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X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation 2Nd Edition Frontmatter More Information Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06289-4 — X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation With this fully updated second edition, you will gain a detailed understanding of the physics and applications of modern x-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation sources. Taking into account the most recent improvements in capabilities, coverage is expanded to include new chapters on free electron lasers (FELs), laser high harmonic generation (HHG), x-ray and EUV optics, and nanoscale imaging, a completely revised chapter on spatial and temporal coherence, and extensive discussion of the generation and applications of femtosecond and attosecond techniques. You will be guided step by step through the mathematics of each topic, with over 300 figures, 50 reference tables, and 600 equations enabling easy understanding of key concepts. Homework problems, a solutions manual for instructors, and links to YouTube lectures accompany the book online. This is the “go-to” guide for graduate students, researchers, and industry practitioners looking to grasp the fundamentals of x-ray and EUV interaction with matter, or expand their knowledge of this rapidly growing field. David Attwood is Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a co-founder of the Applied Science and Technology PhD program at Berkeley, and a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the Optical Society of America. He has published over 100 scientific papers and co-edited several books. Anne Sakdinawat is a scientist at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, where she leads a scientifically motivated imaging and nanofabrication group co-located at Stan- ford University. She is the recipient of the international Meyer-Ilse Award for advances in x-ray microscopy, and a US Department of Energy Early Career Award. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06289-4 — X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation Principles and Applications DAVID ATTWOOD University of California, Berkeley ANNE SAKDINAWAT SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Illustrations by LINDA GENIESSE © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06289-4 — X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi - 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107062894 C Cambridge University Press 2016 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2016 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Names: Attwood, David T., author. | Sakdinawat, Anne, author. | Geniesse, Linda, illustrator. Title: X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation : principles and applications / David Attwood (University of California, Berkeley), Anne Sakdinawat (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory) ; illustrations by Linda Geniesse. Other titles: Soft x-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation Description: Second edition. | Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2016. | Earlier edition published under title: Soft x-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016035981 | ISBN 9781107062894 (hardback ; alk. paper) | ISBN 1107062896 (hardback ; alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Grenz rays. | Ultraviolet radiation. Classification: LCC QC482.G68 A88 2016 | DDC 539.7/222 – dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016035981 ISBN 978-1-107-06289-4 Hardback Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/xrayeuv Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06289-4 — X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information To Professors Stanley Goldstein and Nathan Marcuvitz, and to Ellie © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06289-4 — X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information Contents Preface to the Second Edition page xiii Acknowledgments for the Second Edition xiv Preface to the First Edition xv Acknowledgments for the First Edition xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum 1 1.2 Basic Absorption and Emission Processes 5 1.3 Atomic Energy Levels and Allowed Transitions 11 1.4 Scattering, Diffraction, and Refraction of Electromagnetic Radiation 20 References 24 Homework Problems 26 2 Radiation and Scattering at EUV and X-Ray Wavelengths 27 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations and the Wave Equation 27 2.2 Calculating Scattered Fields 30 2.3 Radiated Power and Poynting’s Theorem 37 2.4 Scattering Cross-Sections 41 2.5 Scattering by a Free Electron 42 2.6 Scattering by Bound Electrons 45 2.7 Scattering by a Multi-Electron Atom 48 References 58 Homework Problems 59 3 Wave Propagation and Refractive Index at X-Ray and EUV Wavelengths 60 3.1 The Wave Equation and Refractive Index 61 3.2 Phase Variation and Absorption of Propagating Waves 66 3.3 Reflection and Refraction at an Interface 71 3.4 Total External Reflection of X-Rays and EUV Radiation 74 3.5 Reflection Coefficients at an Interface 77 3.6 Brewster’s Angle 86 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06289-4 — X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information viii Contents 3.7 Field Penetration into a Lossy Medium Near the Critical Angle 88 3.8 Determination of δ and β: The Kramers–Kronig Relations 97 3.9 Enhanced Reflectivity from Periodic Structures 101 References 107 Homework Problems 109 4 Coherence at Short Wavelengths 110 4.1 Concepts of Spatial and Temporal Coherence 111 4.2 Spatial and Spectral Filtering 119 4.3 Examples of Experiments that Require Coherence 121 4.4 The van Cittert–Zernike Theorem 126 4.5 Young’s Double Slit Interference Technique 135 4.6 Spatial and Temporal Coherence, and True Phase Coherence 137 4.7 Diffraction of Radiation by a Coherently Illuminated Pinhole Aperture 139 4.8 Similarities between the Diffraction of Partially Coherent and Coherent Radiation by a Circular Aperture 144 References 145 Homework Problems 147 5 Synchrotron Radiation 148 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Characteristics of Bending Magnet Radiation 153 5.3 Characteristics of Undulator Radiation 161 5.4 Undulator Radiation: Calculations of Radiated Power, Brightness, and Harmonics 167 5.5 The Scale of Harmonic Motion 200 5.6 Spatial and Spectral Filtering of Undulator Radiation 205 5.7 The Transition from Undulator to Wiggler Radiation 215 5.8 Wiggler Power and Flux 220 References 223 Homework Problems 226 6 X-Ray and EUV Free Electron Lasers 227 6.1 The Free Electron Laser 228 6.2 Evolution from Undulator Radiation to Free Electron Lasing 231 6.3 The FEL Equations and Characteristic Parameters 237 6.4 First FEL Lasing Experiments at EUV and X-Ray Wavelengths 247 6.5 Spatial and Temporal Coherence of X-Ray FEL Radiation 251 6.6 Seeded and Self-Seeded FELs 256 6.7 Pump-Probe Capabilities 261 6.8 Current FEL Facilities, Parameters, and Capabilities 265 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06289-4 — X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information Contents ix 6.9 Scientific Applications of Coherent, Intense, and Short Duration (fs/as) EUV and X-Ray FEL Radiation 266 References 270 Homework Problems 278 7 Laser High Harmonic Generation 279 7.1 The Basic Process of High Harmonic Generation (HHG) 279 7.2 Electron Tunneling, Trajectories, Return Energies, and the Efficiency of High Harmonic Generation 281 7.3 Spatial and Temporal Coherence of High Harmonic Radiation 293 7.4 IR/EUV Dephasing and the Effective Propagation Path Length for HHG 295 7.5 Attosecond Duration EUV/Soft X-Ray Pulses 300 7.6 Attosecond Probing of Dynamical Processes in Atoms, Molecules, Nanoparticles, and Solids 306 References 310 Homework Problems 314 8 Physics of Hot Dense Plasmas 315 8.1 Introduction 316 8.2 Short and Long Range Interactions in Plasmas 318 8.3 Basic Parameters for Describing a Plasma 321 8.4 Microscopic, Kinetic, and Fluid Descriptions of a Plasma 324 8.5 Numerical Simulations 362 8.6 Density Gradients: UV and EUV Probing of Plasmas 367 8.7 X-Ray
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