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Child Labour in the Urban Informal Sector in Three Governorates of Jordan (Amman, Mafraq and Irbid)

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Child Labour in the Urban Informal Sector in Three Governorates of Jordan (Amman, Mafraq and Irbid) Report of the rapid assessment on Child Labour in the Urban Informal Sector in three governorates of Jordan (Amman, Mafraq and Irbid) International Labour Organisation (ILO) 2014 List of Acronyms CBO Community-Based Organisation CECLE Combating Exploitive Child Labour through Education CLU Child Labour Unit CSO Civil Society Organisation DOS Department of Statistics ICLS International Conference of Labour Statistics INGO International Non Governmental Organisation ILO International Labour Organisation IMC International Medical Corps IPEC International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour JD / JOD Jordanian Dinars JMPLS Jordan Labour Market Panel Survey JOHUD Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Development JRF Jordan River Foundation JWU Jordanian Women’s Union MoE Ministry of Education MoL Ministry of Labour MOPIC Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation MoSD Ministry of Social Development NAF National Aid Fund NCCL National Committee on Child Labour NCFA National Council for Family Affairs NFCCL National Framework to Combat Child Labour NFE Non Formal Education NGO Non Governmental Organisation SOP Standard Operating Procedure SSC Social Support Centre UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations Higher Commission for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund 2 | P a g e Contents Table of Figures .............................................................................................................. 5 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8 Study Objectives ........................................................................................................ 8 Scope and coverage ................................................................................................... 8 Limitations of the Study ............................................................................................. 9 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 9 Surveys ....................................................................................................................... 9 Households ............................................................................................................ 9 Informal sector employers ................................................................................... 10 Child labourers ..................................................................................................... 10 Key Informant Interviews .................................................................................... 10 Observations from the field ................................................................................. 11 Section One: International Labour Standards and the Concept of Child Labour ........ 11 Legislative frameworks combating child labour in Jordan ...................................... 12 Child Labour: Policy in Jordan .................................................................................. 13 Practical Challenges to National Policy .................................................................... 14 Regulating the informal sector ................................................................................ 15 Education Policy: Accessing or Re-accessing Education .......................................... 16 Targeting child labour amongst Syrians in Jordan: A humanitarian concern .......... 17 Support and Services available to child labourers and their families in Jordan ...... 19 Case Management Pathways for Child Labourers ................................................... 21 Informal sector employment in Jordan’s urban environments ........................... 23 Section 2: Characteristics of child labour in Amman, Mafraq and Irbid Governorates ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Ages of working children ......................................................................................... 24 Sectors of work ........................................................................................................ 25 Geographic Locations ............................................................................................... 26 Occupations ............................................................................................................. 27 Hours of work........................................................................................................... 30 Pay ............................................................................................................................ 31 Travel ........................................................................................................................ 33 3 | P a g e Health ....................................................................................................................... 34 Safety in the workplace ........................................................................................... 37 Gender ..................................................................................................................... 39 Employers of child labourers ................................................................................... 39 Section Three: Causes of child labour .......................................................................... 41 Economic need ......................................................................................................... 41 Attitudes towards education ................................................................................... 47 Access to education ................................................................................................. 52 Displacement as a result of conflict ......................................................................... 53 Family and Community Perceptions of Child Labour .............................................. 55 Section Four: Effects of Child Labour ........................................................................... 56 On the family ............................................................................................................ 56 On the child’s rights ................................................................................................. 60 On the child’s health and safety .............................................................................. 60 On the child’s future ................................................................................................ 61 Conclusion and Findings .............................................................................................. 63 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 65 Appendices ................................................................................................................... 69 Appendix 1: Data Collection Methods and Instruments ......................................... 69 Quantitative primary data ................................................................................... 69 Qualitative primary data ...................................................................................... 70 Secondary data: Desk review documents ................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 71 Appendix 2: Key Informant Interviews ........................................................................ 71 4 | P a g e Table of Figures Figure 1 Model of Procedures for Combating Child Labour, National Framework for Combating Child Labour (NFCCL) ................................................................................. 22 Figure 2 Employer Survey: Children's Type of Employment ........................................ 24 Figure 3: Employer Opinions: Ages of working Children ............................................. 25 Figure 4 Employer Survey: Sector of Business Activity ................................................ 26 Figure 5 Children Survey: Children Type of Work per Age Group ............................... 28 Figure 6: Children Survey: Children Type of Work per Nationality ............................. 29 Figure 7 Suitable Work for Children: Employers Opinions .......................................... 30 Figure 8: Children Survey: Children Working Hours per Day per Age Group .............. 31 Figure 9 Child Survey: Reported Child Daily Earning (JD) per governorate ................. 32 Figure 10 Monthly Earnings (JD) .................................................................................. 32 Figure 11 Child Labourer Survey: Travel to Work ........................................................ 34 Figure 12 Hygiene at workplace .................................................................................. 35 Figure 13 Health Conditions reported by Child Labourers .......................................... 35 Figure 14 Children's illnesses attributed to work ........................................................ 36 Figure 15 Child Labour Survey: Abuse ......................................................................... 38 Figure 16 Relationship between child workers and their employer
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