A Look at Major HWTs & LWTs in NATO Countries & Ongoing Programs in

The first true torpedo was invented in 1866 by British engineer Robert WHITEHEAD, based on the ideas of Austrian Navy officer Johann LUPIS. The word 'torpedo' (derived from the word 'torpere,' which means 'to stun' in Latin), was created in 1800 by the American inventor Robert FULTON, who also invented the first steam-powered ship.

anchored in Batumi Port. by numerous surface vessels, operator can achieve at least

by İbrahim SÜNNETÇİ Thus, İntibah went down in a 95% hit probability. history as the first ship sunk (MPA), and Anti- Since their first use during by a self-propelled torpedo. Warfare (ASW) Helicopters The size of the global the Russo-Turkish War of Even the emergence of to defend against enemy torpedo market in 2018 1877-78, torpedoes have Anti-Ship Guided Missiles . In the past, was US$805.3 Million, proven to be one of the most (ASMs) could not eliminate torpedoes were not highly and by 2026 this figure is effective and lethal naval the role and importance of accurate weapons, and expected to reach US$1.114 weapons. During the war, torpedoes. their maneuverability was Billion. On the other hand, (also referred to as the ‘War of limited. Therefore, multiple the global Underwater 93,’ named for the year 1293 Torpedoes can be used torpedoes had to be Unmanned Systems market, in the Islamic calendar) the for both offensive and launched to score a single which was US$2.96 Billion in 381mm diameter Whitehead defensive purposes. Today, hit on the target. However, 2018, is expected to reach Torpedo, launched at a torpedoes are the primary with the advancement of US$7.53 Billion by 2026. distance of about 65m from weapon system of both technology, torpedoes have The size of the Autonomous a torpedo boat under the nuclear and conventional undergone a significant Underwater Vehicles (AUV) command of Russian Vice (diesel/electric) and Air transformation in the last market, which is envisaged Admiral Stepan Osipovich Independent Propulsion two decades. Today, a single to be US$638 million in MAKAROV in January 1878, (AIP) type submarines and wire/fiber optic guided, or 2020, is planned to reach sank the armed cargo some fast attack crafts. fully autonomous torpedo US$1.638 Billion in 2025. ship ‘İntibah,’ which was Torpedoes are also carried launched by a skilled Torpedoes are expected to

28 During White Storm 2016 Exercise, which also included live-fire ship sinking mission, decommissioned Tepe (Ex US Navy Knox) Class Zafer was used for target practice. Lethal effect of DM2A4 HWT that launched by a GUR Class Submarine on Zafer Frigate highlighted in sequences. The DM2A4 HWT hit the Zafer amidships, breaking her keel and sending her below take the lion's share in the torpedoes are Type 65 also has a 6.05m and Light Torpedoes (LWTs) are Underwater Unmanned (650mm), Test-71M and 1,880kg version that can carried by surface ships, Systems market in the next Test 96, and gas turbine be launched from NATO Maritime Patrol Aircraft ten years. propelled DST-90, DST-92, standard tubes. The first (MPA), and ASW/ASUW and DST-96 models. As of drawings of Russia’s new Helicopters to use against Currently, two main types of October 2019, the major long-range and nuclear- enemy submarines. The torpedoes are used by the 533mm Heavyweight propelled torpedo were surface ships use LWT as world’s Navies: heavyweight Torpedoes used in the accidentally disclosed on offensive and/or defensive (HWT) and lightweight Russian submarine fleet the Russian NTV television antisubmarine weapons. In torpedoes (LWTs). consisting of 58 submarines channel on November 10, western navies, the most Heavyweight Torpedoes of different types and 2015. It is claimed that the common diameter/calibre (HWTs) are carried by tonnages are electrically new Status-6 heavyweight for lightweight torpedoes is submarines for use against propelled Test-71 MKE and torpedo, also known as 324mm (12.75 inches). The both enemy surface vessels UET-1E (replacing USET-80), Poseidon (called Canyon US Mk46 NEARTIP (Mod and enemy submarines. UGST (Universal Deepwater in the USA), will be armed 5) and Mk54 LHT (Light Most HWTs have a diameter Homing Torpedo) powered with a 100-megaton nuclear Hybrid Torpedo) are used of 533mm (21 inches), while by a liquid fuel thermal warhead. The Poseidon/ by the United States Navy some Russian torpedoes propulsion system (gas Status-6 torpedo is also and many other Western have a diameter of 650mm turbine engine) that one of the ‘super weapons’ navies, including the Turkish (25.6 inches). Today’s operates a pump-jet, and introduced to the public Navy. The British lightweight major HWTs are US Mk48 its improved version, the on March 1, 2018, by the torpedo Stingray, the Mod 7 ADCAP and Mk48 UGST-M torpedoes. The President of the Russian 3rd generation MU90/ Mod 7AT, British Spearfish 7.2m and 2,200kg UGST Federation Vladimir PUTIN. IMPACT, and Sweden's New Mod 1 (can reach 80 knots [148km/h] and 50km range), German DM2A4 SeeHecht (exported version SeaHake Mod 4), Italian Black Shark Advanced (BSA), French F21 Artemis and Swedish Type 62 Torpedoes. The main Russian heavyweight SeaHake Mod 4

29 A Mk46 Mod 5A Recoverable Exercise Torpedo (REXTORP) being air launched by a Turkish Navy P235 MPA (tail number TCB653) to hunt a submarine it detected during a naval exercise. The parachute that ensures the nose hits the water first is clearly visible

