Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía - Medellín ISSN: 0304-2847 [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia López Cardona, Nathali; Castaño Zapata, Jairo Characterization of Phytopathogenic Fungi, Bacteria, Nematodes and Viruses in Four Commercial Varieties of Heliconia (Heliconia sp.) Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía - Medellín, vol. 65, núm. 2, 2012, pp. 6703-6716 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Medellín, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=179925831015 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Characterization of Phytopathogenic Fungi, Bacteria, Nematodes and Viruses in Four Commercial Varieties of Heliconia (Heliconia sp.) Caracterización de Hongos, Bacterias, Nemátodos y Virus Fitopatógenos en Cuatro Variedades Comerciales de Heliconia (Heliconia sp. ) Nathali López Cardona1 and Jairo Castaño Zapata2 Abstract. Analysis of 914 samples of roots, rhizomes, Resumen. El análisis de 914 muestras de raíces, rizomas, pseudostems, inflorescences and leaves of four commercial pseudotallos, inflorescencias y hojas de cuatro variedades varieties of heliconia, cultivated at the municipality of Chinchiná– comerciales de heliconia, cultivadas en el municipio de Caldas (Colombia), allowed to identify five genera of plant Chinchiná–Caldas (Colombia), permitieron identificar cinco pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Colletotrichum, géneros de hongos fitopatógenos (Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Helminthosporium and Curvularia), three genera of plant Colletotrichum, Helminthosporium y Curvularia), tres pathogenic bacteria (Ralstonia, Pseudomonas and Erwinia), géneros de bacterias fitopatógenas (Ralstonia, Pseudomonas two species of viruses (Banana streak virus (BSV, Badnavirus,) y Erwinia), dos especies de virus (Banana streak virus (BSV, and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Cucumovirus,)), and Badnavirus,) y Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Cucumovirus,)), seven genera of plant parasitic nematodes (Helicotylenchus, y siete géneros de nematodos fitoparásitos (Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus, Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Aphelenchoides, Tylenchus, Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Aphelenchoides, Pratylenchus, and Radopholus). Of these, Fusarium sp., Pratylenchus y Radopholus). De ellos, Fusarium sp., affecting pseudostems, Pseudomonas sp., affecting leaves and afectando pseudotallos, Pseudomonas sp., afectando hojas inflorescences, and the plant parasitic nematodes Ditylenchus e inflorescencias, y los nematodos fitoparásitos Ditylenchus sp., Aphelenchoides sp., Pratylenchus sp. and Radopholus sp., Aphelenchoides sp., Pratylenchus sp. y Radopholus sp., are new records in the heliconia production in Colombia. sp., son reportes nuevos en la producción de heliconias en The most limiting diseases corresponded to leaf blight, caused Colombia. Las enfermedades más limitantes correspondieron al by Helminthosporium sp.; the bacterioses, caused by tizón foliar, causado por Helminthosporium sp.; la bacteriosis, Pseudomonas sp.; the spotted stems, caused by Fusarium causada por Pseudomonas sp.; el manchado de pseudotallos, sp.; and soft rot of the pseudostems, caused by Erwinia sp. causado por Fusarium sp.; la pudrición de calcetas, The pathogenicity tests demonstrated that Colletotrichum sp. causada por Erwinia sp.; y el moko, causado por Ralstonia and Phoma sp. are not pathogenic in leaves; while Fusarium solanacaearum. Las pruebas de patogenicidad demostraron sp., inoculated in pseudostems, Helminthosporium sp. and que Colletotrichum sp. y Phoma sp. no son patogénicos en Pseudomonas sp., inoculated in leaves, and Colletotrichum hojas; mientras que Fusarium sp., inoculado en pseudotallos, sp. and Pseudomonas sp., inoculated in inflorescences, Helminthosporium sp. y Pseudomonas sp., inoculados en had incidence values of 83.3, 86.6, 93.3, 100.0 and 100.0%, hojas, y Colletotrichum sp. y Pseudomonas sp., inoculados respectively. en inflorescencias, presentaron valores de incidencia de 83,3, 86,6, 93,3, 100,0 y 100,0%, respectivamente. Key words: Heliconiaceae, diagnosis, diseases, pathogenicity. Palabras clave: Heliconiaceae diagnóstico, enfermedades, patogenicidad. Taking under consideration the importance of dollars exported during 2008. Currently, Colombia heliconias (Heliconia sp.) cultivation in Colombia has become the first flower provider for the United as an export product and an additional alternative States, the first worldwide carnation producer- for job creation plans, research must be carried exporter and the second worldwide flower exporter out in order to determine the biotic factors limiting country after Holland, thus generating 183,000 their production. The country has an important jobs (99,000 direct jobs and 84,000 indirect jobs) competitive advantage for tropical flowers in a 7,500 ha sown field dedicated to exportation production; in more than 40 years, Colombia has cultivation, contributing 9.9% to the gross domestic increased its income going from quite a few annual product (GDP) and putting in 25% of the rural female thousand dollars to more than US $1,094 million employment in Colombia (Asocolflores, 2009). 