Tour of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Extreme Ultraviolet Source Based on Microwave Discharge Produced Plasma Using Cavity Resonator
D2-PMo-1 APPC12 The 12th Asia Pacific Physics Conference Extreme Ultraviolet Source based on microwave discharge produced plasma using cavity resonator S. Tashima, M. Ohnishi, H. Osawa, W. Hugrass a Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan aSchool of Computing and Information Systems, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1359, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia [email protected] Extreme ultra violet (EUV) lithography is a leading technology for the production of the next-generation chips with small features. The 13.5-nm EUV radiation can be obtained using either discharge-produced plasma (DPP) or laser-produced plasma (LPP) sources. Because the EUV radiation is strongly absorbed by all known materials, the entire EUV scanner system must be in a vacuum environment. The debris and the tin vapor generated in some EUV sources may cause contamination of the EUV mirrors and the silicon wafers. The microwave discharge produced plasma (MDPP) source invented at Kansai University does not produce debris because it is electrode-less and the working gas is Xe.. Figure 1 shows the photo of MDPP. The microwave frequency is 2.45 GHz, the maximum power (Prf ) is 6 kW and the cavity mode is TM110. The Xe gas is fed in a glass tube with inner diameter 3 mm. The EUV radiation is measured using a calorie meter and EUV spectroscopy. The preliminary experiments show that the Figure 1 The system of microwave discharge produced plasma system MDPP produces pulsed EUV radiation of 10 W/4π str. -
Extreme-Ultraviolet Frequency Combs for Precision Metrology and Attosecond Science
REVIEW ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-020-00741-3 Extreme-ultraviolet frequency combs for precision metrology and attosecond science Ioachim Pupeza 1,2 ✉ , Chuankun Zhang3,4, Maximilian Högner 1 and Jun Ye 3,4 ✉ Femtosecond mode-locked lasers producing visible/infrared frequency combs have steadily advanced our understanding of fundamental processes in nature. For example, optical clocks employ frequency-comb techniques for the most precise measure- ments of time, permitting the search for minuscule drifts of natural constants. Furthermore, the generation of extreme-ultraviolet attosecond bursts synchronized to the electric field of visible/infrared femtosecond pulses affords real-time measurements of electron dynamics in matter. Cavity-enhanced high-order harmonic generation sources uniquely combine broadband vacuum- and extreme-ultraviolet spectral coverage with multimegahertz pulse repetition rates and coherence properties akin to those of frequency combs. Here we review the coming of age of this technology and its recent applications and prospects, including precision frequency-comb spectroscopy of electronic and potentially nuclear transitions, and low-space-charge attosecond-temporal-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy with nearly 100% temporal detection duty cycle. he control over broadband visible/near-infrared (VIS/NIR) ωN = ω0 +Nωr. Here ωr = 2π/Tr and ω0 are two frequencies in the electromagnetic waves, such as uniquely enabled by laser radiofrequency domain, corresponding to the inverse round-trip Tarchitectures employing mode-locked oscillators, lies at the time Tr of the optical pulse inside the mode-locked oscillator and heart of most advanced optical metrologies. The temporal inter- to an overall comb-offset frequency, respectively, and N is an play between gain, loss, dispersion and nonlinear propagation in integer. -
Lessons Learned from the Juno Project
Lessons Learned from the Juno Project Presented by: William McAlpine Insoo Jun EJSM Instrument Workshop January 18‐20, 2010 © 2010 All rights reserved. Pre‐decisional, For Planning and Discussion Purposes Only Y‐1 Topics Covered • Radiation environment • Radiation control program • Radiation control program lessons learned Pre‐decisional, For Planning and Discussion Purposes Only Y‐2 Juno Radiation Environments Pre‐decisional, For Planning and Discussion Purposes Only Y‐3 Radiation Environment Comparison • Juno TID environment is about a factor of 5 less than JEO • Juno peak flux rate is about a factor of 3 above JEO Pre‐decisional, For Planning and Discussion Purposes Only Y‐4 Approach for Mitigating Radiation (1) • Assign a radiation control manager to act as a focal point for radiation related activities and issues across the Project early in the lifecycle – Requirements, EEE parts, materials, environments, and verification • Establish a radiation advisory board to address challenging radiation control issues • Hold external reviews for challenging radiation control issues • Establish a radiation control process that defines environments, defines requirements, and radiation requirements verification documentation • Design the mission trajectory to minimize the radiation exposure Pre‐decisional, For Planning and Discussion Purposes Only Y‐5 Approach for Mitigating Radiation (2) • Optimize shielding design to accommodate cumulative total ionizing dose and displacement damage dose and instantaneous charged particle fluxes near Perijove -
Revisions to Microwave Spectrum Utilization Policies in the Range of 1-20 Ghz