Lightweight Torpedo (NLT, corvettes carrying LWTs are due to the speed of sound with low-frequency passive also known as Torpedsystem operating worldwide. In waves propagating in the sonar listening. Moreover, 47 [TP 47]) are other notable 2008, approximately 385 water. Thus, the probability the (RN)’s Astute lightweight torpedoes on submarines, including 105 of torpedo hitting the target Class nuclear submarines’ the market. Most Russian nuclear and 280 conventional will increase. processing power is claimed ASW torpedoes are 406mm diesel-electric attack to be equivalent to 2,000 (16 inches). Most lightweight submarines, were operating A frigate can detect a laptops or 60,000 home PCs, torpedoes (LWTs) use electric worldwide, this number submerged diesel/electric and the Thales product Sonar motors that are quieter while reached 451 in 2016. Currently, submarine at an average 2076 System can detect the retraining enough reserve it is estimated that around distance of 9.14km via a hull- sounds of other ships 3,000 power to chase the target. 510 submarines operate in mounted sonar at favorable miles away. One of the latest used in different types and tonnages sea conditions and tries to Eurotorp's MU90/Impact around the world. While the engage it with a lightweight Modern torpedoes have LWT is an Atlas Elektronik’s size of the submarine market torpedo at 4.57km (light a much longer range and stepless, variable speed, was US$22.4 Billion in 2019, torpedoes approach their durability, much higher 120kW electric motor. In this figure is expected to target by turning side to speed, more effective this weapon and the BAE reach US$31.3 Billion in 2029. side and following a snake- homing systems, and Systems StingRay, which has like path). During a naval greater lethality than their a 63kW motor, a propulsor Although long-range exercise, one of the ADA Class predecessors from 20 or is used. Some weapons of modern HWTs used in corvettes was able to detect 10 years ago. Torpedoes, slightly earlier design, such submarines have an an AY Class Submarine at a which now have built-in as the Whitehead Alenia average range of 40-50km, distance of 11.4km with its intelligence (guidance Sistemi Subacquei (WASS, a submarine that detects a hull-mounted mid-frequency and control algorithms) a Finmeccanica Company) surface target with its passive YAKAMOS active/passive and re-attack capabilities, A244/S (which uses a DC sonar usually approaches sonar. With its low/medium pose the deadliest threat counter-rotating motor) the target silently and frequency passive sonar, to submarines. Torpedoes, and the Bofors Underwater launches a torpedo from a submarine can detect together with the Anti-Ship Systems (şimdi SAAB) TP a short distance. Because a frigate at favorable sea Cruise Missiles (ASCM), pose 43/TP 45, continue to use whatever the propulsion conditions from a distance the most severe threat to conventional propellers. system (battery, piston of 45.7km and attack it from the large naval warships, American lightweight engine, or gas turbine) of a much further distance especially those operating torpedoes not only use the torpedoes, the propeller (effective range of LWT) in littoral waters. They are propellers but also have creates a specific sound in through its long-range also highly effective weapon propulsion systems based the water, and this sound modern heavyweight against merchant vessels. upon high-energy chemical wave is either way detected torpedoes such as the While the role of torpedoes reactions, a hangover from by the sensors on the target DM2A4 or Mk48 Mod 6AT in the surface versus surface the Cold War. In this context, ship. If the torpedo is fired at (unlike lightweight torpedoes, ship engagement has been Raytheon Technologies close range, there will not be heavyweight torpedoes significantly reduced, they Mk46 and Mk54 LWTs uses enough time for the vessel approach their target on a remain the most effective Otto II fuel and a five-cylinder to use countermeasures straight path). The GÜR Class weapon in anti-submarine motor. and perform avoidance diesel/electric submarines warfare (ASW). They also maneuvers, as the time of the Turkish Navy can remain a potent weapon for As of June 2020, it is between the launch of the detect very weak signals at submarines in attacking large estimated that around torpedo and its detection approximately 50km under enemy surface combatants 520 and about 310 by the ship will be minimal favorable sea conditions and merchant shipping.

30 Torpedo Studies and Turkey The number of countries that can design, develop, and manufacture torpedoes can be counted on the fingers of both hands: The United States (USA), , China, , , , UK, Sweden, , Japan, and Russia. Several countries, AKYA National HWT including Turkey, are trying to enter this ‘elite’ group with Signal Generators, and AKYA HWT was equipped Aside from the AKYA their indigenous projects the Underwater Acoustic with a live active/passive National Heavyweight that they have started to Models (to verify the acoustic sonar for the first Torpedo Program, develop domestic heavy systems and software to time and launched from a development studies are also and lightweight torpedo be developed under the detailed 533mm torpedo carried out on Lightweight systems. program). tube replica installed to an Torpedoes in Turkey. Thanks Turkey took its first step in underwater test platform to its infrastructure and The AKYA Phase-2 Project the heavyweight torpedo at a depth of 40m with experience from the Anti- was signed between the SSB field with the AKYA National ‘swim out’ launch mode. Torpedo Torpedo (TORK) and Roketsan in July 2016 Heavyweight Torpedo During the International Project, which was initiated to industrialize the AKYA Development Program, Store Certification in 2014 with the support National HWT prototype which was signed on May 8, Tests Symposium held of TÜBİTAK TEYDEB 1501, (controlled test torpedo) 2009, with several domestic on November 4, 2019, Aselsan also started to and make it ready for serial companies’ participation TÜBİTAK SAGE introduced develop a prototype production by developing under the coordination of a detailed replica of 533mm Lightweight Torpedo its critical sub-systems in the Presidency of Defense diameter torpedo tube, that can be used against line with the capabilities Industries (SSB) and the which is entirely similar submarines and other of the sector companies. Main Contractor Roketsan. to an authentic 533mm underwater targets. Aselsan The last publicized launch The first launch test of diameter torpedo tube and introduced the first mock-up test with the AKYA HWT, the 533mm AKYA HWT capable of firing both cruise of the National Lightweight qualification process of without the warhead and missiles (ATMACA B1/B2 and Torpedo ORKA, which the which is still ongoing, was active/passive acoustic GEZGİN), and heavyweight company developed with carried out on December sonar sensor was carried torpedoes (AKYA) from its own resources, during 20, 2019. During the trial, the out successfully in the underwater. IDEF ‘17 Fair. Sea of Marmara on July 11, 2013, with the support of the Turkish Naval Research Center Command (TNRCC/ ARMERKOM). Under the AKYA National Heavyweight Torpedo Program, Roketsan will develop the warhead and guidance system, Meteksan Defence will develop the sonar transducer arrays (sonar wet end), and Koç Information and Defence Technologies (KBS) will develop the Wake Sensors, Torpedo Test Range Underwater Detection and AKYA HWT being fired from a detailed 533mm torpedo tube replica at a depth of 40m on December 20, 2019 Positioning System, Acoustic

32 Aselsan TORK is an anti- torpedo torpedo developed to destroy acoustic homing, wire-guided, non-wire guided, and wake homing torpedoes launched against surface ships and submarines. TORK can precisely locate the Aselsan displayed mock-ups of TORK Anti- incoming torpedo threat Torpedo Torpedo (foreground) and ORKA with its sonar seeker. TORK COTS type sub-systems on TORK are being LWT (background) at its stand during IDEF moves towards the threat replaced with domestic ones Exhibition torpedo by measuring the distance from it and localization studies on torpedo diameter of Distribution System. TORK explodes at an appropriate TORK continued and within 32.4cm (324mm). Since was designed to detonate at range using advanced this scope, for example, the the volume of TORK has proximity of incoming hostile interception algorithms. Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery grown, its body length will torpedoes and neutralize According to Aselsan TORK (a special battery with 100 be shortened. Thus, TORK the threats with the pressure has a diameter of <30cm, a amps current draw capacity will be able to be launched effect it creates. Therefore, length of <3m, and weighs is designed), Phased Array from the Mk-32 lightweight TORK does not need to hit <200kg. Sonar, Dry-End & Wet-Ends, torpedo launchers that are the hostile torpedo threat Control Surface Motors, and currently used onboard physically. The first performance tests the electric propeller were the warships. In the first carried out in the maritime localized. The previous COTS phase, TORK is aimed to be The working principle, environment with the (Commercial off-the-shelf) used integrated with HIZIR dimensions, and passive acoustic seeker type Li-Ion Battery of the Torpedo Countermeasure subcomponents of the equipped TORK system TORK was replaced with System (TCMS) to protect TORK System have similar were completed in early a domestic Li-Ion battery surface platforms against characteristics to Light September 2018. Within produced by Aspilsan. The torpedo threats. In the Torpedoes. Some of the the tests’ scope, TORK Li-Ion Battery and Battery future, the submarine- most critical subsystems successfully identified the Management System launched version of TORK of TORK (engine, steering, surface targets with its developed in cooperation will also be developed. guidance, and control sonar seeker and moved with Aselsan-Aspilsan will Currently, the Seeker systems) is designed to be towards the threats with be tested on TORK in the (Aselsan is also developing used in the Lightweight its own guidance. Thus, second phase. An active training Warhead), Battery Torpedo without any the Development Process, seeker will also be developed (Aspilsan), Control Surface modification. The National which constitutes the first in the second phase. In the Motors of the Propulsion Lightweight Torpedo, which phase in the TORK Anti- third phase of the project, and Steering System at is aimed to have similar Torpedo Torpedo Project TORK will be finalized and the tail section, and the capabilities to the Mk46 with Hard Kill capability, produced with the warhead propellers (Aselsan) used and Mk54 Lightweight was completed in the last and war battery. According in the TORK are domestic Torpedoes in the Turkish quarter of 2018. In this to the current calendar, products. TORK is electrically Navy inventory, is developed context, the first guidance a test torpedo prototype propelled. The propellers to be launched from existing tests were carried out with with an active seeker and and the subsystems receive torpedo tubes on the naval TORK, and the Aselsan training warhead will be the power they need to warships, ASW Helicopters product passive seeker in produced and prepared operate from a Li-Ion Battery and Maritime Patrol the torpedo performed in the next three years. in the torpedo. The energy Aircraft (MPA). According successfully. The second In the second phase of generated by the battery to Aselsan Torpedo and phase of the project aims the project, the TORK’s is distributed to the control Torpedo Countermeasure to turn TORK into a Training diameter will be increased surface motors and the main Systems Road Map, dual Torpedo. In the meantime, to the standard lightweight propellers via the Power configuration lightweight

