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The Relativistic Electrodynamics Turbine. Experimentum Crucis of New Induction Law

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The Relativistic Electrodynamics Turbine. Experimentum Crucis of New Induction Law The Relativistic Electrodynamics Turbine. Experimentum Crucis of New Induction Law. Albert Serra1, ∗, Carles Paul2, ∗ ,Ramón Serra3, ∗ 1Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela. 2Departamento de Mecatrónica, Sección de Física, ESUP, 08302, Mataró, España. 3Innovem, Tecnocampus TCM2, 08302, Mataró, España. ABSTRACT Easy experiments carried out in the dawn of electromagnetism are still being a reason for scientific articles, because its functioning contradicts some laws and rules of electromagnetic theory. Although these experiments led Einstein to discover the relativistic electrodynamics and explained its working, the scientific community had not understood this. They see in these experiments a proof against relativity and prefer to look for the solution in the electromagnetics’ theory or accept that their are an exception. By means of a long and detailed experimental study with a new design in electromagnetic engines and improvements of these experiments that we call relativistic electrodynamics turbine, we managed to explain its working using relativistic electrodynamics. The revision of these experiments had taken us to discover the real law of induction, which does not have any exceptions. The explanation of the relativistic electrodynamics turbine led us to discard the Faraday induction law and argue that the true law of induction is a consequence of the conservation of the angular momentum of the charges as the conservation of the angular momentum of the mass. Thus Einstein’s idea to unify electromagnetism and mechanics is now clear and also opens the way for new research in science. ∗ Albert Serra Valls. Tel.: +34-638-922-843; e-mail: [email protected] ∗ Carles Paul Recarens. Tel.: +34-625-114-418; fax: +34-931-696-501; e-mail: [email protected] ∗ Ramon Serra Mendoza. Tel.: +34-937-021-979; e-mail: [email protected] 2 1. Introduction vary the angular momentum of the current in a circuit, which results in various forms of electromagnetic induction that In this article we explain and confirm some concepts, which everybody knows. In addition, we can observe that the three were expressed a long time ago by François Arago (1786-1853), different ways of varying the angular momentum of the current in Michael Faraday (1791-1867), Henry Poincaré (1854-1912) and a circuit causes different forms of electromagnetic induction. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) about electrodynamics and unipolar machines in the description of Faraday’s law of induction using In this new interpretation, some magnetic flux exceptions and some simple experiments. paradoxes disappear, like Faraday’s paradox, spiral paradox and the supposed rule that every circuit increases its surface when a The first and the most representative of unipolar machines is current increases the flux enclosed in it. In 1923, Hering C. [1] the Faraday Disk. Despite being discovered by Michael Faraday demonstrated with a simple experiment that this rule is false. in 1831, the description of the Faraday disk remains a problem in However, it is still mentioned in some texts of electromagnetism electromagnetism. The problem of unipolar induction begins as a valid rule. from Faraday’s experiments in his investigation of electromagnetic induction when some experiments do not obey Our new interpretation is of great interest in a conceptual and his law, the Faraday law of induction. In his conclusion, the educational way when teaching physics. Because of this, by its magnetic field lines do not rotate with the magnet. In these analogy with respect to mechanics, this is the best intuitive and experiments of rotating magnets begins the concept of relative mnemonics rule to display the direction and sense of forces in motion, and of course, the relative velocity. electrodynamics. The lack of an absolute velocity in mechanics and in Faraday’s 2. The Faraday Disk and the Faraday Paradox experiments, which just depends on the relative velocity between a magnet and a coil, sets up an analogy between the mechanics When Faraday discovered the induction law, he performed an and the electromagnetism. This analogy led Einstein to reject the experiment that did not obey his own law. This experiment existence of the ether, which made him create the theory of (1831-1832) is known as the Faraday Disk in his honour. Its relativity. simplicity and beauty captivated the entire physicist world of that time such as Ampere, Helmholtz, Poincaré, but they could not The theory of relativity (1905) allowed us to understand that explain its functioning as Poincaré admitted. the absolute velocity does not exist in mechanics, neither in Faraday’s experiments, which only depend on relative velocity In 1958, when we built a Faraday’s disk in Salvador Velayo’s between a coil and one magnet. This sets up an analogy between laboratory at Madrid Complutense University, we did not mechanics and electromagnetism. When Einstein came up