¿LISTAS PARA EL COMBATE? Armas Submarinas En La Guerra De Las Malvinas De 1982

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¿LISTAS PARA EL COMBATE? Armas Submarinas En La Guerra De Las Malvinas De 1982 BCN 839 149 ¿LISTAS PARA EL COMBATE? Armas submarinas en la Guerra de las Malvinas de 1982 Mariano P. Sciaroni Mariano Pablo Sciaroni es abo- gado (UCA / 1999) y Magíster en Estrategia y Geopolítica (ESG-EA / 2007). Es autor de Malvinas – Tras los “Optaré por los (torpedos) Mk. 8 mod 4. Si, por interferencia Submarinos Ingleses, publicado de los escoltas, no puedo obtener una buena posición de por el Instituto de Publicaciones Navales en el año 2010, así ataque, entonces tendré que usar los Mk. 24” como también de numerosos artículos sobre temas navales en (Christopher Wreford-Brown, Comandante del submarino revistas especializadas y páginas nuclear HMS Conqueror, 2 horas antes del ataque al Crucero de Internet. ARA General Belgrano). Es profesor ayudante en las materias Derecho Procesal Civil y Comercial II y Seminario de Práctica Profesional en la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias l torpedo Mk. 8 remonta sus orígenes al año 1925; sus pri- Políticas de la Universidad Ca- meras versiones entraron en servicio en 1927. Se trataba tólica Argentina. En su actividad profesional, se ha especializado de un torpedo de corrida recta, es decir, sin guiado alguno en litigios y derecho de seguros, (más allá del eventual giro inicial), y de alcance limitado. y ha escrito varios artículos sobre E la temática. Sin embargo, el comandante del Conqueror los prefirió frente a sus Mk. 24 Tigerfish, que habían entrado en servicio solo tres años antes de la guerra: precisos, sigilosos, de guiado El autor agradece a Alejandro Amendolara, Fernando Azcueta, inteligente y con capacidad para atacar blancos cuatro veces más lejanos. Jorge Bergallo, Pablo Castro, Andrew Johnson, David Lagar, Finalmente, a las 16.56 de aquel (fatídico) 2 de mayo de 1982, ordenó el lanzamiento de Alberto Poskin, Jonathan Powis y Narendra Sethia. los tubos 6, 1 y 2, todos cargados con los Mk. 8 (en todos los casos, a partir de ahora, cada vez que digamos Mk. 8, nos estamos refiriendo a los Mk. 8 mod 4, única subvariante en uso en la Royal Navy en 1982); los torpedos se abrieron en un abanico que pudiera garantizar, en la teoría, por lo menos un impacto. Cincuenta y siete segundos y medio después (teniendo en cuenta que la velocidad de avan- ce de los torpedos se programó a 45,4 nudos), hizo explosión el primer torpedo en el centro del ARA General Belgrano; instantes después, el segundo torpedo impactó su proa. Boletín del Centro Naval Número 839 El último torpedo, lanzado con 2 grados de diferencia hacia la izquierda respecto del an- JUL / DIC 2014 terior, pasó por delante del crucero y, al finalizar su corrida, empezó a ganar profundidad, 150 ¿LISTAS PARA EL COMBATE? ARMAS SUBMARINAS EN LA GUERRA DE LAS MALVINAS DE 1982 detonó ruidosamente por la presión hidrostática y provocó (por pura casualidad) daños menores en el destructor ARA Bouchard. Otra teoría posible es que hubiera sido afectado por el campo magnético del destructor y que, por ello, hubiera explotado en sus cercanías. El 25 de junio de ese mismo año, se ordenó al submarino HMS Onyx hundir, con un torpe- do Tigerfish, los restos del RFA Sir Galahad, dañado e irreparable desde su ataque por la Fuerza Aérea argentina el 8 de junio, que tenía los cuerpos de muchos soldados británicos todavía en su interior. Si bien no era un ejercicio, en tanto se pretendía dar sepultura a los fallecidos en lo que se había convertido en su tumba de guerra, las condiciones para el hundimiento eran las ideales, amén de que el HMS Onyx había realizado las pruebas de aceptación del torpedo Los torpedos pesados que pocos años antes. aparecían en la década de 1970 prometían, como El buque se encontraba quieto, y la solución de tiro resultaba impecable. Para desazón de toda arma novedosa, Andy Johnson, Comandante del HMS Onyx, ni el primero ni el segundo torpedo logró un una ventaja apreciable impacto por problemas en las baterías. Recién se lo hundió tras un tercer lanzamiento con para sus usuarios. El un torpedo Mk. 8. avance tecnológico, especialmente en los Posiblemente, lo mismo hubiera sucedido si el Comandante del HMS Conqueror hubiera sistemas de sonar, daba a intentado el ataque con los torpedos modernos. pensar que el submarino podría atacar blancos a *** grandísi¬mas distancias. Los torpedos pesados que aparecían en la década de 1970 prometían, como toda arma novedosa, una ventaja apreciable para sus usuarios. El avance tecnológico, especialmente en los sistemas de sonar, daba a pensar que el submarino podría atacar blancos a grandísi- mas distancias, lejos de las cargas de profundidad y de los torpedos livianos de los escoltas. Armas submarinas en las Malvinas en 1982 Cabeza de Corrida máxima Submarino en el