SP 1-20 GHz January 1995 Spectrum Management Spectrum Utilization Policy Revisions to Microwave Spectrum Utilization Policies in the Range of 1-20 GHz Notice No. DGTP-002-95 Amended by: DGTP-006-99 Amendments to the Microwave Spectrum Utilization Policies in the 1-3 GHz Frequency Range (October 1999) DGTP-006-97 Proposals to Provide New Opportunities for the Use of the Radio Spectrum in the 1-20 GHz Frequency Range (August 1997) DGTP-007-97 Spectrum Policy Provisions to Permit the Use of Digital Radio Broadcasting Installations to Provide to Non-Broadcasting Services (September 1997) DGTP-004-97 Licence Exempt Personal Communications Services in the Frequency Band 1910-1930 MHz (April 1997) DGTP-005-95 / Policy and Call for Applications: Wireless Personal Communications Services in the 2 GHz Range, Implementing PCS DGRB-002-95 in Canada (June 1995) DGTP-007-00 / Policy and Licensing Procedures for the Auction of the Additional PCS Spectrum in the 2 GHz Frequency Range DGRB-005-00 (June 2000) DGTP-003-01 Revisions to the Spectrum Utilization Policy for Services in the Frequency Range 2285-2483.5 MHz (June 2001) DGRB-003-03 Policy and Licensing Procedures for the Auction of Spectrum Licences in the 2300 MHz and 3500 MHz Bands (September 2003) DGRB-006-99 Policy and Licensing Procedures - Multipoint Communications Systems in the 2500 MHz Range (June 1999) DGTP-004-04 Revisions to Allocations in the Band 2500-2690 MHz and Consultation on Spectrum Utilization (April 2004) DGTP-008-04 Revisions to Spectrum Utilization Policies in the 3-30 GHz -
Radio Spectrum a Key Resource for the Digital Single Market
Briefing March 2015 Radio spectrum A key resource for the Digital Single Market SUMMARY Radio spectrum refers to a specific range of frequencies of electromagnetic energy that is used to communicate information. Applications important for society such as radio and television broadcasting, civil aviation, satellites, defence and emergency services depend on specific allocations of radio frequency. Recently the demand for spectrum has increased dramatically, driven by growing quantities of data transmitted over the internet and rapidly increasing numbers of wireless devices, including smartphones and tablets, Wi-Fi networks and everyday objects connected to the internet. Radio spectrum is a finite natural resource that needs to be managed to realise the maximum economic and social benefits. Countries have traditionally regulated radio spectrum within their territories. However despite the increasing involvement of the European Union (EU) in radio spectrum policy over the past 10 to 15 years, many observers feel that the management of radio spectrum in the EU is fragmented in ways which makes the internal market inefficient, restrains economic development, and hinders the achievement of certain goals of the Digital Agenda for Europe. In 2013, the European Commission proposed legislation on electronic communications that among other measures, provided for greater coordination in spectrum management in the EU, but this has stalled in the face of opposition within the Council. In setting out his political priorities, Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker has indicated that ambitious telecommunication reforms, to break down national silos in the management of radio spectrum, are an important step in the creation of a Digital Single Market. The Commission plans to propose a Digital Single Market package in May 2015, which may again address this issue. -
PSAD-79-48A an Unclassified Version of a Classified Report
STUDYBY THE STAFFOF THE‘U.S. General Accounting Office An Unclassified Version Of A Classified Report Entitled “The Navy’s Strategic Communications Systems--Need For Management Attention And Decisionmaking” Peacetime communications systems provide reliable day-to-day communications to the strategic submarine force. However, the Navy’s most survivable wartime communica- tions link to nuclear-powered strategic submarines--the TACAMO aircraft--has cer- tain problems which need attention. Also, the Navy should reconsider whether another peacetime communications system--the extremely low frequency system--is needed. COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTON. O.C. 20548 B-168707 To the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives This report is an unclassified version of a SECRET report (PSAD-79-48, March 19, 1979) to the Congress that describes the various communications systems used by our strategic submarine force and questions the need for the extremely low frequency system. Also, the report addresses the need for support of the TACAMO comnunications system. We made this study because of widespread congressional interest in strategic communications systems, especially the TACAMO and proposed extremely low frequency systems. These issues are receiving increased recognition, and the Navy plans to spend millions of dollars to improve the TACAMO system and conduct research and development on the extremely low frequency system. Copies of this report are being sent to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of the Navy. Comptroller General of the United States COMPTROLLER GENERAL'S THE NAVY'S STRATEGIC REPORT TO THE CONGRESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS--NEED FOR MANAGEMENT ATTENTION AND DECISIONMAKING ------DIGEST Peacetime communications systems provide reliable day-to-day communications to the strategic submarine force. -
