Wäre Alexander Potebnja Ein Kantianer in Der Sprachphilosophie Gewesen?

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Wäre Alexander Potebnja Ein Kantianer in Der Sprachphilosophie Gewesen? Studia Slavica Hung. 50/3–4 (2005) 211–233 Wäre Alexander Potebnja ein Kantianer in der Sprachphilosophie gewesen? SERHIJ WAKULENKO Харківський національний педагогічний університет ім. Г. Сковороди, кафедра української мови, вул. Блюхера, 2, Харків, 61146, Україна E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: A number of authors have claimed that Potebnja’s linguistic theory contains evident traces of Kantian influences. In the field of epistemology, indeed, both Potebnja and Kant were convinced relativists, and a number of philosophical notions commonly associated with Kant’s doctrine are easily found in Potebnja’s works. On the other hand, direct references to Kant are extremely rare in Potebnja’s writings. In fact, according to Potebnia, the central problem of linguistics and philosophy was that of interrelation between language and thought, which had been practically ignored by Kant. A possible approach to the question of Potebnja’s supposed Kantianism implies the existence of intermediary sources instrumental in conveying some Kantian elements into Potebnja’s own theory (Humboldt, Herbart, Steinthal, etc.). Indeed, some scholars tend to regard the whole philosophy of language of German Roman- ticism and its psychologically-tinged positivist continuation as a sort of response to the problems left unresolved by Kant. Potebnja did receive some important stimuli this way, although they rather concerned the formulation of the problems than their solution. The main points of Potebnja’s discord with Kant concern the existence of a priori mental contents, the role of language in the transformation of sensorial data into concepts, the (non-)arbitrariness of the linguistic sign, the nature of linguistic communication, etc. Potebnja’s treatment of the distinction between synthetic and analytic judgments, as well as of their function in the formation of concepts, where Kantian echoes are particularly evident, offers a particularly good example of the wide theoretical distance separating both authors. Keywords: Immanuel Kant, Alexander Potebnja, epistemology, language and thought, schema, sensorial data, concept, category, synthetic and analytic judgments, (non-)arbitrari- ness of the linguistic signs. In der Sekundärliteratur zu Alexander Potebnja hat eine Menge von Auto- ren, sowohl aus dem Osten als auch aus dem Westen, die Meinung geäußert, daß das philosophische System Kants – vor allem seine Erkenntnislehre – einen tie- fen und dauerhaften Einfluß auf das Denken des ukrainischen Philologen aus- geübt habe. Da Kant übrigens in der (reiferen) Sowjetzeit als ein subjektiver Idealist und Agnostiker negativ bewertet wurde (vgl. ŠYNKARUK 1979), blieb das nicht ohne Nebenwirkung auf die Beurteilung der theoretischen Ansichten Poteb- njas. So schrieb Solomon Kacnel´son im Jahre 1948 ganz programmatisch: Die Präsenz einiger beträchtlicher Elemente des unüberwundenen Kantianismus in der Sprachphilosophie dieses Sprachtheoretikers [d. h. Potebnjas] setzt, als eine der drin- gendsten Aufgaben der sowjetischen Sprachwissenschaft, eine kritische Umarbeitung sei- nes wissenschaftlichen Erbes aus der Perspektive des dialektischen Materialismus auf die Tagesordnung (KACNEL´SON 1948: 84). Etwas präziser warf Oleksandr Mel´nyčuk Potebnja vor, dieser habe „gar keine objektiven Analoga zu den im Bewußtsein auftretenden allgemeinen Begriffen“ 0039-3363/$ 20.00 © 2005 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 212 S. Wakulenko anerkannt und, „ähnlich wie I. Kant“, gemeint, „daß allgemeine Begriffe ledig- lich ideale Konstrukte des Verstandes seien“ (MEL´NYČUK 1981: 11). Insgesamt aber mangelt es den meisten Aussagen zu diesem Thema – wenn man von den sehr generellen Ähnlichkeiten, wie etwa dem erkenntnistheoretischen Skeptizis- mus bzw. Relativismus (vgl. POTEBNJA 1910: 128; KOLESOV 2004: 23) absieht – eben an der Konkretheit. So ist Potebnja für John Fizer, den amerikanischen Autor einer Monographie über seine Literaturtheorie, zweifellos ein Anhänger der Kantischen Erkenntnistheorie und sogar des Kantischen Modells vom menschlichen Verstand (vgl. FIZER 1987: 3, 4, 8). Für ebenso offenkundig hält Fizer die Tatsache, daß Potebnja „eine Menge von den ästhetischen Annahmen Kants“ geteilt habe, obgleich er sich bei der Behandlung der sogenannten „inten- tionalen Form“ (seines einzigen konkreten Beispiels) sofort gezwungen sieht, Meinungsverschiedenheiten zwischen beiden zu signalisieren (ebd. 60, Anm. 25). Auch die in Großbritanien ansässige Potebnja-Forscherin Nadia Kerecuk erwähnt nur ganz generell „die Kantische Tradition“ als eine der Quellen für Potebnjas Ansichten über die Sprache (vgl. KERECUK 1992: 235). Anderes wäre übrigens kaum zu erwarten, und zwar aus