with understand how it worked, and it was the first problem we this analogy, it drove him to refuse the existence of the ether and encountered, as we did not know it was an unsolved experiment he then created the theory of relativity through this. called Faraday’s Paradox. Despite its simplicity, it continues been a problem in the electromagnetism description, a The main concept we develop in this article is another analogy controversial experiment and what physicists such as Aragó, between mechanics and electromagnetism: The hypothesis that Faraday, Poincare and Einstein said about it was ignored. every moving particle conserves its own energy and momentum, as we know of course by the mass of a particle. But we extended They are not aware of San Juan de la Cruz’s advice: ¨Buscad this hypothesis to the charge of a particle. leyendo y hallareis meditando¨ which means we need to know what others have said and done. As Einstein once said we learn Immediately, we realized there is a parallelism between by plagiarising. In experimental sciences, meditation is not Kepler’s second law and Faraday’s induction law. Kepler enough, you also have to experiment in order to understand. discovered the second law, which has his name, because he did Albert Einstein said [2]: not know the conservation of angular momentum of the mass flux law. Faraday also discovered the induction law because he “In my old age I am developing a passion for did not know the conservation of angular momentum of the experimentation” electrical charges flux law. This is the main law that shows the Some physicists believe that Faraday’s Disk and the Rotary equivalence between mechanics and electromagnetism. Magnet, better known as “Faraday Paradox”, should not be Everybody knows the work that forces do in mechanics, which mentioned in the textbooks, since they are an exception to the takes place through the variation and conservation in the flux law of induction. Because of this exception Richard Feynman[3] mass momentum. We are going to demonstrate in this article that called it “Flux Rule” in his book. Galili and Kaplan [4] said the work or “electromotive forces” (watt/ampere) made by “Faraday's Disk should not be confused with the case of electric forces, which is attributed to the flux’s magnetic rate of unipolar induction. In the latter the rotating disk is a magnet change, is in fact a consequence of the conservation of the itself. This case is much more complicated conceptually and momentum of electric current. never touched on in introductory physics courses.” When in an electric circuit the intensity current varies, the We will show that there are no conceptual differences between magnetic flux in the circuit also varies as well as the magnetic Faraday’s disk and the rotary magnet. and the angular momentum of the flow of charges. We know that the induction is attributed to the rate of change magnetic flux. Unfortunately, this dogmatic attitude has prevailed and these The unipolar induction (Faraday Disk) is an exception to this law controversial experiments with a high historical and scientific because there is not a variation in magnetic flux but induction value have been eliminated from textbooks. Otherwise, some does exist. physicists have considered this a big mistake and they have shown their dissatisfaction. For example: the physicist G.C. If we attribute the induction and torques in the electrodynamics Scorgie [5] in his posthumous publication said of rotation to the variation and conservation of the angular momentum flux of electric charges, the unipolar induction “Of course no discussion of the fundamentals of exception disappears. Thereby, there are three possible ways to electromagnetic induction is complete without a reference to the 3 pons asinorum, the Faraday disk experiment, and Galili and A cylindrical magnet that is magnetized around its Kaplan find a curious situation where Faraday's law does not symmetry axis has a magnetic field with rotation symmetry, like account for Faraday's generator”. a circular current loop. This field does not change if magnet or current loops rotate around their axis. According to the theory of (Pons asinorum= Pont aux ânes, fig. et fam. Difficulté qui relativity, the magnetic field is due to the relative speed of n'arrête que les ignorants. According to the Larousse dictionary. rotation of opposite charges and this relative velocity does not We must not forget that science has progressed thanks to these change when the magnet or current loop rotates around its axis of experiments, which do not agree with theories, such as Henry symmetry. Any rotation around this axis occurs on this field, Poincare mentioned in page 231 of his book La Science et including the magnet. The fact that an observer rotates with the l’Hipothèse [6] magnet and is also subjected to a radial electric field, can not detect or produce a current. “Rôle de l' hypothèse. According to the Special Theory of Relativity, an observer who Toute généralisation est une hypothèse; l'hypothèse a donc un rotates around the symmetry axis of a magnetic field will observe rôle nécessaire que personne n'a jamais contesté.
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