Lanzamientos Impactos en el Arma Tipo Guiado Capacidad combate (lb) (yardas) teatro que lo portó en Malvinas blanco Antisuperficie 1 probable 24000 a 35 nudos / ARA San Luis / SST-4 Torpedo Filoguiado / Limitada 573 6 (en señuelo 56000 a 23 nudos ARA Salta Antisubmarina remolcado) ARA San Luis / Mk. 37 Antisuperficie y 10000 a 26 nudos / Torpedo Autoguiado 330 ARA Salta / 1 0 mod 3 Antisubmarina 23000 a 17 nudos ARA Santa Fe 4500 a 46 nudos / Mk. 14 Torpedo Corrida recta Antisuperficie 643 ARA Santa Fe 0 0 9000 a 31,1 nudos HMS Spartan / HMS Splendid / 5000 a 45,4 nudos HMS Conqueror / Mk. 8 mod 4 Torpedo Corrida recta Antisuperficie 805 4 3 / 7000 a 41 nudos HMS Valiant / HMS Courageous / HMS Onyx Mk. 24 14000 a 35 nudos / HMS Spartan / Torpedo Filoguiado Antisubmarina 295 0 0 mod 0 31600 a 24 nudos HMS Splendid HMS Conqueror / Mk. 24 Antisuperficie y 14000 a 35 nudos / HMS Valiant / Torpedo Filoguiado 295 2 0 mod 1 Antisubmarina 31600 a 24 nudos HMS Courageous / HMS Onyx Royal Navy Inercial / Radar Misil Antisuperficie 488,5 75 (millas náuticas) HMS Courageous 0 0 Sub Harpoon Activo BCN 839 151 Estos productos generalmente eran filoguiados, es decir, tenían un cable que los unía al Los submarinos británicos, submarino, para que, desde este, se los comandara en una etapa inicial y, ya cerca del como ya se esbozó, blanco, se desprendieran del cable y tomaran la acción en forma autónoma con su sonar. fueron desplegados al Atlántico Sur con armas o Sin embargo, como todo nuevo desarrollo, debían madurar lo suficiente (tanto los productos vetustas o im¬perfectas. en sí como las fuerzas que los mantenían y utilizaban) para conseguir cierto grado de efec- Y lo paradójico es que las tividad. Ello, por supuesto, sin perjuicio de las incompatibilidades entre las nuevas armas, armas vetustas fue¬ron las computadoras de tiro, los sonares y el resto de los elementos electrónicos. las fiables. Para la época del conflicto por las Malvinas, esa madurez no existía. Y a ello se debe el fra- caso, en las Malvinas, de los Tigerfish británicos y los SST-4 (de la misma época) utilizados por los submarinos argentinos. *** Los submarinos británicos, como ya se esbozó, fueron desplegados al Atlántico Sur con armas o vetustas o im- perfectas. Y lo paradójico es que las armas vetustas fue- ron las fiables. Antes de Malvinas, el HMS Spartan (durante los ejerci- cios Springtrain en el Mediterráneo) cargaba 4 torpedos Mk. 8 y 8 Mk. 24 mod 0 (solo con capacidad antisubmari- na). Habiendo recibido la orden de alistarse para mover- se hacia el sur, recaló en Gibraltar, donde el HMS Oracle le transfirió otros 7 torpedos Mk. 8. El otro submarino clase Swiftsure (o clase “S”) en el tea- tro, el HMS Splendid, que zarpó pocos días después de Faslane, en Escocia, embarcó una carga similar: 9 Tiger- fish mod 0, así como también 12 Mk. 8. El número de torpedos era ciertamente limitado, en tanto se habían recibido instrucciones de no dejar almacena- dos los Mk. 8 en los tubos, lo cual generaba ciertos pro- Oficiales británicos blemas en el detonador de esas armas. Ese problema era conocido respecto de todos los controlan la carga de Mk. 8 y se repitió en todos los submarinos en el teatro. Muy filosóficamente, los comandan- un torpedo Mk. 8 mod tes decidieron hacer caso omiso de la advertencia técnica haciendo que siempre hubiera 4 en el submarino HMS Courageous (IWM) tubos cargados con ese torpedo. La razón por la cual estos dos submarinos (de los más modernos de la Royal Navy) no te- nían capacidad filoguiada antisuperficie no se encuentra debidamente documentada. Sin embargo, no era por la mayor fiabilidad de estos ingenios “mod 0”. En primer lugar, se había advertido que los tubos donde se cargaban los Mk. 24 mod 0 no debían inundarse, por problemas de corrosión en una placa de presión. Para peor, el 18 de abril, se comunicó que a ciertos torpedos ya embarcados no se les había realizado una modificación que les permitía correr a poca profundidad, un dato que absolutamente nadie conocía en los Swiftsure en el teatro y que, finalmente, afectó (sin solución alguna a bordo) a tres de los torpedos del Splendid. No eran mucho mejor esas armas para un enfrentamiento submarino versus submarino. Los niveles de ruido del probable enemigo (submarino Tipo 209 / clase Salta) eran escasos para el sonar pasivo del Tigerfish y, además, una profundidad de menos de 550 metros (existente en gran parte del teatro marítimo) habría confundido, por rebotes en el fondo marino y en la superficie, el modo del sonar activo del arma. 152 ¿LISTAS PARA EL COMBATE? ARMAS SUBMARINAS EN LA GUERRA DE LAS MALVINAS DE 1982 La solución al problema, pensada por el Commander Roger Lane-Nott (del HMS Splendid), fue ingeniosa: “Contra esas aparentemente contradictorias condiciones, decidí que la mejor opor- tunidad para atacar un Tipo 209 sería hacer un ataque combinado Mk.
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