DOCSLIB.ORG

The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy Transitions in the MENA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy Transitions in the MENA Revisiting Natural Resources in the Middle East and North Africa Edited by Luigi Narbone © European University Institute, 2020 Editorial matter and selection © Luigi Narbone, 2020 Chapters © authors individually 2020. This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the year and the publisher. Views expressed in this publication reflect the opinion of individual authors and not those of the European University Institute. Published by European University Institute (EUI) Via dei Roccettini 9, I-50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy doi:10.2870/082270 ISBN:978-92-9084-953-7 © Artwork: Schutterstock: corlaffra Revisiting Natural Resources in the Middle East and North Africa Edited by: Luigi Narbone Table of Content Contributors i Introduction Luigi Narbone iv Section 1 - The Geopolitics of Natural Resources The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy Transitions in the MENA Eckart Woertz 1 Lebanon’s Hydrocarbons: Geopolitical Challenges Facing a Nascent Sector Laury Haytayan 9 The Impacts of Climate Change and Sanctions on Iran’s Water-Food Security Nexus Tamer Badawi 19 Phosphate Geopolitics: Revised EU Legislation and its Impact on EU-North Africa Relations Amine Ghoulidi 29 Section 2 - Natural Resources, Conflict, and Security Rebel Oil Companies and Wartime Economic Governance in the MENA Ariel I. Ahram 37 Conflicts in the MENA Region – What Role Do National and Imported Water Shortages Play? Karen Meijer, Susanne Schmeier, and Ruben Dahm 47 Desalination in Saudi Arabia: Assessing Critical Infrastructure Vulnerabilities Robert Mogielnicki 63 Section 3 - The Political Economy of Natural Resources The Impact of Mining on Local Communities: The Case of Jordan Rami Alrawashdeh 73 The Role of Civil Society in Resolving the Natural Resources Crisis in Tunisia Manel Ben Achour 86 Conclusion Making Sense of the Changing Role of Natural Resources in the Middle East and North Africa Luigi Narbone and Hood Ahmed 98 CONTRIBUTORS Luigi Narbone is Director of the Middle East Direc- tions on reputational risks and security threats par- tions Programme at the Robert Schuman Centre for ticularly linked to their operations in Africa and the Advanced Studies as well as coordinator of the Peace Middle East. Amine is a Fulbright Scholar and has two and Security cluster at the School of Transnational Master’s degrees in geopolitics and conflict analysis Governance, European University Institute. Previous- from King’s College London and the American Uni- ly, he was Ambassador, Head of the EU Delegation to versity in Washington, DC, respectively. Saudi Arabia, and non-resident Ambassador to Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, the UAE and Kuwait and has held Ariel I. Ahram is associate professor at the Virginia several positions in foreign affairs in the EU and the Tech School of Public and International Affairs. His UN. His main research interests are in MENA geopoli- latest books are War and Conflict in the Middle East tics, security and political economy, Gulf studies and and North Africa (Polity, 2020) and Break All the peace-building. Borders: Separatism and the Reshaping of the Middle East (Oxford, 2019). Eckart Woertz is director of the Institute for Middle East Studies (IMES) at the German Institute for Global Karen Meijer is a senior researcher at Deltares – an and Area Studies (GIGA) in Hamburg and professor independent research institute on water and subsoil in for contemporary history and politics of the Middle the Netherlands. Her research focuses on societal and East at the University of Hamburg. Previously he held environmental impacts of water management policies, positions at the Barcelona Centre for International and the role of institutional and economic factors in Affairs (CIDOB), Sciences Po in Paris, Princeton Uni- determining human responses to water shortage. versity, and the Gulf Research Center in Dubai and worked for banks in Germany and the United Arab Susanne Schmeier is a senior lecturer at IHE Delft Emirates in equity and fixed income trading. – Institute for Water Education in the Netherlands. Her research focuses on environmental and natural Laury Haytayan is an oil and gas governance and geo- resources conflict and cooperation, with a particular politics expert. She is the MENA director at the Natural focus on water resources, and the legal and institution- Resource Governance Institute. She played a leading al factors that enable cooperative management. Prior role in establishing the MENA Oil & Gas Knowledge to joining IHE Delft, she worked for the German de- Hub in Lebanon in 2014 and the Lebanese Coalition velopment cooperation agency, GIZ, the Mekong River for Good Governance in Oil and Gas in 2018. She has Commission, the World Bank and other international several publications on oil and gas in Lebanon and the organizations. Eastern Mediterranean and is a regular on TV shows and serves as resource for media outlets. She holds a Ruben Dahm is a senior researcher at Deltares – an master’s in Middle East politics from the University independent research institute on water and subsoil of Exeter and a B.A. in communication arts from the in the Netherlands. His research focuses on water Lebanese American University. resources, particularly flood and drought risk, and the role of climate in societal stability and conflicts. Tamer Badawi is an analyst of Iranian foreign policy. He was previously affiliated with the School of Trans- Robert Mogielnicki is a resident scholar at the Arab national Governance in the European University Gulf States Institute in Washington, where he oversees Institute in Fiesole as a Policy Leader Fellow (resident) the institute’s political economy research. He manages and he was prior to that affiliated with the Al