullerene bonding pattern resembles a soccer ball. Fullerene particles are also referred to as nanoparticles and are being explored for a variety of applications. Objective: Students will be able to: 1. Describe how elements can exist as 2 or more different structures. 2. Distinguish between different allotropes based on structural analysis and properties. 3. Analyze how the bonding structure could influence the properties. 4. Distinguish between crystalline and amorphous structures. 5. Compare and contrast the 3 different carbon allotropes. Materials: Molecular model kits digital camera Procedure: 1. Students at each lab table will work as a group using 3 model sets. 2. Build two sheets of graphite using 15 carbon atoms for each sheet 3. Take a digital picture of the model created and include it in your report 4. -
Coal Characteristics
CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research COAL CHARACTERISTICS CCTR Basic Facts File # 8 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022 http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/ Email: [email protected] October 2008 1 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL FORMATION As geological processes apply pressure to peat over time, it is transformed successively into different types of coal Source: Kentucky Geological Survey http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz= 20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX 2 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL ANALYSIS Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as: C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite Coal is divided into 4 ranks: (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Sub-bituminous (4) Lignite Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or sub-bituminous, but less than that of anthracite. Bituminous coal -
On Photodynamic Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease Using
Journal of Scientific Research & Reports 2(1): 206-227, 2013; Article no. JSRR.2013.015 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org On Photodynamic Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease Using Intrathecal Nanorobot Drug Delivery of Curcuma Longa for Enhanced Bioavailability Kal Renganathan Sharma 1* 1Lone Star College University Park20515 State Hwy 249 Houston, TX77070, USA. Author’s Contribution The only author performed the whole research work. Author KRS wrote the first draft of the paper. Author KRS read and approved the final manuscript. Received 28 th December 2012 th Research Article Accepted 19 February 2013 Published 22nd March 2013 ABSTRACT Robotics was first instructed as a collegiate course about 20 years ago at Stanford University, Stanford, CA. From the first IRB6 the electrically powered robot in 1974 over a 30 year period the industry has grown. A leading supplier of robots has put out over 100,000 robots by year 2001. Robot capable of handling 500 kg load was introduced in 2001, IRB 7000. A number of advances have been made in nanostructuring. About 40 different nanostructuring methods were reviewed recently [2]. Nanorobots can be developed that effect cures of disorders that are difficult to treat. Principles from photodynamic therapy, fullerene chemistry, nanostructuring, x-rays, computers, pharmacokinetics and robotics are applied in developing a strategy for nanorobot, treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The curcuma longa that has shown curative effects in rats’ brain with Alzheimers is complexed with fullerenes. The drug is inactive when caged. It is infused intrathecallyinto the cerebrospinal system. Irradiation of the hypothalamous and other areas of the brain where Alzheimer’s disease is prevalent lead to breakage of fullerenes and availability of the drug with the diseased cells. -
Graphene Molecule Compared with Fullerene C60 As Circumstellar
arXiv.org 1904.xxxxx (arXiv: 1904.xxxxx by Norio Ota) page 1 of 9 Graphene Molecule Compared With Fullerene C60 As Circumstellar Carbon Dust Of Planetary Nebula Norio Ota Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tenoudai Tsukuba-city 305-8571, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] It had been understood that astronomically observed infrared spectrum of carbon rich planetary nebula as like Tc 1 and Lin 49 comes from fullerene (C60). Also, it is well known that graphene is a raw material for synthesizing fullerene. This study seeks some capability of graphene based on the quantum-chemical DFT calculation. It was demonstrated that graphene plays major role rather than fullerene. We applied two astrophysical conditions, which are void creation by high speed proton and photo-ionization by the central star. Model molecule was ionized void-graphene (C23) having one carbon pentagon combined with hexagons. By molecular vibrational analysis, we could reproduce six major bands from 6 to 9 micrometer, large peak at 12.8, and largest peak at 19.0. Also, many minor bands could be reproduced from 6 to 38 micrometer. Also, deeply void induced molecules (C22) and (C21) could support observed bands. Key words: graphene, fullerene, C60, infrared spectrum, planetary nebula, DFT 1. Introduction Soccer ball like carbon molecule fullerene-C60 was discovered in 1985 and synthesized in 1988 by H. Kroto and their colleagues1-2). In these famous papers, they also pointed out another important message “Fullerene may be widely distributed in the Universe”. After such prediction, many efforts were done for seeking C60 in interstellar space3-4). -
