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Visualizar/Abrir UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIBLIOTECONOMIA E COMUNICAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E INFORMAÇÃO Angela Longo PÓS-HUMANISMO NA MÁQUINA ANÍMICA Visões explosivas do humano na animação japonesa ポストヒューマニズム及びアニメ・マシーンについて日本のアニメーションに 人間の爆発的な見解 Porto Alegre 2017 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIBLIOTECONOMIA E COMUNICAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E INFORMAÇÃO Angela Longo PÓS-HUMANISMO NA MÁQUINA ANÍMICA Visões explosivas do humano na animação japonesa ポストヒューマニズム及びアニメ・マシーンについて日本のアニメーションに 人間の爆発的な見解 Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Informação, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientadora: Nísia Martins do Rosário Linha de pesquisa: Cultura e Significação Porto Alegre 2017 PÓS-HUMANISMO NA MÁQUINA ANÍMICA Visões explosivas do humano na animação japonesa ポストヒューマニズム及びアニメ・マシーンについて日本のアニメーションに 人間の爆発的な見解 Tese de mestrado apresentada à banca examinadora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Informação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (PPGCOM- UFRGS) como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de mestre. Aprovado em: 31/03/2017 BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Nísia Martins do Rosário, UFRGS (Orientadora) ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Guillherme Carvalho da Rosa, UFPEL ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alexandre Rocha da Silva, UFRGS ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paola Zordan, UFRGS AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente agradeço a minha orientadora, Nísia Martins do Rosário, por ter acolhido esta pesquisa e por ter me orientado e incentivado incansavelmente ao longo de todo este trajeto. Também gostaria de agradecer aos demais professores que ao longo da minha jornada acadêmica contribuíram para esta trajetória: às professoras Adriane Hernandez e Paola Zordan do Instituto de Artes da UFRGS pelas contribuições à minha formação, ao professor do PPGCOM, Alexandre Rocha da Silva, pelas generosas contribuições críticas no decorrer desta pesquisa, ao professor da Universidade de Coimbra, Sérgio Dias Branco, pelas aulas de cinema e audiovisual que contribuíram com minha formação nestas áreas, à professara de Língua e Cultura Japonesa da mesma universidade, Ayano Shinzato, pelas contribuições na área, a Thomas Lamarre da McGill University, pela receptividade com que recebeu esta pesquisa na qual abordamos sua teoria sobre animação japonesa, aos professores da Aarhus University que ministraram o curso à distância Posthuman Aesthetics: Ethics and Aesthetics of the Posthuman Condition e também ao grupo de pesquisa Posthuman Aesthetics da mesma universidade, pelas valiosas contribuições críticas sobre o tema desta pesquisa. Agradeço ainda aos membros avaliadores desta banca, aos já citados, Paola Zordan e Alexandre Rocha da Silva, e ao professor da UFPEL, Guilherme Carvalho da Rosa. Agradeço ainda aos demais professores que contribuíram para minha formação em Artes Visuais dentro do Instituto de Artes da UFRGS, aos professores do curso de Estudos Artísticos da UC e aos professores do PPGCOM em Comunicação e Informação da UFRGS. Agradeço também aos amigos e colegas de pesquisa do PPGCOM e do GPESC pelas discussões críticas e auxílio. Aos amigos que de maneira generosa contribuíram para este trabalho, com especial carinho e menção à Samira Micheli, que desenhou a capa e as demais imagens que estão nesta pesquisa, à Maíra Ochoa por todo apoio e generosidade nas nossas discussões sobre este trabalho, à Juliet Schuster pela indicação de fontes historiográficas, ao Rafael Machado Costa pelo auxílio e correções feitas. Agradeço ainda à minha família pelo apoio, com especial menção à minha irmã Jocilaine Longo, com a qual divido a apreciação pela animação japonesa. Em um agradecimento não usual, também enfatizo a companhia dos gatos que deitaram carinhosamente ao meu lado, e por vezes em cima dos livros e do computador, onde deixavam suas pequenas mensagens indecifráveis. That impulse towards the formation of metaphors, that fundamental impulse of man, which we cannot reason away for one moment – for thereby we should reason away man himself… Friedrich Nietzsche The animetic machine is truly the life of the animation, what makes it act, feel, and think. Thomas Lamarre RESUMO Nesta pesquisa procuramos investigar a animação japonesa como uma máquina para compreendermos como a copresença evolucionária de outros seres — técnicos e animais — potencializa outras compreensões sobre o humano. Com esse posicionamento, procuramos demonstrar como o humanismo, além de se constituir como um modelo filosófico, científico e civilizacional, também