Physical Constants and Astronomical Measurements
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Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
Historical Painting Techniques, Materials, and Studio Practice
Historical Painting Techniques, Materials, and Studio Practice PUBLICATIONS COORDINATION: Dinah Berland EDITING & PRODUCTION COORDINATION: Corinne Lightweaver EDITORIAL CONSULTATION: Jo Hill COVER DESIGN: Jackie Gallagher-Lange PRODUCTION & PRINTING: Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas SYMPOSIUM ORGANIZERS: Erma Hermens, Art History Institute of the University of Leiden Marja Peek, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam © 1995 by The J. Paul Getty Trust All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-89236-322-3 The Getty Conservation Institute is committed to the preservation of cultural heritage worldwide. The Institute seeks to advance scientiRc knowledge and professional practice and to raise public awareness of conservation. Through research, training, documentation, exchange of information, and ReId projects, the Institute addresses issues related to the conservation of museum objects and archival collections, archaeological monuments and sites, and historic bUildings and cities. The Institute is an operating program of the J. Paul Getty Trust. COVER ILLUSTRATION Gherardo Cibo, "Colchico," folio 17r of Herbarium, ca. 1570. Courtesy of the British Library. FRONTISPIECE Detail from Jan Baptiste Collaert, Color Olivi, 1566-1628. After Johannes Stradanus. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum-Stichting, Amsterdam. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Historical painting techniques, materials, and studio practice : preprints of a symposium [held at] University of Leiden, the Netherlands, 26-29 June 1995/ edited by Arie Wallert, Erma Hermens, and Marja Peek. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-89236-322-3 (pbk.) 1. Painting-Techniques-Congresses. 2. Artists' materials- -Congresses. 3. Polychromy-Congresses. I. Wallert, Arie, 1950- II. Hermens, Erma, 1958- . III. Peek, Marja, 1961- ND1500.H57 1995 751' .09-dc20 95-9805 CIP Second printing 1996 iv Contents vii Foreword viii Preface 1 Leslie A. -
Glossary of Lunar Terminology
Glossary of Lunar Terminology albedo A measure of the reflectivity of the Moon's gabbro A coarse crystalline rock, often found in the visible surface. The Moon's albedo averages 0.07, which lunar highlands, containing plagioclase and pyroxene. means that its surface reflects, on average, 7% of the Anorthositic gabbros contain 65-78% calcium feldspar. light falling on it. gardening The process by which the Moon's surface is anorthosite A coarse-grained rock, largely composed of mixed with deeper layers, mainly as a result of meteor calcium feldspar, common on the Moon. itic bombardment. basalt A type of fine-grained volcanic rock containing ghost crater (ruined crater) The faint outline that remains the minerals pyroxene and plagioclase (calcium of a lunar crater that has been largely erased by some feldspar). Mare basalts are rich in iron and titanium, later action, usually lava flooding. while highland basalts are high in aluminum. glacis A gently sloping bank; an old term for the outer breccia A rock composed of a matrix oflarger, angular slope of a crater's walls. stony fragments and a finer, binding component. graben A sunken area between faults. caldera A type of volcanic crater formed primarily by a highlands The Moon's lighter-colored regions, which sinking of its floor rather than by the ejection of lava. are higher than their surroundings and thus not central peak A mountainous landform at or near the covered by dark lavas. Most highland features are the center of certain lunar craters, possibly formed by an rims or central peaks of impact sites. -
2018 Workshop on Autonomy for Future NASA Science Missions
NOTE: This document was prepared by a team that participated in the 2018 Workshop on Autonomy for Future NASA Science Missions. It is for informational purposes to inform discussions regarding the use of autonomy in notional science missions and does not specify Agency plans or directives. 2018 Workshop on Autonomy for Future NASA Science Missions: Output and Results Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 Summary: Post-Workshop Findings ................................................................................................ 3 The Astrophysics Design Reference Mission Report ...................................................................... 5 The Earth Design Reference Mission Report ................................................................................ 16 The Heliophysics Design Reference Mission Report ..................................................................... 30 The Mars Design Reference Mission Report ................................................................................ 43 The Moon Design Reference Missions Report ............................................................................. 57 The Ocean Worlds Design Reference Mission Report .................................................................. 74 Small Bodies Design Reference Mission Report ........................................................................... 91 Venus Design Reference Mission Report -