Quantum Dot and Electron Acceptor Nano-Heterojunction For
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Quantum dot and electron acceptor nano‑heterojunction for photo‑induced capacitive charge‑transfer Onuralp Karatum1, Guncem Ozgun Eren2, Rustamzhon Melikov1, Asim Onal3, Cleva W. Ow‑Yang4,5, Mehmet Sahin6 & Sedat Nizamoglu1,2,3* Capacitive charge transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface is a biocompatible mechanism for the stimulation of neurons. Although quantum dots showed their potential for photostimulation device architectures, dominant photoelectrochemical charge transfer combined with heavy‑metal content in such architectures hinders their safe use. In this study, we demonstrate heavy‑metal‑free quantum dot‑based nano‑heterojunction devices that generate capacitive photoresponse. For that, we formed a novel form of nano‑heterojunctions using type‑II InP/ZnO/ZnS core/shell/shell quantum dot as the donor and a fullerene derivative of PCBM as the electron acceptor. The reduced electron–hole wavefunction overlap of 0.52 due to type‑II band alignment of the quantum dot and the passivation of the trap states indicated by the high photoluminescence quantum yield of 70% led to the domination of photoinduced capacitive charge transfer at an optimum donor–acceptor ratio. This study paves the way toward safe and efcient nanoengineered quantum dot‑based next‑generation photostimulation devices. Neural interfaces that can supply electrical current to the cells and tissues play a central role in the understanding of the nervous system. Proper design and engineering of such biointerfaces enables the extracellular modulation of the neural activity, which leads to possible treatments of neurological diseases like retinal degeneration, hearing loss, diabetes, Parkinson and Alzheimer1–3. Light-activated interfaces provide a wireless and non-genetic way to modulate neurons with high spatiotemporal resolution, which make them a promising alternative to wired and surgically more invasive electrical stimulation electrodes4,5. -
Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Fullerene-C60 Nano-Structured Platforms
Biosensors 2015, 5, 712-735; doi:10.3390/bios5040712 OPEN ACCESS biosensors ISSN 2079-6374 www.mdpi.com/journal/biosensors/ Review Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Fullerene-C60 Nano-Structured Platforms Sanaz Pilehvar * and Karolien De Wael AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-3265-3338. Academic Editors: Prabir Patra and Ashish Aphale Received: 9 September 2015 / Accepted: 14 October 2015 / Published: 23 November 2015 Abstract: Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important in the field of (bio)sensors. The performance and sensitivity of biosensors is greatly improved with the integration of nanomaterials into their construction. Since its first discovery, fullerene-C60 has been the object of extensive research. Its unique and favorable characteristics of easy chemical modification, conductivity, and electrochemical properties has led to its tremendous use in (bio)sensor applications. This paper provides a concise review of advances in fullerene-C60 research and its use as a nanomaterial for the development of biosensors. We examine the research work reported in the literature on the synthesis, functionalization, approaches to nanostructuring electrodes with fullerene, and outline some of the exciting applications in the field of (bio)sensing. Keywords: nanotechnology; nanostructures; nano-bio hybrids; fullerene-biomolecule; biosensors 1. Introduction Bio-nanotechnology is a new emerging field of nanotechnology and combines knowledge from engineering, physics, and molecular engineering with biology, chemistry, and biotechnology aimed at the development of novel devices, such as biosensors, nanomedicines, and bio-photonics [1]. -
Carbon Nanostructures – from Molecules to Functionalised Materials
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1537 Carbon Nanostructures – from Molecules to Functionalised Materials Fullerene-Ferrocene Oligomers, Graphene Modification and Deposition MICHAEL NORDLUND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-513-0019-1 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327189 2017 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in A1:107a, BMC, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, Friday, 22 September 2017 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen (Copenhagen University, Department of chemistry). Abstract Nordlund, M. 2017. Carbon Nanostructures – from Molecules to Functionalised Materials. Fullerene-Ferrocene Oligomers, Graphene Modification and Deposition. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1537. 64 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0019-1. The work described in this thesis concerns development, synthesis and characterisation of new molecular compounds and materials based on the carbon allotropes fullerene (C60) and graphene. A stepwise strategy to a symmetric ferrocene-linked dumbbell of fulleropyrrolidines was developed. The versatility of this approach was demonstrated in the synthesis of a non- symmetric fulleropyrrolidine-ferrocene-tryptophan triad. A new tethered bis-aldehyde, capable of regiospecific bis-pyrrolidination of a C60-fullerene in predominantly trans fashion, was designed, synthesised and reacted with glycine and C60 to yield the desired N-unfunctionalised bis(pyrrolidine)fullerene. A catenane dimer composed of two bis(pyrrolidine)fullerenes was obtained as a minor co-product. From the synthesis of the N-methyl analogue, the catenane dimer could be separated from the monomeric main product and fully characterised by NMR spectroscopy. -