Chapter 4, Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Needs Pertaining to Firefighter Radio Communication Systems
NIOSH Firefighter Radio Communications CHAPTER IV: STRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS ISSUES Buildings and other structures pose difficult problems for wireless (radio) communications. Whether communication is via hand-held radio or personal cellular phone, communications to, from, and within structures can degrade depending on a variety of factors. These factors include multipath effects, reflection from coated exterior glass, non-line-of-sight path loss, and signal absorption in the building construction materials, among others. The communications problems may be compounded by lack of a repeater to amplify and retransmit the signal or by poor placement of the repeater. RF propagation in structures can be so poor that there may be areas where the signal is virtually nonexistent, rendering radio communication impossible. Those who design and select firefighter communications systems cannot dictate what building materials or methods are used in structures, but they can conduct research and select the radio system designs and deployments that provide significantly improved radio communications in this extremely difficult environment.4 Communication Problems Inherent in Structures MULTIPATH Multipath fading and noise is a major cause of poor radio performance. Multipath is a phenomenon that results from the fact that a transmitted signal does not arrive at the receiver solely from a single straight line-of-sight path. Because there are obstacles in the path of a transmitted radio signal, the signal may be reflected multiple times and in multiple paths, and arrive at the receiver from various directions along various paths, with various signal strengths per path. In fact, a radio signal received by a firefighter within a building is rarely a signal that traveled directly by line of sight from the transmitter. -
Science, Mathematics & Computing Division
SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS & COMPUTING DIVISION senior projects spring 2021 Ultrasonic Pollution: A New Kind of Noise Pollution Cillian Ahearn Advisor: Bruce Robertson All organisms use verbal communication to gain information about their surroundings, in order to hunt, feed their chicks, and call or warn one another. This communication is increasingly masked by anthropogenic noise pollution, but that might not be the only type of noise pollution to exist. Recently, there has been a rise into the research of organisms that use ultrasound, but virtually none into anthropogenic ultrasound and whether or not it has the possibility to mask ultrasonic vocalizations. As such, my study hopes to fill in this gap of knowledge by doing an exploratory study in a city, Hartford, CT, where I identified sources of man-made ultrasound, as well as their frequency ranges. These ranges were then compared against ultrasonic vocalizations of mice, Richardson’s ground squirrels, and tomato plants. My study found that the more narrow a biological frequency range is, the more at risk it is to be fully masked. This implicates ultrasound as a potential new source of noise pollution that should be mitigated as part of conservation efforts to preserve the environment. Road to a Resilient Financial Sector: Impacts of the Dodd-Frank Act on Systemic Risk Muhammad Ali Advisors: Steven Simon & Guatam Sethi The U.S. financial sector has been plagued by crises in the last few decades. The Dodd-Frank Act was the most substantial set of reforms in recent history aimed at making the financial sector more resilient and stable than before. -
Ganymede–Induced Decametric Radio Emission: In-Situ
manuscript submitted to Geophysical Research Letters 1 Ganymede{induced decametric radio emission: in-situ 2 observations and measurements by Juno 1 1 2;3 4 5 3 C. K. Louis , P. Louarn , F. Allegrini , W. S. Kurth , J. R. Szalay 1 4 IRAP, Universit´ede Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, UPS, (Toulouse), France 2 5 Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA 3 6 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA 4 7 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA 5 8 Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA 9 Key Points: 10 • First detailed wave/particle investigation of a Ganymede-induced decametric ra- 11 dio source using Juno/Waves and Juno/JADE instruments 12 • Confirmation that the emission is produced by a loss-cone-driven Cyclotron Maser 13 Instability 14 • Ganymede-induced radio emission is produced by electrons of ∼ 4-15 keV, at a ◦ ◦ 15 beaming angle [76 -83 ], and a frequency 1:005 − 1:021 × fce Corresponding author: C. K. Louis, [email protected] {1{ manuscript submitted to Geophysical Research Letters 16 Abstract 17 At Jupiter, part of the auroral radio emissions are induced by the Galilean moons 18 Io, Europa and Ganymede. Until now, they have been remotely detected, using ground- 19 based radio-telescopes or electric antennas aboard spacecraft. The polar trajectory of 20 the Juno orbiter allows the spacecraft to cross the magnetic flux tubes connected to these 21 moons, or their tail, and gives a direct measure of the characteristics of these decamet- 22 ric moon{induced radio emissions. -
Absorption of Light Energy Light, Energy, and Electron Structure SCIENTIFIC