THE SHAPE and ELEVATION ANALYSIS of LUNAR CRATER's TRUE MARGIN. Bo Li1, Zongcheng Ling1, Jiang Zhang1, Zhongchen Wu1, Yuheng
46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2015) 1709.pdf THE SHAPE AND ELEVATION ANALYSIS OF LUNAR CRATER'S TRUE MARGIN. Bo Li1, Zongcheng Ling1, Jiang Zhang1, Zhongchen Wu1, Yuheng Ni1, Jian Chen1.1 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment; Insitute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China, ([email protected]). Introduction: Although rare for Earth and other plane- 1(xk-1, yk-1) starting at an arbitrary point P0 (x0, y0). The tary bodies, impact cratering is a common geologic location of the center of the crater C is calculated from process in planetary evolution history. The Moon is its centroid, pockmarked with literally billions of craters, which 푘−1 푥 푘−1 푦 퐶 = 푖=0 푖, 퐶 = 푖=0 푖 range in size from microscopic pits on the surfaces of 푥 푘 푦 푘 rock specimens to huge, circular impact basins with The shape of a depression’s boundary is de- hundreds or even thounds of kilometers in diameter. scribed by the polar function r θ with the origin lo- Recognition and evaluation of the impact processes cated at C. In order to extract depressions’ shapes can provide an essential interpretive tool for under- based on just a few points we calculate its Fourier ex- standing planets and their geologic evolution [1]. The pansion [3]: 푘−1 푠푖푛 (푛∗휃 ) 푘−1 푐표푠 (푛∗휃 ) 푘 regular and irregular shape and morphology of crater 푎 = 푖=0 푖 ; 푏 = 푖=0 푖 ; 푟 = . in different ages retain key information (e.g., impact 푛 푘 푛 푘 0 휋 direction and velocity) of the impact processes during The fourier coefficients ai, and bi pertain to its shape. -
Sources of Shape Variation in Lunar Impact Craters: Fourier Shape Analysis
Sources of shape variation in lunar impact craters: Fourier shape analysis DUANE T. EPPLER Polar Oceanography Programs, Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL Station, Mississippi 39529 ROBERT EHRLICH Department of Geology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 DAG NUMMEDAL Department of Geology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 PETER H. SCHULTZ The Lunar and Planetary Institute, 3303 NASA Road One, Houston, Texas 77058 ABSTRACT outline of Tsiolkovsky crater is tectonically controlled. Shoemaker (1960) and Roddy (1978) show that the quadrate shape of Meteor R-mode factor analysis of Fourier harmonics that describe the Crater in Arizona is related directly to the orientation of regional shape-in-plan-view of 716 large (diameter > 15 km) nearside lunar faults and joints in Colorado Plateau rocks. craters shows that two factors explain 84.3% of shape variance Impact crater shape could be used to indicate structural pat- observed in the sample. Factor 1 accounts for 68.2% of the sample terns in heavily cratered terrane but has not received wide use as a variance and describes moderate-scale roughness defined by har- supplement to conventional sources of geologic structural data. In monics 7 through 10. Shape variation described by these harmonics part, this is due to previous absence of shape descriptors with which is related to surficial lunar processes of degradation that modify shape features that are related to structural variables can be dis- crater shape-in-plan. Dominant among these processes are ejecta criminated from those related to nonstructural variables. Although scour from large impact events and ongoing aging. -
Calendar No. 439
1 Calendar No. 439 115TH CONGRESS " ! REPORT 2d Session SENATE 115–262 THE JOHN S. McCAIN NATIONAL DE- FENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FIS- CAL YEAR 2019 R E P O R T [TO ACCOMPANY S. 2987] ON TO AUTHORIZE APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2019 FOR MILITARY ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND FOR MILITARY CONSTRUCTION, TO PRESCRIBE MILITARY PER- SONNEL STRENGTHS FOR SUCH FISCAL YEAR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES UNITED STATES SENATE JUNE 5, 2018.—Ordered to be printed VerDate Sep 11 2014 02:42 Jun 07, 2018 Jkt 030285 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6012 Sfmt 6012 E:\HR\OC\SR262.XXX SR262 E:\Seals\Congress.