Shots from TORK’s marine tests performed in 2018. The TORK succeeded in marine tests conducted with the first-ever domestically-produced sonar seeker 33 Main logistics support items. REİS Heavyweight Class Submarines will be equipped with both Mk48 and Lightweight Mod 6AT and DM2A4 HWTs. Torpedoes in Turkish Navy A total of 50 DM2A4 and NATO SeeHecht HWTs, including training models, were Countries ordered under an The presence of different agreement signed in June types of torpedoes 1999 for PREVEZE and produced by different GÜR Class Submarines companies/countries in a (Type 209/1400 and Type submarine is considered 209/1400 Mod). Although the delivery date of DM2A4 torpedo tube will be ready in In the meantime, within as a factor that increases SeeHecht Torpedoes, each 2022, TORK Training Version the scope of the New its deterrence. Mk24 Mod of which was about €2,3 in 2023, Medium Class AUV Generation National 2 and DM2A4 Million at the time (the cost & ORKA LWT in 2023-2025, Torpedo Technologies Torpedoes in PREVEZE and of switching from the two- TORK Live (Combat) Version Development Studies, GÜR Class Submarines, battery export configuration in 2025, Miniature Torpedo TÜBİTAK Defense and Mk14, Mk23, Mk37 Mod 2 to the four-battery German in 2027, and the Smart Security Technologies and Mod 3 and SST-4 Mod Navy configuration and Super-Cavity Torpedo will Research Grant Committee 0 Torpedoes in AY Class the modifications to the be available in 2030. (SAVTAG) issued a wide-area Submarines, and DM2A4 torpedo tubes are also call for Torpedo Batteries Heavyweight Torpedoes are included in this figure), Head of Aselsan Naval (T-BAT) in July 2019 under used in addition to classic was stated in the contract Systems Group, Behçet the 1007 Program. The torpedoes in modernized as of June 2003, deliveries KARATAŞ, who made scope of the call aims to AY Class Submarines were started only in 2005 a presentation titled develop torpedo batteries of the Turkish Naval and completed in February ‘ASELSAN Combat System and charge/discharge units Forces Submarine Group 2008. On the other hand, Solutions for Naval Platforms of these batteries by using Command. According to the received and the Vision’ at the 9th long-lasting lithium-ion open sources, the Turkish the first serial production Naval Systems Seminar (Li-Ion) cells. Accordingly, Navy has 48 DM2A4, over model DM2A4 Torpedo held on October 14-15, multiple R&D intensive 85 Mk24 Mod 2 TigerFish, it ordered for use in Type 2019 in Ankara, shared the work packages will be around 50 SST-4 Mod 0, 212A Class Submarines from following information about realized and verified in a and about 50 Mk37 Mod Atlas Elektronik Company these projects: “We are real-life environment. The 2 and Mod 3 HWTs. In on December 3, 2008. A planning to complete the studies aim to develop a 2014, 48 Mk48 Mod 6AT maintenance & assembly Torpedo Tube development form-fit lithium-ion (Li-Ion) Heavyweight Torpedoes line was set up in Başiskele, in 2022. The studies on low- torpedo battery system were ordered for the Gölcük, for DM2A4 frequency active sonar are with national resources REİS Class Type 214TN SeeHecht Heavyweight already continuing with the to replace (same size and Submarines, which will be Torpedoes. SSB R&D Department, and weight) the Silver Oxide- commissioned from 2022, we plan to complete it in under a FMS approach that Zinc (AgO-Zn) batteries The Turkish Navy performed 2023. We are planning to expected to reach about used in training torpedoes its first live fire with complete the development US$170 Million, including without additional the DM2A4 SeeHecht of TORK's Training Version spare parts, training, and modifications. The project Heavyweight Torpedo by 2023. The Medium Class aims to eliminate foreign Autonomous Vehicle is also dependency, reduce the expected to be completed battery cost per launch, between 2023-2025. We create a domestic and also plan to introduce our national design/production own Lightweight Torpedo, infrastructure for new which we call ORKA, before generation national torpedo 2025. We continue our works battery systems, and to on Submarine Towed-Array eliminate different battery Sonar, combat version of requirements for training ©©Tunca ÖRSES TORK, Miniature Torpedo, and heavyweight torpedoes and later Smart Super- A Mk24 Mod2 TigerFish HWT being by providing a single loaded into the Turkish Navy’s Cavity Torpedoes...” common battery type. PREVEZE Class Submarine