1 Agronomic Engineer. Universidad de Caldas - Faculty of Agricultural Sciences. Phytopathology Master’s Program. Street 65 No. 26-10. Manizales, Colombia <[email protected]> 2 Titular Professor. Universidad de Caldas. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences. Phytopathology Program. Street 65 No. 26-10. Manizales, Colombia. <[email protected]> Recibido: Abril 09 de 2012; aceptado: Octubre 22 de 2012. Rev.Fac.Nal.Agr.Medellín 65(2): 6703-6716. 2012 López, N.; Castaño, J. More than 250 species of the Heliconia genus In Hawaii, Sewake and Uchida (no date) describe have been described, of which 97 are registered in that diseases caused by Bipolaris incurvata, Colombia and 48 of these have been described as Exserohilum (=Helminthosporium) rostratum, endemic species, placing the country as the biggest Pyriculariopsis sp., Mahabalella sp., Mycosphaerella biodiversity center for this genus in the world. For sp. and Rhizoctonia solani in H. bihai var. Lobster this reason, Colombia has been ranked as a strong Claw One and H. caribaea, can become very limiting competitor in the international market of these in heliconia production. Likewise, Nakati (no date) flowers. It is estimated that in the Coffee Triangle and Rabelo (2007) consider that Exserohilum sp. and the Valle del Cauca there exist approximately and Bipolaris sp. are the most destructive foliar 471 ha cultivated with heliconias and foliage, pathogens of heliconia cultivation in that state. contributing 7% of the national export. In Risaralda, the place in which the greatest heliconia sown field In Venezuela, Madríz et al. (1991) report area in the Coffee Triangle is concentrated, there that Colletotrichum musae limits heliconias are around 120 ha dedicated to this cultivation commercialization, because it produces brown with and the number of flower growers is higher than white center spots which demarcate the main 150, which represent an annual income close to US leaves vein in Heliconia caribaea, but also affects $1,500,000 (Díaz, 2006; Asocolflores, 2009). inflorescence in which, in the initial disease stages, produces irregular and sunken brown-black spots in It is common to observe that when the sown field the bracts, and in the disease advanced stage causes of cultivation becomes bigger, the presence of widespread dry decay in the whole inflorescence. diseases caused by a diversity of phytopathogenic microorganisms also increases, which is known as In this research, some of the phytopathogens affecting the price of varietal popularity (Castaño, 2002). the production in four commercial varieties of heliconias This situation is not foreign to the heliconias in the municipality of Chinchiná-Caldas (Colombia) production in Colombia. In spite of this, most were identified, as a contribution for the appropriate researchers on this species have focused in a implementation of the cultivation management variety of topics such as heliconia inventories, strategies. The study consisted of the identification, taxonomy, ecology, distribution and classification following Koch’s postulates, of pathogens affecting that have been found in the country, which has the production of four heliconia commercial varieties given up precise information and to research (H. caribaea Lam. var. Kawachi, H. caribaea Lam. var. about the pathogenic agents affecting this genera Salmon, H. lobster (L.) var. Orange Lobster and H. species and, even more, the relation they have ortotricha (L.) var. Edge of Night). The species were with climate elements such as precipitation, selected because of their commercial importance in relative humidity, and temperature. The previous, the national and international fields. has lead to the need to take measures of inappropriate handling which generate a series MATERIALS AND METHODS of environmental and economic consequences afterwards. Area of study. The research was carried out in el Rosario farm in the municipality of Chinchiná–Caldas The only published work about the identification (Colombia), at an altitude of 1,200 masl, 80% average of diseases in Colombian heliconias has been relative humidity, an average temperature of 22 ºC, developed by Villegas et al. (2005) and Alarcón