#13 JOHN S. McCAIN NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2019 VerDate Sep 11 2014 02:42 Jun 07, 2018 Jkt 030285 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 E:\HR\OC\SR262.XXX SR262 Calendar No. 439 115TH CONGRESS " ! REPORT 2d Session SENATE 115–262 THE JOHN S. McCAIN NATIONAL DE- FENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FIS- CAL YEAR 2019 R E P O R T [TO ACCOMPANY S. 2987] ON TO AUTHORIZE APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2019 FOR MILITARY ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND FOR MILITARY CONSTRUCTION, TO PRESCRIBE MILITARY PER- SONNEL STRENGTHS FOR SUCH FISCAL YEAR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES UNITED STATES SENATE JUNE 5, 2018.—Ordered to be printed U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 30–285 WASHINGTON : 2018 VerDate Sep 11 2014 02:42 Jun 07, 2018 Jkt 030285 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 E:\HR\OC\SR262.XXX SR262 E:\Seals\Congress.#13 COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona, Chairman JAMES M. -
Articles), Haltia and Nowaczyk (2013)
Clim. Past, 9, 2413–2432, 2013 Open Access www.clim-past.net/9/2413/2013/ Climate doi:10.5194/cp-9-2413-2013 © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. of the Past Chronology of Lake El’gygytgyn sediments – a combined magnetostratigraphic, palaeoclimatic and orbital tuning study based on multi-parameter analyses N. R. Nowaczyk1, E. M. Haltia1,*, D. Ulbricht1,**, V. Wennrich2, M. A. Sauerbrey2, P. Rosén3, H. Vogel2,***, A. Francke2, C. Meyer-Jacob2,****, A. A. Andreev2, and A. V. Lozhkin4 1Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2 – Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2University of Cologne, Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Zülpicher Straße 49A, 50674 Köln, Germany 3Umeå University, Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC), 981 07 Abisko, Sweden 4NEISRI, Russian Academy of Science, Magadan, 685000, Russia *now at: University of Turku, Department of Geography and Geology, Section of Geology, 20014 Turku, Finland **now at: Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Centre for Geoinformation Technology CeGIT, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany ***now at: Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstraße 1+3, Bern, Switzerland ****now at: Umeå University, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 981 07 Abisko, Sweden Correspondence to: N. R. Nowaczyk ([email protected]) Received: 15 May 2013 – Published in Clim. Past Discuss.: 7 June 2013 Revised: 18 September 2013 – Accepted: 26 September 2013 – Published: 1 November 2013 Abstract. A 318-metre-long sedimentary profile drilled by represent just the first 0.3 Ma after the impact, equivalent to the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program sedimentation rates in the order of 45 cm ka−1. -
Signal Processing: a Mathematical Approach, Second Edition
Mathematics MONOGRAPHS AND RESEARCH NOTES IN MATHEMATICS MONOGRAPHS AND RESEARCH NOTES IN MATHEMATICS Second Edition Second Signal Processing: A Mathematical Approach is designed to show how many of the mathematical tools the reader knows can be used to understand and employ signal processing techniques in an applied environment. Assuming an advanced undergraduate- or graduate- level understanding of mathematics—including familiarity with Fouri- er series, matrices, probability, and statistics—this Second Edition: Signal Processing , Contains new chapters on convolution and the vector DFT, Processing Signal plane-wave propagation, and the BLUE and Kalman lters A Mathematical Approach , Expands the material on Fourier analysis to three new chapters to provide additional background information Second Edition , Presents real-world examples of applications that demonstrate how mathematics is used in remote sensing Featuring problems for use in the classroom or practice, Signal Processing: A Mathematical Approach, Second Edition covers topics such as Fourier series and transforms in one and several vari- ables; applications to acoustic and electro-magnetic propagation models, transmission and emission tomography, and image recon- struction; sampling and the limited data problem; matrix methods, singular value decomposition, and data compression; optimization techniques in signal and image reconstruction from projections; autocorrelations and power spectra; high-resolution methods; de- tection and optimal ltering; and eigenvector-based methods for array processing and statistical ltering, time-frequency analysis, and wavelets. Charles L. Byrne “A PDF version of this book is available for free in Open Byrne Access at www.taylorfrancis.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.” Signal Processing A Mathematical Approach Second Edition MONOGRAPHS AND RESEARCH NOTES IN MATHEMATICS Series Editors John A. -
Jordan Bassett Banks at Sand Cup Futurity