34 (Sea Star) 2017 Exercise, live On the other hand, a firings of RGM-84L Harpoon total of eight HWT firings, Block II Anti-Ship Guided including a DM2A4, were Missile (ASMs) that can be performed in 2018 using launched from warships to the MÜREN Integrated land targets and UGM-84 Underwater Combat Sub-Harpoon Missile, which Management System can be launched from installed in the AY Class submerged submarines to TCG Doğanay (S-351) surface targets, were carried and TCG Dolunay (S-352) out on March 31, 2017. In this Submarines, which were context, for the first time in modernized under the the history of Turkish Naval MÜREN CMS AY Project. Atlas Elektronik’s DM2A4 HWT Forces, 150km range RGM- The Turkish Naval Forces 84L Harpoon Block II missile became the first Navy to against the Tepe (Knox) 3,000 yards (approximately from TCG Heybeliada (F-511) fire DM2A4 Heavyweight Class Zafer Frigate, which 2.7km) before the target Corvette and UGM-84 Sub- Torpedo with the AY was used as the target ship impact and sank after 30 Harpoon missile from the Class (Type 209/1200) during the Beyaz Fırtına minutes due to running out GÜR Class TCG Çanakkale submarine. As Mk48 (White Storm) 2016 Exercise of fuel. The ship was then (S-358) Submarine were Mod 6AT and AKYA held on May 16-28, 2016. The sunk with the Mk23 classic fired against the target Heavyweight Torpedoes DM2A4 Heavy Torpedo Heavyweight Torpedo ship USS Duncan Frigate. are not defined within launched from a GÜR Class launched from the TCG 18 However RGM-84L this project’s scope, submarine scored a direct Mart Submarine. The second Harpoon Block II and UGM- only DM2A4 SeeHecht hit on the target, and the firing with the Mk24 Mod 84 Sub-Harpoon missiles hit Heavyweight Torpedo Zafer Frigate, which was 2 TigerFish Heavyweight were not enough to sink the can be used with MÜREN retired in 2012, sank within Torpedo was planned to be US Duncan Frigate. CMS. Under the ‘MÜREN 15 minutes after its hull split carried out between March CMS PREVEZE Project’, into two parts. 27 and April 7, 2017, during Additionally, on October 17, contract signed in August the Deniz Yıldızı (Sea Star) 2018, Mk37 Heavyweight 2017, MÜREN CMS will be The new generation DM2A4 2017 Exercise in the Marmara Torpedo was launched integrated into a PREVEZE SeeHecht Heavy Torpedo is Sea and the Black Sea, but from the AY Class TCG Class submarine by 2023. faster and has a longer range according to the information Batıray (S-349) Submarine In this project, besides the than the veteran Mk24 Mod we obtained, the launch to the target ship ‘Münfesih DM2A4 SeeHecht Torpedo, 2 TigerFish Torpedoes in could not be executed due Taşkızak’ and on June 11, Mk48 Mod 6AT and AKYA the Turkish Navy service. to a technical problem. The 2018, SST-4 Heavyweight Heavyweight Torpedoes The torpedo can perform second (third planned) live Torpedo was launched can also be launched with target motion analysis with fire with the Mk24 Mod from TCG Yıldıray (S- MÜREN CMS. Within the its own acoustic seeker and 2 TigerFish Heavyweight 350) Submarine to the scope of the MÜREN CMS can transfer data at high Torpedo was carried out target ship ‘Lieutenant PREVEZE Project, which capacity via the fiber-optic within the scope of the Commander Sadettin has been in progress guidance wire. Lieutenant Erdem ÖZTÜRK Gürcan’ logistic support since 2017, the tests are Tactical Exercise 03/17, on The first live firing of with ship, and the target ships expected to start in late October 4, 2017, against the Mk24 Mod 2 TigerFish were sunk. 2020 or early 2021. the USS Duncan Frigate Heavyweight Torpedo, which was previously hit which entered the Turkish by the Sub-Harpoon and Navy inventory in 1993 (90 Harpoon Block II ASMs of them were ordered) and during the Deniz Yıldızı is still used in PREVEZE and (Sea Star) 2017 Exercise on GÜR Class Submarines March 31, 2017 but did not was performed during the sink. After the USS Duncan Deniz Kurdu (Sea Wolf) Frigate was hit with a 2001 Exercise. On June 15, wire guided Mk24 Mod 2001, the TigerFish Torpedo 2 TigerFish Heavyweight launched by Preveza Torpedo, it sank in a short Class TCG 18 Mart (S-355) time since its hull broke Submarine to the target ship into two parts. Within the Tepe (Knox) Class USS Miller ©©US Navy scope of the Deniz Yıldızı Frigate, got out of control A Mk48 HWT being loaded into a US Navy submarine

36 shore via the retractable DM2A4 telescopic antenna and SeeHecht dives back to the planned depth after communication. Heavyweight The torpedo, which was delivered to an unnamed Torpedo customer, can be launched The 532mm diameter from the coastal installations DM2A4 SeeHecht and surface combatants. Heavyweight Torpedo, which The SeaHake mod4 ER, is currently in service with the which was delivered to an German, Turkish, Spanish, unnamed customer, can be Pakistani, and Israeli Navy, deployed from seagoing was also recently selected by platforms and special the Greek Navy. The DM2A4s land-based platforms. selected by in The sea trials took place December 2008 use the in cooperation with the Positive Water Discharge German Armed Forces (enables the submarine to Technical Centre for Ships launch silent torpedoes) and Naval Weapons in the launch method instead of Eckernförde Bay in March the Swim-Out method, compartment (can hold four DM2A4's primary targets are 2012. and the DM2A4 Torpedo batteries) with an internal believed to be naval warships cooling system activated by During the sea trials carried Training was given to the because of the conformal the acid-water mixture, out with Aselsan HIZIR personnel at array sonar, passive acoustic Torpedo Countermeasure Gölcük Submarine Training • 260kg of plastic-bonded homing, and wake homing explosive (PBX) warhead System (TCMS) in the first Center. Live firing tests were sensor preferences. It is (equivalent to 460kg TNT) half of 2018, the DM2A4 carried out from Super stated that the four-battery with proximity (magnetic Torpedo was detected, Dolphin Class Submarine influence) and contact fuses version of the DM2A4 can classified, and successfully on June 18-19, 2018 with and safety and arming reach a range of 50km with devices, deceived/jammed the DM2A4 Heavyweight 40 knots, 38km with 55 approximately 10-12km Torpedoes named Kaved. • 300kW high-frequency knots, and approximately away. DÜLGER Acoustic It was announced that permanent magnet motor 100km with a low speed. It with a low self-noise Target Emulator and the deliveries of Kaved is stated that thanks to its planetary gearbox, MEZGİT Acoustic Jammer, were completed in 2019, advanced guidance and which are members of and it will be used in both • Two asymmetrical inclined control algorithms, DM2A4 the ZOKA Acoustic Decoy Dolphin and Super Dolphin contra-rotating propellers can distinguish the fake made of GRP material with Family developed under Class Submarines. In 1999, targets from the real ones. nine blades in the front and the DAKA Project, are used ordered some 30 seven in the rear, in the HIZIR system. In the DM2A3s for its Dolphin Atlas Elektronik also markets • Electronic compartment tests conducted previously Class submarines, which the SeaHake Mod 4ER with a central processor that (in 2014), ZOKA Acoustic were built by Germany. manages the wake homing (Enhanced Range) Torpedo Decoys managed to In May 2020, the Greek sensor and all torpedo designed for network- functions, deceive the DM2A4 Torpedo Parliament approved the centric warfare, coastal (training version) for a short procurement of 36 DM2A4 attack, and coastal defense. • Guidance section with time. However, thanks to Heavyweight Torpedoes the fiber-optic cable (300 The maximum combat its advanced guidance and the modernization micrometers thick) range of the torpedo is and control algorithms, of 112 old-generation SUT given as 150km. The 8.7m • Tail section, the torpedo was able to Heavyweight Torpedoes in long DM2A4 SeaHake distinguish the fake target the inventory. The DM2A4 Thanks to the fact that its Mod 4ER Torpedo, which from the real one and re- SeeHecht (exported batteries can be activated can be launched from engage the actual target version SeaHake Mod 4) in a short time, the 6.9m, naval warships and attack by analyzing the engine Heavyweight Torpedo 1670kg (four-battery version, submarines, can also use noise emitted by the target consists of eight parts, standard version has 6.22m satellites for communication ship. This success is even length and 1.530kg weight) and navigation (SatNav including: more critical considering DM2A4 Torpedo can be and SatCom) through the fact that the DM2A4 • Conformal Array Sonar and launched from the torpedo its telescopic antenna in wide-angle panoramic Heavyweight Torpedo is tube within 10 seconds addition to its fiber-optic homing seeker up to a still used by the Israeli Navy maximum of 220° (+/- (with four batteries), and it cable. The DM2A4 SeaHake Dolphin and Super Dolphin 100° azimuth and +/- 24° has a completely digitized, Mod 4ER Torpedo, which elevation), Class Submarines and will jamming resistant signal can operate in shallow enter service with the Greek processor. Although the waters, ascends close to the • Fully insulated battery (each Navy (Type 214HN and Type Silver Zinc (Ag-Zn) battery torpedo is designed for dual- water surface (7m) to receive 209/1200 AIP) in the near contains 86 cells and purpose (ASuW/ASW) use, target data or communicate generates over 150V power) with the main vessel or future...