zwei Gründen: Erstens sind Kants Äußerungen zum für Potebnja zentralen Thema der Sprache so sparsam, daß man – systematisch gesehen – eher von einer „Lücke“ in der kri- tischen Philosophie Kants (vgl. CASSIRER 1993: 238) bzw. von seinem „Schwei- gen“ darüber (vgl. DE MAURO 1982: 45–53) oder von einer „Verdrängung“ dieses Reflexionsgegenstandes (vgl. MARKIS 1982: 118) reden darf. Zweitens bleiben, auch wenn man bereit ist, eine Rekonstruktion der – sowieso höchst skizzen- haften – Semiotik Kants (vgl. FORMIGARI 1994: 16) zu versuchen, der Grad und das Maß von Potebnjas Vertrautheit damit sehr ungewiß. In einem späten autobiographischen Brief an Aleksandr Pypin bedauert namentlich Potebnja „ein völliges Fehlen der Philosophie“ im Unterricht während seiner Studentenzeit in Charkiw und präzisiert bei dieser Gelegenheit, daß weder er selbst noch seine Kameraden damals „von Kant und dgl. gehört hatten“ (POTEBNJA 1891: 422). Zwar behauptet Al´da Kolodna, daß Potebnja „Hegels und Kants Werke“ studiert habe (KOLODNA 1967: 101), aber sie bleibt eben bei dieser allgemeinen Aussage, ohne etwas Näheres darüber mitzuteilen. Fest steht, daß Potebnja – vermutlich durch Selbstunterricht – mindestens eine Grundkenntnis des Kantischen Systems besaß – ob jedoch aus erster oder zweiter Hand, ist unklar. In seinem theoretisch orientierten Jugendwerk Denken und Sprache zitiert er beispielsweise die An- sichten Hegels über den geschichtlichen Befreiungsprozeß des menschlichen Geistes nach deren Zusammenfassung durch Kuno Fischer (vgl. POTEBNJA 1862, CXIII: 22–23; FISCHER 1854: 37–38). Was Kant betrifft, so konnte Potebnja im Prinzip auch den 1860 erschienenen dritten Band der Fischerschen Geschichte der neuern Philosophie benutzen (FISCHER 1860), der gänzlich Kants kritischer Philosophie gewidmet ist. Anregungen zu einer Nachforschung konnten außer- dem von seinem Universitätsprofessor Mykola Kostyr gekommen sein: Auch wenn Potebnja kein fleißiger Besucher von dessen Vorlesungen war (vgl. FRANČUK 1985: 25), fand sich doch in seiner Privatbibliothek ein Exemplar von Studia Slavica Hung. 50, 2005 Wäre Alexander Potebnja ein Kantianer in der Sprachphilosophie gewesen? 213 Kostyrs Buch Der Gegenstand, die Methode und das Ziel einer philologischen Untersuchung der russischen Sprache, in dem Kant mehrfach beifällig erwähnt wird (vgl. KOSTYR 1850: 6, 96, 322). Viel zuverlässiger scheint eine indirekte Wirkung der Kantischen Philoso- phie auf Potebnja. Obgleich Karl Rosenkranz noch im Jahre 1840 darauf beste- hen zu können glaubte, daß Kant auf die Philologie „keinen besonderen Einfluss“ gehabt habe (ROSENKRANZ 1840: 323), so darf man doch seine transzendentale Doktrin als eine Herausforderung an die herkömmliche Sprachtheorie betrachten, da sie die im 18. Jh. allgemeingültige Idee eines Isomorphismus zwischen Denk- und Sprachstrukturen in Frage gestellt hatte (vgl. FORMIGARI 1994: 9) – wenn auch nur indirekt, d. i. durch den in ihr vollzogenen Bruch mit dem aristoteli- schen Modell des Parallelismus von Sein und Denken (vgl. VILLERS 1997: 297, 400). Eine der stärksten Reaktionen darauf kam eben von seiten der idealisti- schen Sprachphilosophie, deren Paraderepräsentant Wilhelm von Humboldt (vgl. FORMIGARI 1994: 10) zweifellos eine maßgebende Autorität für Potebnja war. Humboldts Kant-Rezeption ist mit dem Prädikat „begeistert“ bezeichnet worden (ROSENKRANZ 1840: 411), und es ist sicher, daß er sich in der Tat mit den „kriti- schen“ Werken Kants dauernd beschäftigte und sie mit der Zeit immer höher einschätzte (vgl. MANCHESTER 1985: 21). Noch markanter in dieser Hinsicht ist vielleicht die Person von Johann Friedrich Herbart, der sich selbst als „den letz- ten Kantianer“ angab – auch wenn man diesen Ausspruch cum grano salis neh- men soll (vgl. ROSENKRANZ 1840: 458) – und den Potebnja weitläufig zitierte und für „einen der tiefsinnigsten Denker unseres Zeitalters“ hielt (vgl. POTEBNJA 1862, CXIII: 23, Anm. 2). Demgemäß wird Potebnjas vermeintlicher Kantianismus gelegentlich eher im Rahmen einer undifferenziert behandelten humboldtianischen Tradition postu- liert, die „mit einer Reihe von idealistischen Schlußfolgerungen im Sinne Kants belastet“ gewesen wäre (BILODID – KRYMS´KYJ 1985: 9; vgl. BILODID 1977: 15). Wegen einer solchen Sichtweise konnte z. B. Nikolaj Čemodanov behaupten, daß Potebnja, stark beeinflußt von dem „Kantianer“ Humboldt und dem „Begründer der psychologischen Richtung in der westlichen Linguistik“ Heymann Steinthal, die Spracherscheinungen „hauptsächlich vom semasiologischen Gesichtspunkt aus“ erforscht habe (ČEMODANOV 1956: 24–25), was grundsätzlich falsch ist, denn es gab in Potebnjas Sprachtheorie – im Unterschied zu jener Steinthals – eigent- lich keinen Platz für eine autonome Bedeutungslehre (vgl. VAKULENKO 2004: 264–265, 273 et passim). Ein tieferer Einblick in die Sprachtheorie Humboldts bringt übrigens
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