APRIL 4, 2017 Volume 11: Issue 14 In this issue... • No Bull Barrel Race, pg 16 • Copper Spring Ranch, pg 23 • Jackson Hall Memorial, pg 25 • Eggstraspecial, pg 33 fast horses, fast news • Pro Rodeos, pg 37 Published Weekly Online at www.BarrelRacingReport.com - Since 2007 Jordan Bassett Banks at Sand Cup Futurity By Hope Sickler Dewey, Arizona futurity trainer Jordan Bassett started out the A S H O R A S H I rst OWN A S H D F C 2017 futurity year on a roll and she was only getting started. The F D D S I 114 27-year-old stole the show in Washington this past weekend at the S I 105 coveted Sand Cup Futurity aboard the incredibly talented, royally FI rst PR IZE RO S E bred palomino mare, Mimis On Firewater. DA S H TA FAME S I 98 S I 113 The 5-year-old standout “Honey” is by Dash Ta Fame and out TINY ’S GAY of Fire Water Fanny by Fire Water Flit. A blue-hen producer of SUDDEN FAME S I 106 two standout futurity horses in 2016, Feelinthefirewater & Heavenly S I 98 Firewater; Fire Water Fanny, was also a force to be reckoned with BA R DEA R IE S I 90 on the cloverleaf pattern. In fact, she helped qualify Amanda Clay- MIMIS ON FI R EWA T E R man to the NFR. “Honey” is owned by Butch and Stephanie Webb 2012 PALOMINO MA R E and was purchased from Vickie Adams as a 3-year-old. -
Science Concept 2: the Structure and Composition of the Lunar Interior Provide Fundamental Information on the Evolution of a Differentiated Planetary Body
Science Concept 2: The Structure and Composition of the Lunar Interior Provide Fundamental Information on the Evolution of a Differentiated Planetary Body Science Concept 2: The Structure and Composition of the Lunar Interior Provide Fundamental Information on the Evolution of a Differentiated Planetary Body Science Goals: a. Determine the thickness of the lunar crust (upper and lower) and characterize its lateral variability on regional and global scales. b. Characterize the chemical/physical stratification in the mantle, particularly the nature of the putative 500-km discontinuity and the composition of the lower mantle. c. Determine the size, composition, and state (solid/liquid) of the core of the Moon. d. Characterize the thermal state of the interior and elucidate the workings of the planetary heat engine. INTRODUCTION Each of the Science Goals addressed by Science Concept 2 is linked: data regarding the crust, mantle, and core must be obtained in order to understand the thermal state of the interior and the planetary heat engine. Much about these Science Goals is currently unknown: crustal thickness and lateral variability are constrained by gravity and seismic models which suffer from non-uniqueness and a lack of control points; mantle composition is ambiguously estimated from seismic velocity profiles and assumed lunar bulk compositions; mantle structure is obtained through seismic velocity profiles, but fine-scale structure is not resolved and any structure outside the Apollo network and below 1000 kilometers depth is unknown; the size, composition and state of the core are obtained through models with few constraints, where the size and state are dependent on an unknown composition, making any core characteristic estimates highly variable; and the thermal state of the interior is constrained by heat flow measurements and characteristics of the core, but current heat flow data are not representative of the global heat flux and core models are non-unique. -
The Messenger
THE MESSENGER ( , New Meteorite Finds At Imilac No. 47 - March 1987 H. PEDERSEN, ESO, and F. GARe/A, elo ESO Introduction hand, depend more on the preserving some 7,500 meteorites were recovered Stones falling from the sky have been conditions of the terrain, and the extent by Japanese and American expeditions. collected since prehistoric times. They to which it allows meteorites to be spot They come from a smaller, but yet un were, until recently, the only source of ted. Most meteorites are found by known number of independent falls. The extraterrestrial material available for chance. Active searching is, in general, meteorites appear where glaciers are laboratory studies and they remain, too time consuming to be of interest. pressed up towards a mountain range, even in our space age, a valuable However, the blue-ice fields of Antarctis allowing the ice to evaporate. Some source for investigation of the solar sys have proven to be a happy hunting have been Iying in the ice for as much as tem's early history. ground. During the last two decades 700,000 years. It is estimated that, on the average, each square kilometre of the Earth's surface is hit once every million years by a meteorite heavier than 500 grammes. Most are lost in the oceans, or fall in sparsely populated regions. As a result, museums around the world receive as few as about 6 meteorites annually from witnessed falls. Others are due to acci dental finds. These have most often fallen in prehistoric times. Each of the two groups, 'falls' and 'finds', consists of material from about one thousand catalogued, individual meteorites.