38 Mk48 Mod 6AT (Advanced Technology) Heavyweight Torpedo

The Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil), which ordered 30 torpedoes in 2005 (bought for around US$60 Million) as part of the modernization

of 5 Tupi and Tikuna Class ©©US Navy five submarines (US$35.3 Million agreement Sailors and Military Sealift Command civilian mariners transferring a M48 HWT to the Loss Angeles Class Fast Attack Submarine USS Topeka (SSN-74) was signed with Lockheed Martin for the In fact, Mk48 Mod 6AT HWT performance of ADCAP Torpedo (ACOT) produced modernization of 4 Tupi was created by combining Mod 6 and the operating by Raytheon Technologies. Class submarines), became the tail section of the Mk48 depth and speed of Mod the first international Mod 4M Torpedo, which is 4M. The export version The first delivery of the customer of the Raytheon the export version of the of Mk48 Mod 7 CBASS Mk48 Mod 7AT CBASS Technologies product Mk48 Mod 4 HWT (Initial Heavyweight Torpedo, the Heavyweight Torpedoes, Mk48 Mod 6AT (Advanced Operation Capability (IOC) newest version of Mk48 the production of which Technology) Heavyweight declared by the U.S. Navy in the U.S. Navy service, started in 2016, was carried Torpedo. Turkey was the in FY1982) with a silent is named Mk48 Mod 7AT. out in 2019. Mk48 Mod 7AT second customer of the propulsion system and Mk48 Mod 7 CBASS, the CBASS, initially ordered Mk48 Mod 6AT torpedoes. the COTS (commercial development process of by Australia, Canada, and the Netherlands, has the In May 2014, 48 Mk48 off-the-shelf) hardware, which was completed in Guidance and Control Mod 6AT Torpedoes were sonar, guidance, and November 2005, and the Section (includes CBASS/ ordered (estimated as control electronics Initial Operation Capability Common Broadband US$170 Million) via Foreign of the Mk48 ADCAP was declared in 2007, is Advanced Sonar System) Military Sales (FMS) for 6 (Advanced Capability) an improved version of developed by Lockheed REIS Class (Type 214TN) Air Mod 6 Torpedo. Therefore, the Mk48 ADCAP Mod Martin's Sippican brach. Independent Propulsion Mk48 Mod 6AT has the 6 Advanced Common (AIP) submarines built by Gölcük Naval Shipyard Command under HDW license. Initially, the class was to be called 'CERBE,' and the first vessel was planned to be commissioned in the first half of 2018. However, in the second half of 2014, the design of the submarines was updated, and their total length and weight were increased. The new design was renamed as 'REİS Class,' and they were intended to be delivered to the Turkish Navy in 2020-2025 with a 12-month phase difference. This delivery schedule was later updated to 2021-2026 and finally to 2022-2027.

40 Mk48 Mod 7 CBASS Heavy Navy in 2022 and the 6th Torpedo can work in both and the last submarine TCG deep and shallow waters. Selmanreis in 2027 with the Within the framework of full operational capability. the agreement signed Therefore, the need to with Lockheed Martin update the Mk48 Mod in 2011, the US Navy has 6ATs has emerged in case been modernizing 1,263 of the problems that may Mk48 Torpedoes (20 occur in the maintenance CBASS kits per month) to due to the relative aging Mk48 Mod 7 CBASS the Mk48 Mod 7 CBASS of the torpedoes when level. The Netherlands the last submarine is Navy service. Taiwan also on the nose cone, the signed a US$85 Million commissioned. In this ordered 168 Mk54 upgrade active/passive acoustic contract with the U.S. context, we received and conversion kits through homing seeker can scan Government in March information that the FMS with an estimated cost an area of over 1.6 million 2020 to upgrade 16 Mk48 Turkish Navy would of US$175 Million in June m3 per second. Although Mod 4M Heavyweight modernize the Mk48 Mod 2017 to upgrade Mk46 Mod the torpedo is designed for Torpedoes used by the 6AT Torpedoes to the Mod 5 LWTs in the inventory to dual-purpose (ASuW/ASW) Royal Netherlands Navy 7AT level in mid-2017. To Mk54 level. use, its primary targets are (Koninklijke Marine) in support this information, believed to be submarines Walrus Class Submarines on September 23, 2017, The two-way wire- because of the phased to the Mod 7 AT level. Lockheed Martin signed guided MK 48 Mod 6AT array sonar and active Each Mk48 Mod 7 CBASS a US$53 Million contract Heavyweight Torpedo is acoustic homing sensor Conversion Kit is claimed for the production of the equipped with the MK preference. to cost US$5.31 Million. On 107 Mod 1 high-explosive command and control the other hand, another (HE) Warhead loaded Havelsan was selected for units of the Mk48 Mod user of the Mk48 Mod 7AT with 295kg (650lb) of the integration of Mk48 7 Heavyweight Torpedo paid an estimated US$41 PBXN-105, MK 22 Mod Mod 6AT Torpedoes to the and the Mk48 Mod 7 Million (US$3.41 Million 1 Warhead Electronic ISUS-90/72 CMS in REIS CBASS Conversion Kits per kit) for 12 Mk48 Mod Sensor, and MK 21 Mod 3 Class Submarines, and the for Australia, Netherlands, 7AT Torpedo Conversion Exploder. Equipped with company was deemed Canada, Turkey, and the Kits on September 24, a pumpjet propulsor (six- worthy of a 3-star supplier U.S. Navy. In the press 2014. Meanwhile, the U.S. cylinder piston engine) award by Raytheon in release, Turkey's share in Government gave the fueled by Otto Fuel II 2016 for its success in this the order was stated as green light to Taiwan’s monopropellant, the Mk48 work. The U.S. Navy and 1%, and the works under request for 18 Mk48 Mod 6AT Heavyweight manufacturer Raytheon the contract would be Mod 6AT Heavyweight Torpedo has a length Technologies guaranteed completed by November Torpedoes in mid-May with of 5.86m, a diameter of supportability for the Mk48 2020. Then on August 14, a price of US$180 Million. 53.2cm, and weighs 1.691kg. Mod 6AT Torpedoes until 2018, Lockheed Martin In addition to torpedoes, According to the product 2025. However, due to the signed a new contract the package also includes brochure of the Mk48 Mod delays in the NTSP calendar, worth US$59.1 Million spare parts, support 6AT Torpedo equipped the first submarine, TCG for the production of and test equipment, with an active electronically Pirireis, is presumed to be the Mk48 Mod 7 CBASS technical documents, user steered phased array sonar delivered to the Turkish Conversion Kits through manuals, and engineering, the FMS channel only for technical and logistic the Netherlands, Canada, support services. In case and Turkey. The completion of purchase, Taiwan will date of the deliveries under be the third customer of this new agreement is given the Mk48 Mod 6AT Heavy as March 2021. In light of Torpedo. Taiwan, the third this information, I believe customer of the Mk48 that the 48 Mk48 Mod 6AT Mod 6AT HWT, previously Heavyweight Torpedoes ordered 48 Mk48 Mod ordered by the Turkish 6ATs in June 2017 via FMS Navy are being upgraded channel for an estimated to Mk48 Mod 7 CBASS cost of US$250 Million to level using the Mk48 Mod replace with around 60 7 CBASS Conversion Kits SUT HWTs in the Taiwanese supplied in batches.