Absorption of Light Energy Light, Energy, and Electron Structure SCIENTIFIC Introduction Why does the color of a copper chloride solution appear blue? As the white light hits the paint, which colors does the solution absorb and which colors does it transmit? In this activity students will observe the basic principles of absorption spectroscopy based on absorbance and transmittance of visible light. Concepts • Spectroscopy • Visible light spectrum • Absorbance and transmittance • Quantized electron energy levels Background The visible light spectrum (380−750 nm) is the light we are able to see. This spectrum is often referred to as “ROY G BIV” as a mnemonic device for the order of colors it produces. Violet has the shortest wavelength (about 400 nm) and red has the longest wavelength (about 650–700 nm). Many common chemical solutions can be used as filters to demonstrate the principles of absorption and transmittance of visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum. For example, copper(II) chloride (blue), ammonium dichromate (orange), iron(III) chloride (yellow), and potassium permanganate (red) are all different colors because they absorb different wave- lengths of visible light. In this demonstration, students will observe the principles of absorption spectroscopy using a variety of different colored solutions. Food coloring will be substituted for the orange and yellow chemical solutions mentioned above. Rare earth metal solutions, erbium and praseodymium chloride, will be used to illustrate line absorption spectra. Materials Copper(II) chloride solution, 1 M, 85 mL Diffraction grating, holographic, 14 cm × 14 cm Erbium chloride solution, 0.1 M, 50 mL Microchemistry solution bottle, 50 mL, 6 Potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4), 0.001 M, 275 mL Overhead projector and screen Praseodymium chloride solution, 0.1 M, 50 mL Red food dye Water, deionized Stir rod, glass Beaker, 250-mL Tape Black construction paper, 12 × 18, 2 sheets Yellow food dye Colored pencils Safety Precautions Copper(II) chloride solution is toxic by ingestion and inhalation. -
Juno Spacecraft Description
Juno Spacecraft Description By Bill Kurth 2012-06-01 Juno Spacecraft (ID=JNO) Description The majority of the text in this file was extracted from the Juno Mission Plan Document, S. Stephens, 29 March 2012. [JPL D-35556] Overview For most Juno experiments, data were collected by instruments on the spacecraft then relayed via the orbiter telemetry system to stations of the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN). Radio Science required the DSN for its data acquisition on the ground. The following sections provide an overview, first of the orbiter, then the science instruments, and finally the DSN ground system. Juno launched on 5 August 2011. The spacecraft uses a deltaV-EGA trajectory consisting of a two-part deep space maneuver on 30 August and 14 September 2012 followed by an Earth gravity assist on 9 October 2013 at an altitude of 559 km. Jupiter arrival is on 5 July 2016 using two 53.5-day capture orbits prior to commencing operations for a 1.3-(Earth) year-long prime mission comprising 32 high inclination, high eccentricity orbits of Jupiter. The orbit is polar (90 degree inclination) with a periapsis altitude of 4200-8000 km and a semi-major axis of 23.4 RJ (Jovian radius) giving an orbital period of 13.965 days. The primary science is acquired for approximately 6 hours centered on each periapsis although fields and particles data are acquired at low rates for the remaining apoapsis portion of each orbit. Juno is a spin-stabilized spacecraft equipped for 8 diverse science investigations plus a camera included for education and public outreach. -
Fator Wins Hearts and Laughs with His Signature Las Vegas Show Arriving on DVD, Digital HD and Video on Demand February 18 from Lionsgate Home Entertainment
”His celebrity impressions will blow you away!” - Oprah Winfrey A One-Of-A-Kind Experience Fator Wins Hearts And Laughs With His Signature Las Vegas Show Arriving On DVD, Digital HD and Video on Demand February 18 From Lionsgate Home Entertainment LAS VEGAS – January 13, 2014 – Laugh harder than you have all year when Terry Fator: Live In Concert arrives on DVD (plus Digital UltraViolet) exclusively at Walmart and Redbox on Feb. 18, 2014 from Lionsgate Home Entertainment. The film will be available on Digital HD and Video on Demand everywhere the same day. The follow-up to Fator's multi-platinum DVD debut, Terry Fator: Live From Las Vegas, Terry Fator: Live In Concert captures the “America’s Got Talent” winner bringing a full cast of characters to life. Called “one of the best entertainers in the world,” by Simon Cowell, the multi-talented singer, comedian and impressionist’s performance spans genres and generations. Terry Fator: Live In Concert sees Fator tackling Broadway, Bieber and The Four Seasons - and that's with just one of his puppets. Familiar characters Emma Taylor, the little girl with the big voice, and Winston, the impersonating turtle, are joined by new faces Monty Carlo, the lounge singer, and Berry Fabulous, the hip-hop diva, in the totally rewritten and revamped Vegas show featuring comedic banter and amazing vocal impressions of musical superstars such as Garth Brooks, Dean Martin, Aretha Franklin, Lady Gaga and more. According to Fator, “This DVD is my heart and soul. I wrote the show and am so excited for everyone to see the best of what I do.