propôs uma visão estética sobre o humano. Para realizar uma abertura dessa herança, procuramos traçar uma genealogia do humano e dos objetos técnicos em correlação. A compreensão do anime como uma máquina parte da teoria de Thomas Lamarre, em conjunto com as teorizações de Gilbert Simondon, Félix Guattari e Gilles Deleuze. O viés da análise tem o pressuposto de que, se a construção da animação se dá por layers, ou camadas que misturam diferentes técnicas e perspectivas visuais, poderíamos dizer que elas revelam a suis generis de pensamento em ação na animação. O humano também é pensado como uma construção, assim a relação de explosão do humanismo e da implosão do antropocentrismo visa desterritorializar o humano nos seus componentes teóricos e poéticos. O surgimento da teoria pós-humanista foi inicialmente pavimentado graças à desterritorialização posta sobre o humano no pós-estruturalismo. Para aprofundar esse argumento partimos da herança em Nietzsche e Derrida até autores pós-humanistas como Donna Haraway, Cary Wolfe, Rosi Braidotti e Stefan Herbrechter. Após estabelecermos um panorama da animação de ficção científica no Japão, iremos nos debruçar na análise das animações Rebuild of Evangelion 3.0: You Can (Not) Redo (2012) dirigida por Hideaki Anno e Ghost in the Shell: Innocence (2004) dirigida por Mamoru Oshii. De uma maneira geral a pesquisa foi dividida em três seções: pós- humanismo e techno-poética, máquina anímica e visões explosivas do humano. Na primeira, procuramos evidenciar uma genealogia do humano com atenção à sua coevolução e historicidade com os objetos técnicos, estabelecendo relações entre regimes de pensamento e estese. A segunda seção diz respeito às configurações da máquina anímica, suas relações com a tradição estética japonesa e com elementos da estética humanista, tal qual a perspectiva cartesiana. Procuramos demonstrar a existência de outros modelos visuais como uma abertura da heterogênese da máquina. A terceira seção é na qual iremos analisar as visões explosivas do humano na animação japonesa através das categorias analíticas propostas por Lamarre. Nossa hipótese é demonstrar como a máquina anímica poderia permitir uma heterogênese pós-humana através da dobra comunicacional do intervalo anímico. Palavras-chave: Comunicação; Anime; Pós-humanismo; Máquina Anímica; Visões Explosivas. ABSTRACT Title: Posthumanism in the Animetic Machine: Explosive visions of the human in Japanese Animation In this research, we seek to investigate Japanese animation as a machine to understand how the evolutionary coo presence of other beings — technical and animal — enhances new understandings about the human. With this position, we try to demonstrate how humanism, besides constituting itself as a philosophical, scientific and civilizational model, also proposed an aesthetic vision about the human. To open this inheritance, we traced the genealogy of human and technical objects in correlation. The understanding of anime as a machine starts with the theory of Thomas Lamarre, together with the theorizations of Gilbert Simondon, Felix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze. Our analysis approach has the assumption that if the construction of the animation is made of layers that mix different techniques and visual perspectives, we could say that they reveal the suis generis of thought in action in the animation. We affirm that the human is a construction, so the relation of humanism explosion and the implosion of anthropocentrism aims to deterritorialize the human in its theoretical and techno-poetic components. The emergence of post-humanist theory has a debt to the deterritorialization put on the human in the post-structuralist theory. To deepen this argument we start from the inheritance in Nietzsche and Derrida to posthumanist authors like Donna Haraway, Cary Wolfe, Rosi Braidotti and Stefan Herbrechter. After we stablished an overview of science fiction animation in Japan, we will focus our analyses with the animations Rebuild of Evangelion 3.0: You Can (Not) Redo (2012) directed by Hideaki Anno and Ghost in the Shell: Innocence (2004) directed by Mamoru Oshii. In general, the research was divided into three sections: posthumanism and techno-poetics, the animetic machine and explosive visions of the human. In the first, we try to show a genealogy of the human with attention to its coevolution and historicity with the technical objects, establishing relations between regimes of thought and aesthetic. The second section concerns the configurations of the animetic machine, its relations with the Japanese aesthetic tradition, and elements of humanistic aesthetics, such as the Cartesian perspective. We try to demonstrate the existence of other visual models as
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