41 The AKYA is planned to be tested for the first time in the PREVEZE Class Submarines AKYA National that will be equipped with the MÜREN Combat Heavyweight Torpedo Management System (CMS) and subsequently used as The AKYA HWT is planned the first alternative torpedo to be used as the first in all submarines in the Turkish Technical Specifications of AKYA National Heavyweight Torpedo. alternative to the veteran Naval Forces inventory. The Length: ≤6.6m (Length of 533mm torpedo tubes is 6.6m according heavyweight torpedoes first torpedo launch with the to NATO standards) (Mk14, Mk23, Mk37 Mod 2, MÜREN CMS is expected Diameter: 21 inches/53.3cm. Mk37 Mod 3, SST-4 Mod 0, to be carried out at the end Weight: 1.4 - 1.6 ton. and Mk24 Mod 2 TigerFish) of 2020 or the beginning of Propulsion: Electric. onboard the submarines 2021. in the Turkish Naval Forces Battery: It is thought that Silver Oxide-Zinc (AgO-Zn) type batteries AKYA National Heavyweight are used. inventory. The AKYA HWT is designed to be fired against Torpedo will be equipped with Range: 15km (with 40 knots). both surface targets (ASuW) a warhead designed to break Max. Speed: 40kt (40 nautical miles per hour). and submarines (ASW). It is the keel of a surface ship and Propeller: Two contra-rotating propellers on a single axis. a battery-powered (Otto destroy its structural integrity Guidance: Fire and Forget type, Active/Passive Acoustic Sonar + Fuel II is not preferred), wire/ using the 'blast' effect. Thus, Fiber Optic Cable Guidance + Magnetic Proximity Sensor fiber-optic cable guided instead of hitting the target (Acoustic Sensor can be used in the future) and Wake heavyweight torpedo, ship's hull, AKYA will detonate Homing Sensor. equipped with an active/ a few meters under the target Body: Metal body (prediction), fiber nose. passive acoustic sonar, vessel and will split its hull into Sonar: Conformal Array Sonar located inside the Parabolic nose magnetic proximity sensor two with the pressure effect cone of the torpedo made of fiber material (Parabolic (can be replaced with an it creates. AKYA's parabolic nose structure both reduces the sound of the torpedo and nose structure, wake cavitation). acoustic proximity sensor in the future), and wake sensor homing sensor, and warhead Warhead: AKYA is expected to use a warhead heavier (350-380kg) than configuration reinforce that used in the DM2A4 Torpedo (260kg PBX). (wake-homing capability). Following the industrialization the claims that AKYA was Target: Although the torpedo is designed for dual-purpose (ASuW/ activities, the AKYA HWT primarily designed for surface ASW) use, its primary targets are believed to be naval targets. AKYA is expected to warships because of the conformal array sonar preference. is expected to be ready for the Serial Production use a warhead that will weigh Unit Cost: The unit cost of AKYA is expected to be lower compared to between 350-380kg. DM2A4 and Mk48 Mod 6AT Heavyweight Torpedoes. Phase by the end of 2020.

long and weighs 1,551kg, is speed. The torpedo has an RN replaced Mk24 Mod Mk24 Mod given as 35 knots (65km/h). active and passive sonar 2 TigerFish Heavyweight 2 TigerFish TigerFish has 39km (21nm) and is armed with a warhead Torpedoes with SpearFish range at low speed, and containing 340kg (750lb) HWTs on February 27, 2004, Heavyweight 13km (7nm) range at high Torpex type explosive. The after 37 years of service. Torpedo

©©Tunca ÖRSES The Mk24 Mod 2 TigerFish, which first entered service with the Royal Navy (RN) in 1987, is an electrically propelled, 533mm diameter, wire-guided heavyweight torpedo developed by Marconi Underwater Systems. The RN adopted its increased performance version in 1992. The maximum speed of the Mk24 TigerFish Torpedo, which is 6.46m

42 F21 Artemis Heavyweight Torpedo

The first customers of the F21 Artemis Heavyweight Torpedo (HWT) developed by were France and Brazil. The Brazilian Navy will use the torpedoes in four Scorpene-type diesel- electric attack submarines that were first ordered in 2009 and built by DCNS's Itaguaí Construçoes Navais and Odebrecht Defesa e Tecnología in The Brazilian Navy Oxide-Aluminum (AgO- Subacquei (WASS) within Brazil. The first of the received the first batch Al) primary battery and the scope of G.E.I.E submarines was launched of F21 Artemis Torpedoes the guidance and control EuroTorp Consortium, on December 14, 2018 and in January 2020. France parts. Wire guided F21 where Saft, Nexter, and is planned to be delivered initially ordered 93 F21 Artemis is launched via the Atlas Elektronik GmbH are in 2020. On the other Artemis HWTs. The F21 MIGAL Fire Control System, the Main Subcontractors. hand, France ordered the HWT has a diameter of which acts as an interface It is a long-range, multi- F21 Artemis Heavyweight 533mm, a length of 6m, between the torpedo and role fire-and-forget Torpedoes to use in 4 and a weight of about the submarine's SYCOBS LWT torpedo designed 'Triomphant' Class and 6 1.5 tons. The F21 has an Combat Management to counter all types of 'Suffren' Class (Barracuda) endurance of around 1 System (CMS). nuclear and conventional nuclear-powered attack hour and a combat range submarine threats. The submarines and to of over 50km (27nm) MU90/ torpedo consists of a replace the F17 Mod and can be operated in IMPACT digital acoustic seeker 2 torpedoes used in depths ranging from 33ft capable of simultaneously 'Rubis' Class submarines. (10m) to 1,630ft (500m). Lightweight sending and receiving Although the F21 Artemis F21 Artemis consists of Torpedo multiple beams, a HWTs are expected to an acoustic seeker, a fully propulsion system with be commissioned by insensitive warhead with The MU90 torpedo was an advanced closed-loop the end of 2015, the first 660lb. (300kg) PBX B2211D developed in cooperation electrolyte recirculation batch of 6 torpedoes was high-explosive and an with DCNS (now Naval system powered by silver delivered to the French all-electronic detonator, Group), Thales Underwater oxide aluminum (Ag Navy (Marine Nationale) electric propulsion system Systems (TUS), and O-Al) battery that uses only in November 2019. based on the Silver Whitehead Alenia System sodium dioxide dissolved with electrolyte, and a shaped charge warhead that contains 32kg high- pressure V350 explosive. The warhead has been proven to penetrate all types of double hull submarines. The 323.7mm diameter torpedo has a maximum engagement range of 46,3km (25nm). More than 1,000 MU90 torpedoes have been produced for Australia, , France, Germany, Italy, , , and .

