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Matica Srpska Department of Social Sciences Synaxa Matica Srpska International Journal for Social Sciences, Arts and Culture MATICA SRPSKA DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES SYNAXA MATICA SRPSKA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES, ARTS AND CULTURE Established in 2017 6–7 (1–2/2020) Editor-in-Chief Časlav Ocić (2017‒ ) Editorial Board Dušan Rnjak (Belgrade) Katarina Tomašević (Belgrade) Editorial Secretary Jovana Trbojević Jocić Language Editor and Proof Reader Ana Selić Articles are available in full-text at the web site of Matica Srpska http://www.maticasrpska.org.rs/ Copyright © Matica Srpska, Novi Sad, 2020 SYNAXA СИН@КСА♦ΣΎΝΑΞΙΣ♦SYN@XIS Matica Srpska International Journal for Social Sciences, Arts and Culture 6–7 (1–2/2020) NOVI SAD 2020 Publication of this issue was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia and the City Department for Culture of Novi Sad CONTENTS ARTICLES AND TREATISES Dušan Mrkobrad SERBIAN MINING IN KOSOVO AND METOHIA DURING THE MIDDLE AGES 1–17 Miroslav Pavlović and Ognjen Krešić THE INSTITUTION OF APPEAL IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD 19–32 Gojko Malović THE HUNGARIANS IN THE EYES OF THE SERBS DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD 33–49 Velibor Džomić MODELS FOR THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE SERBIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH’S DIOCESE OF RAŠKA AND PRIZREN IN KOSOVO AND METOHIA 51–64 Rajko M. Bukvić MEASURING OF CONCENTRATION AND COMPETITION: SERBIAN BANKING SECTOR 65–90 Danilo N. Basta A CENTURY OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AT THE FACULTY OF LAW IN BELGRADE (1841–1941) 91–145 Yoji Koyama EMIGRATION FROM ROMANIA 147–169 Momčilo Selić OF HEROES AND MEN 171–178 IN MEMORIAM Ilija Marić SLOBODAN ŽUNJIĆ (1949–2019) 179–182 BOOK REVIEWS Aleksandar Horvat THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF VOJVODINA’S UNIFICATION WITH THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA, 1918 (Drago Nјegovan, The Unification of Vojvodina with Serbia in 1918, drugo, ilustrovano izdanje, Muzej Vojvodine i Školska knjiga, Novi Sad 2018, 700 pages) 183–184 Edit Fišer NEW CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE CITY MUSEUM IN BELA CRKVA (Igor Vokoun and Živan Ištvanić, 140 Years of the Museum in Bela Crkva: Contributions and Material for the Museum’s History /1877-2017/, National Library, Bela Crkva 2019, 158 pages) 185–186 Ed. SERBIAN MINING AND GEOLOGY IN THE SECOND HALF OF XXTH CENTURY 187–188 AUTHORS IN THIS ISSUE 189–193 ARTICLES AND TREATISES SERBIAN MINING IN KOSOVO AND METOHIA DURING THE MIDDLE AGES DUŠAN MRKOBRAD SUMMARY: On the economic map of the medieval Serbian state, Kosovo and Metohia was a region of farming settlements and vineyards, surrounded by zones of mining production and metal processing. These settlements had market squares – interconnected by a network of caravan roads – where local traders interacted with entrepreneurs from other regions attracted by the area’s growing economy and promise of wealth. Addressing the full scope of the mining indus- try, from the mining process, smelteries and foundries, to transportation, entre- preneurs, customs, trade and crafts, the medieval mining law of Europe, and Serbia as well, stipulated strictly defined rules which were abided by everyone. Custom duties were an important source of revenue for the Nemanjić state, and, by extension, a measure of the volume of both trade in any given settlement and mining production in the area. Roman Catholic parishes began appearing in Serbian mining regions in the early 14th century, as one of the privileges Serbian rulers had granted the Saxon miners who settled there. If this data is considered from the standpoint of the economy as a whole, it can be said that the territory of Kosovo and Metohia, along with the surrounding areas, constituted an indivisible whole – and the central economic region of the medieval Serbian state. KEY WORDS: Serbia, Kosovo and Metohia, Middle Ages, mining, tech- nology, transportation The most important economic branch in Serbian lands prior to the Otto- man invasion was mining, and it is widely accepted that the exploitation of minerals accelerated the development of the medieval Serbian society. The excavation of precious metals is usually linked to the arrival of Saxons in the Nemanjić state. Production grew due to the opening of new mines and reopen- ing of old ones, concurrently transforming many other branches of the econ- omy. This expansion attracted increasing numbers of people skilled in existing trades (smiths, hewers and tanners) as well as new kinds of tradesmen (smelt- ers, coal-makers, ironworkers, cartwrights). A great number of craftsmen were locals and, by the mid-15th century, Serbian miners and smelters were already considered masters of their trade, receiving invitations to work in southern Italy and other