Properties and Characteristics of Graphite
SPECIALTY MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAPHITE For the semiconductor industry May 2013 INTRODUCTION Introduction Table of Contents As Entegris has continued to grow its market share of Introduction .............................................................1 manufactured graphite material and to expand their usage into increasingly complex areas, the need to Structure ..................................................................2 be more technically versed in both Entegris’ POCO® graphite and other manufactured graphite properties Apparent Density .....................................................6 and how they are tested has also grown. It is with this Porosity ....................................................................8 thought in mind that this primer on properties and characteristics of graphite was developed. Hardness ................................................................11 POCO, now owned by Entegris, has been a supplier Compressive Strength .............................................12 to the semiconductor industry for more than 35 years. Products include APCVD wafer carriers, E-Beam cruci- Flexural Strength ...................................................14 bles, heaters (small and large), ion implanter parts, Tensile Strength .....................................................16 LTO injector tubes, MOCVD susceptors, PECVD wafer trays and disk boats, plasma etch electrodes, quartz Modulus of Elasticity .............................................18 replacement parts, sealing -
Graphene: a Peculiar Allotrope of Carbon
Graphene: A Peculiar Allotrope Of Carbon Laxmi Nath Bhattarai Department of Physics, Butwal Multiple Campus Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Graphene is a two dimensional one atom thick allotrope of Carbon. Electrons in grapheme behave as massless relativistic particles. It is a 2 dimensional nanomaterial with many peculiar properties. In grapheme both integral and fractional quantum Hall effects are observed. Many practical application are seen from use of Graphene material. Keywords: Graphene, allotrope, Quantum Hall effect, nanomaterial. Introduction Graphene is a two dimensional allotropic form of Honey comb structure of Graphene carbon. This was discovered in 2004. Diamond and Graphene is considered as the mother of all graphitic Graphite are three dimensional allotropes of carbon materials because it is the building block of carbon which are known from ancient time. One dimensional materials of all other dimensions (Srinivasan, 2007). carbon nanotubes were discovered in 1991 and Griphite is obtained by the stacking of Graphene zero dimensional Fullerenes were discovered in layers, Diamond can be obtained from Graphene under 1985. Graphene was experimentally extracted from extreme pressure and temperatures. One-dimensional 3-dimensional Graphite by Physisists Andre Geim and carbon nanotubes can be obtained by rolling and Konstantin Novoselov of Manchester University UK Zero–dimensional Fullerenes is obtained by wrapping in 2004. For their remarkable work they were awarded Graphene layers. the Nobel Prize of Physics for the year 2010. Properties Structure The young material Graphene is found to have Graphene is a mono layer of Carbon atoms packed following unique properties: into a honeycomb crystal structure. Graphene sheets 2 are one atom thick 2-dimensional layers of sp – bonded a) It is the thinnest material in the universe and the carbon. -
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials/Allotropes: a Glimpse of Their Synthesis, Properties and Some Applications
materials Review Carbon-Based Nanomaterials/Allotropes: A Glimpse of Their Synthesis, Properties and Some Applications Salisu Nasir 1,2,* ID , Mohd Zobir Hussein 1,* ID , Zulkarnain Zainal 3 and Nor Azah Yusof 3 1 Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory (MSCL), Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Dutse, 7156 Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (N.A.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (M.Z.H.); Tel.: +60-1-2343-3858 (M.Z.H.) Received: 19 November 2017; Accepted: 3 January 2018; Published: 13 February 2018 Abstract: Carbon in its single entity and various forms has been used in technology and human life for many centuries. Since prehistoric times, carbon-based materials such as graphite, charcoal and carbon black have been used as writing and drawing materials. In the past two and a half decades or so, conjugated carbon nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, activated carbon and graphite have been used as energy materials due to their exclusive properties. Due to their outstanding chemical, mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, carbon nanostructures have recently found application in many diverse areas; including drug delivery, electronics, composite materials, sensors, field emission devices, energy storage and conversion, etc. Following the global energy outlook, it is forecasted that the world energy demand will double by 2050. This calls for a new and efficient means to double the energy supply in order to meet the challenges that forge ahead.