44 BAE Systems Spearfish Mod 0 and Mod 1

The Spearfish from BAE Systems is an advanced heavyweight torpedo designed to operate totally autonomously from all Royal Navy (RN) submarines and is effective against ©©BAE Systems submarine and surface A Spearfish Mod 0 HWT being loaded onto a Royal Navy submarine threats both in deep and shallow waters. It is remain in service until 50,000m, respectively. equipped with an open- 2025. SAAB The Torpedo 62 has a cycle variable speed length of 5.9 meters and 1,000hp turbine thermal Defense The UK’s Ministry of weighs 1,450 kg. It is in engine using Otto Fuel II as Defense (MOD) awarded Torpedo use with the submarine a liquid monopropellant, BAE Systems a £270 fleet of the Royal Swedish and Hydroxyl Ammonium 62 & New Million contract in 2014 Navy. On July 9, 2020 Perchlorate (HAP) as to upgrade the Spearfish Lightweight SAAB announced that it oxidant, both contained Heavyweight Torpedo has received a first order in separate tanks. The Torpedo for the Royal Navy’s from the Swedish Defense maximum speed of Trafalgar, Vanguard, and (NLT) Materiel Administration Spearfish is an astonishing Astute Class Submarines. The dual-purpose, wire- (FMV) for the life extension 80kts with a maximum Following the completion guided Saab Underwater of the TP 62 heavyweight range of 12.5nms at of the design phase, Systems Torpedo 62 (TP torpedo system. The order 60kts. It can also operate existing Mod 0 torpedoes 62, designated Torpedo value is approximately 485 down to 900m. The will be upgraded by BAE 2000 in export markets) MSEK and deliveries will 1.850t Systems at its Broad Oak began development take place during 2020- carries PBX explosive facility in Portsmouth to in 1988. It uses a bi- 2024. The order is part of a warhead of 300kg and the new design, known propellant propulsion life extension program for is directed towards the as Spearfish Mod 1, with system (a combination of the heavyweight torpedo target by high-capacity initial deliveries scheduled 85 per cent HTP and 15 per and mainly comprises guide wire system and to take place in 2020. cent kerosene). Torpedo a review of the system, passive and active sonar. Deliveries are expected 62 uses a propulsor modifications, and The torpedo’s sonar and to be completed in 2024. based upon the one used enhancements. The order homing system enable it The Mod 1 upgrade in the Spearfish and can also includes preparations to operate primarily in a extends the life of the trade off speed against for upcoming stages of passive mode. However, torpedo, improves safety range up to a maximum the life extension program. when required to operate through the introduction of about 50kt and Thanks to this life extension against a very quiet target, of an Insensitive Munitions or in the final stages of warhead and by utilizing attack, the active mode a single fuel system and is used. provides more capable data links between the Spearfish Mod 0 is in weapon system and service with the RN. The the launching vessel. final weapon was handed This results in capability over on 24 November improvements for the 2003. It is believed that RN as well as significant around 400 torpedoes reduction in through-life are held in inventory. The operating costs. Torped 47 (TP 47) LWT being fired from a Visby Class weapon is projected to Corvette

46 (over one-hour endurance) and can be launched in shallow water, while being capable to reach over 300 meters depth.