countries. The development of crafts and of the trade in metals 2 and other raw materials stimulated local commerce on the whole, with mer- chants from the coastal towns such as Kotor, Dubrovnik and Bar, as well as local Serbs, finding increased economic interest in exchanging goods. Historians and geologists have contributed the most to the study of the medieval mining in Serbian lands. Drawing on historical sources, the first group of scientists (Jovan Rajić [Рајић 1974: 382–383], Čedomilj Mijatović [Мијатовић 1869: 152–219; Мија- то вић 1873a: 191–249; Мијатовић 1873b: 79–140], Šime Ljubić [Ljubić 1875: 31], Konstantin Jiriček [Jiriček 1951; Јиричек 1959; Јиричек 1976], Stojan No va ković [Новаковић 1881: 263–355], Mihailo Dinić [Динић 1937: 119–146; Динић 1955: 31–100; Динић 1956: 247–250, Fig. 1–2; Dinić 1956b: 328–329; Динић 1959; Динић 1960: 139–149; Динић 1967a: 3–10], Nikola Radojčić [Ра дојчић 1959: 248–255; Радојчић 1962], Sima Ćirković [Ћирковић 1976: 91–98; Ćirković 1977: 134–141; Ćirković 1979: 1–20; Ћирковић 1983: 151–156; Ћир ковић 1997a; Ћирковић 1997b; Ћирковић (with Ковачевић–Којић and Ћук) 2002], Skender Rizaj [Rizaj 1968; Ризај 1969: 369–372; Rizaj 1983, 135–138], to mention just a few) to provide a basic picture of the medieval Serbian mining and metal processing researched the following: – Primary source materials regarding the most important mining centers of the time (Brskovo, Rudnik, Novo Brdo, Srebrenica); – The role of Saxons in the opening and exploitation of mines, – Metal processing, trade and the export of silver and non-ferrous metals. The emerging picture formed by their investigations, however, constituted only a portion of what was to be discovered – which is the result of a glaring discrepancy between the data in historical records and the actual situation on the ground (Map 1). Namely, until the mid-15th century only the names of about 50 mines were recorded, while the existing written documents fail to mention the activity of numerous other mines. It is also unclear what the names of certain medieval mines actually referred to: were they, in fact, mining centers (in which case their scope and content remains unknown) or were they merely individual mining sites. As already noted in scientific literature, all the extraction sites of precious and non-ferrous metals from this period have yet to be determined. What is known is that rich deposits of galena – a silver-containing lead ore – led not only to the formation of settlements but also of market squares, which were the centers of medieval economic life in Kosovo and Metohia. Most smaller settlements were destroyed during the Ottoman invasion, while those that survived languished under the Turkish rule only to eventually fall into oblivion. Any information that can be gleaned about their days of glory comes from written sources, the remains of ancient settlements and the very limited traces of mining works involving ore excavation and processing. The only location in Kosovo and Metohia to have preserved its medieval character until the modern times is Janjevo. The discovery of medieval mines unmentioned in historical records (Map 1) is largely a result of studies into Serbia’s mineral resources conducted by geologists, particularly Vasilije Simić [Simić 1951; Simić 1958: 357–393; Симић 1975: 77–78, fig. 1–4; Симић 1979: 87–96; Симић 1988]. 3 Map 1. A chronological survey of the distribution of medieval mines (Drawing by G. Tomović) 4 The study of medieval mining could significantly benefit from archeo- logical, specifically archeo-metallurgical, research. This new methodological approach focused on examining cultural remains can lead to the discovery of not only neglected mining sites but hitherto unknown ones as well. The method has helped uncover traces of excavation (e.g. the remains of various kinds of underground galleries and tunnels, but also of certain surface structures), traces of ore and metal processing (confirmed by the discovered remains of old smelting facilities, foundries and mine tailing and dross disposal sites), as well as the remnants of various mining tools and equipment, objects for everyday use etc. [Mркобрад 1993, 105–107]. These finds are mostly held in private collections across Serbia, and only a portion is displayed in museums. No systematic, long-term multidisciplinary research projects have been carried out in this field, aside from the limited exploration of Mt. Rudnik. Individual investiga- tions aimed at obtaining archeological material on the medieval mining in Serbia would be of benefit to other scientific disciplines as well, yet necessarily require field work. Given that this type of research is relatively new to our country, any significant data should not be expected too soon. The medieval mining laws of Europe [De Re Metalica 1950], including Serbia, contained clear and well-formulated regulations which everyone abided by, regardless of whether they
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