The NLT/TP 47 has already found an export customer. In January 2018, the Finnish Navy placed an order for the torpedo, as a part of the Squadron 2000 Mid- Life Upgrade Program. The Finnish Navy will operate the system on-board the upgraded Hamina Class vessels as well as the new effort the TP 62 HWT will be The NLT/TP 47 can be COTS-based processing Pohjanmaa Class corvettes able to remain in operation indifferently used for in guidance and control, of the Squadron 2020 with the Swedish Navy until surface and underwater an insensitive munition Program. the mid-2040. platform applications, (IM)-compliant warhead, the difference being in a new two-way data Raytheon Under a contract awarded the launching system. communications protocol Technologies by the Swedish Defense On ship, the torpedo is in the wire-guidance link Materiel Administration ejected from the launcher based on galvanic wire – Mk46 & (FMV) SAAB Defence has by a compressed air system already used on current Mk54 LWTs also developed a new while on submarines it is Swedish torpedoes, generation lightweight released by the launch allowing seamless transition Featuring many improved torpedo under the tubes via a passive swim- from the Torpedo 45 (TP capabilities, the Mk54 is Lightweight Torpedo (NLT) out procedure, or active 45) - to provide platform the next generation of Program. Based on the ejection launch system. sensors information to the the Mk46 lightweight proven Torpedo 45 (TP 45, The NLT/TP 47 is expected torpedo, a rechargeable torpedo (LWT). Designed entered service in 1995) with to be operational by late lithium-iron phosphate to attack high- its outstanding shallow- 2022 initially on surface (LiFePO4) battery performance submarines, water anti-submarine vessels and later soon on technology for exercise the Mk46 LWT is the NATO warfare capability, the the submarine class types. and war-shot uses, and an standard and has been 400mm New Lightweight electronically commutated acquired by more than Torpedo is designed to Featuring a near-neutrally DC propulsion motor 25 countries including operate in the complex buoyant wire-guided coupled with a pump-jet Turkey. The Mk46 has shallow water environment torpedo design, the 2.85 (ducted rotor/stator) system various configurations of the Swedish archipelago meters long and 400 design for silent and energy- to enable use by surface and the Baltic Sea and mm diameter NLT/TP 47 efficient propulsion. The combatants, fixed- will deliver significant torpedo presents a fully approximately 340 kg heavy wing, and rotary-wing performance improvements acoustic homing head with weapon has a 10-40+ knots platforms. Since its to deal with evolving active/passive, full digital speed and 20+ km range entry into service in 1965 threats in international sonar, high-performance scenarios. Under the project, successful firing trials campaign of the NLT was successfully conducted from a Visby Class corvette and a Gotland Class submarine between February and March 2020. The NLT weapon system is also known as Torpedo 47 or Torpedo system 47 (TP 47) by the FMV and the Swedish Armed Forces. A Mk54 LWT being launched from a surface vessel Recording and Exercise Control System Second generation (MRECS2), and associated cables. On July 9, 2020, the U.S. State Department approved the sale of Mk54 LWTs to Germany and Belgium. The German Foreign Military Sale (FMS) contract worth US$130 Million and covers the procurement of 64 Mk54 All Up Round LWTs and 10 Mk54 Conversion Kits to be used with fleet exercise sections as Mk54 ©©Defence Turkey Exercise Torpedoes. The P235 MPA of the Turkish Navy can be armed with two lightweight-torpedoes for the Belgian FMS contract Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) role. A Mk46 Mod 5A REXTORP seen here at P235’s valued US$33.3 Million underwing pylon and includes supply of 29 All Up Round Mk54 Mod various modifications by combining the homing analyze the information, 0 LWTs. The Mk54 Mod 2 - including improved and warhead portions of edit out false targets or is expected to deliver in acoustics, guidance the Mk50 LWT and the countermeasures, and FY26. The Mk54 Mod 2 and control upgrades, propulsion unit of the then pursue identified will have a new propulsion and countermeasure Mk46, improved for better threats. The Mk54 Mod system and warhead. detection capability - have performance in shallow 0 reached IOC in 2004. been introduced into the water, and with the Under an FMS contract Leonardo weapon. In this context addition of commercial that notified to US during the early 1990s, off-the-shelf (COTS) Congress on April 20, 2007 Next a major system upgrade technology to further Turkey has procured a total Generation - Mk46 Mod 5A(S) -was reduce costs. It shares of 100 Mk54 Mod 0 LWTs developed to improve much of the software and with an estimated cost of Black Shark weapon performance in computer hardware of the US$105 Million. Deliveries Advanced shallow water. The Mk46 Mk48 ADCAP HWT, based took place in 2012 and Mod 5A(S) is an active around a custom PowerPC 2013 in two batches each (BSA) & or passive/active, dual- 603e chip. The Mk46 LWTs contains 50 torpedoes. Black Shark speed torpedo, is the ASW are being replaced in the Each Mk54 Mod 0 LWT is weapon for surface ships US torpedo inventory by estimated to cost around HWTs and ASW fixed-wing and the Mk54. The Mk54 is the US$1 Million. Under a Euro87.5 Million rotary-wing aircraft. first all-digital lightweight contract the NSP/BSA torpedo, significantly The Mk54 Mod 1 adds (Nuovo Siluro Pesante/ In September 1996, enhancing options for a new sonar array Black Shark Advanced) the Mk-46 Mod 5A (S) weapon employment. The assembly that provides long-range, multi- Service Life Extension use of COTS technology higher resolution than purpose, Heavyweight Program (SLEP) LWT was and open-systems previous Mk54 Mod 0 Torpedo was developed introduced to the US architecture enables and improved processing by Whitehead Sistemi Navy fleet in September the Mk54 to be cost- capability. The Mk54 Subacquei S.p.A. (WASS), 1996. It has improved effectively upgraded to Mod 1 uses Advanced a subsidiary of Leonardo, counter-countermeasure incorporate the latest Processor Build 5 (APB as an evolution of the performance, enhanced technology to counter 5) software that shares original Black Shark HWT target acquisition, a evolving threats. The Mk54 many components with that entered service bottom-avoidance can be deployed from a the APB 5 variant of the in 2004 and can be preset, and improved surface ship, helicopter, Mk48 HWT. The Mk54 launched in “Push Out” maintainability and or fixed wing aircraft to MOD 1 LWT Conversion and “Swim Out” modes reliability. track, classify and attack Kit includes a 112-element at any operational depth underwater targets. sonar array, transmitter, The new generation of a submarine. The 6.3m It uses sophisticated receiver, Processor Group Mk54 LWT was created long, 533mm diameter processing algorithms to Assembly (PGA), Modular

48 wire-guided torpedo is designed for a life of more ©©Leonardo than 20 years and can be deployed on attack submarines, midget submarines, surface vessels or stations ashore to defend it against any surface or underwater targets. Made in Italy at Leonardo’s Livorno plant the BSA HWT integrates an innovative energy production section that can be optimized, according to the use of Leonardo’s Black Shark Advanced HWT is loaded into the U212A Submarine the system, for training or operational purposes. Torpedoes and associated countries including Italy, two operating frequencies When the BSA is used for logistic support services , , , - 15kHz medium (MF) training activities, a newly to equip the Italian Navy’s Malaysia, Portugal, and passive only and 30kHz developed rechargeable Second Batch U212A Singapore for their U209, active and passive high battery is used that Submarines. The BSA U214, U212 and Scorpene frequency (HF). The HF allows a higher number HWT will significantly submarines. More than mode provides high of launches – up to one increase the ASW and 100 Black Shark HWt have resolution over a short hundred – compared to ASuW capability of the been manufactured and range while the MF mode that of previous versions, Italian Navy. Over the next delivered. The acoustic provides long-range providing significant cost few years, the BSA HWT is head of the Black Shark, acquisition. The seeker can savings. replacing the old A-184 named ASTRA (Advanced operate simultaneously HWTs in the Italian Navy Sonar Transmitting and in both frequencies On January 28, 2014 the inventory. Italian Navy Receiving Architecture), is in passive mode, first test launch of BSA is expected to procure a state of the art active and allowing the torpedo to HWT was conducted around 80 BSA HWTs and passive acoustic head for discriminate between from the Italian Navy’s first deliveries shall take modern torpedoes, which signals from the real SSK Scire' (S 527), a Series place in 2020. The BSA represents the latest effort target and signals from 1 U212A Todaro Class HWT is also to be deployed made by Leonardo. The acoustic countermeasure attack submarine of Italian on board new Italian Navy Advanced ASTRA active decoys. The torpedo is Navy, in the La Spezia Gulf. PPA vessels (Full version), and passive acoustic head fitted with STANAG 4439 The torpedo launched in with two launchers under features improved signal and MURAT-2 insensitive "Push Out" mode (water the flight deck. processing with real-time munition explosive ram expulsion system, multiple digital processing warhead and can track the which ejects the torpedo Designed to operate in and incorporates a new targets in both acoustic by means high water- deep and coastal waters flat, steered, multibeam and wake modes. The pressure), was equipped the Black Shark HWT is phased array which offers Black Shark HWT is in a totally innovative way, already acquired by many increased bandwidth in powered by an electrical thanks to the new Lithium- propulsion system, which Polymer Battery. On June is based on a Silver Oxide 19, 2014 second test and Aluminum (AgO-Al) launch of BSA HWT was battery. Developed by conducted again from SSK Saft, the AgO-Al batteries Scire' (S 527) submarine. are provided with high Following the completion energy density and high of development and sea electrolyte conductivity trials offering maximum safety in June 2018 Leonardo and storage life of up secured a contract to to 12 years. The system supply next generation delivers twice the power Black Shark Advanced and energy of a standard (BSA) Heavyweight A Black Shark Torpedo being loaded onto a Scorpene Zinc/Silver Oxide (Ag-Zn) Class Submarine battery

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