Sharq a long-term research series, “Next Gen Gulf,” that Forum in Istanbul as a Research Fellow (resident). explores how advanced technologies shape Gulf Arab governments and economies. His published work has Amine Ghoulidi is a PhD candidate at King’s College appeared in Foreign Policy, The Banker, Axios, Cairo London researching the geopolitics of critical minerals Review of Global Affairs, and the LSE Middle East and European security. A career political risk consult- Centre. He holds a DPhil degree from the University of ant, Amine advised leading multinational corpora- Oxford’s Magdalen College. ii CONTRIBUTORS Rami Alrawashdeh is a Professor in the Department of Mining and Mineral Engineering, College of Engi- neering at Al-Hussein Bin Talal University in Jordan. He teaches courses related to mining engineering, mine management and economics, renewable energy management, project management and engineering economics. He received his PhD in Mineral Man- agement and Economics from Curtin University of Technology at Australia in 2007. He had his master’s degree in mining engineering from the Wollongong University at Australia in 2003. He was the Head of the Department of Mining and Mineral Engineering from September 2017 to September 2018. His research interests include phosphate market analysis, engineer- ing management, project management, engineering economics and socio economics impact of mining. Manel Ben Achour is a program coordinator at the I Watch Organization in Tunisia. I Watch works on fighting corruption and enhancing transparency in Tunisia. Hood Ahmed is a research assistant at the Middle East Directions Programme of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. He has a master's degree in comparative politics from the London School of Economics. iii CONTRIBUTORS INTRODUCTION Luigi Narbone Since the times of the colonial scramble in the 19th and to the normalisation of illicit economic activities. Even early 20th centuries, natural resources have played a in several of the states not hit by conflicts, which have central role in the history of modern Middle East and often witnessed a reconsolidation of authoritarianism, North Africa (MENA). The region’s rich endowment internal political and economic challenges and a of natural resources, and particularly the abundance of volatile regional and global context have hindered fossil fuels, has been a factor contributing to the shaping central state governance and put into question the of the state system and regional order in post-colonial viability of the old social contract. times. It has also marked MENA’s national and regional Once more, the role of natural resources in fuelling economic structures, its political economies and the many of these dynamics and trends has been key. State way the region has integrated into the global economy. and non-state actors have clashed over the control Moreover, while hydrocarbons have brought income of oil or greater access to resources. Armed militias and wealth to the region, they have created rentier have survived through resource plundering, while economies and have contributed to consolidating strategic energy objectives have fuelled the geopolitical authoritarianism and patrimonialism in the region, confrontation between regional and international which has hindered the development of participatory actors. and accountable governance. Autocratic governments in the region have produced and perpetuated a very This ebook developed out of the Conflicts“ and Natural
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SECTARIAN MOVEMENT in LEBANON TRANSFORMING from STREET PROTESTS TOWARDS a FULL- FLEDGED POLITICAL MOVEMENT Wetenschappelijke Verhandeling Aantal Woorden: 25.981
    THE EMERGENCE OF THE NON- SECTARIAN MOVEMENT IN LEBANON TRANSFORMING FROM STREET PROTESTS TOWARDS A FULL- FLEDGED POLITICAL MOVEMENT Wetenschappelijke verhandeling Aantal woorden: 25.981 Jesse Waterschoot Stamnummer: 01306668 Promotor: Prof. dr. Christopher Parker Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad master in de richting Politieke Wetenschappen afstudeerrichting Internationale Politiek Academiejaar: 2017-2018 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the individuals with whom I have discussed this topic. Through its specificity, online information was sometimes hard to find, so I would like to thank every individual in Lebanon that shared information with me. I extend my sincere gratitude to my colleagues at Heinrich Böll Stichtung Beirut, who supported me in my project on the Lebanese elections and shared their insights with me. Without their assistance and contacts in Beirut’s political scene, finishing this dissertation would have been much harder. Whenever I had any question about a Lebanese party, organisation or politician they were happy to provide information. A special acknowledgment must be given to my promotor, Christopher Parker. Through your guidance and advice on this specific topic and support for my internship plans, I was able to complete this dissertation. 3 Abstract Deze Master thesis behandelt de opkomst van de Libanese niet-sektarische beweging. Libanon kent een confessioneel systeem, waarbij de staat en samenleving georganiseerd is op basis van religie. Deze bestuursvorm resulteerde in een politiek-religieuze elite die overheidsdiensten monopoliseerde en herstructureerde om diensten te voorzien aan hun religieuze achterban, in ruil voor hun loyaliteit. Na de burgeroorlog werd dit confessioneel systeem aangepast, maar niet fundamenteel gewijzigd.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Review and Updated Checklist of Freshwater Fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status
    Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2017), 4(Suppl. 1): 1–114 Received: October 18, 2016 © 2017 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: February 30, 2017 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.7508/iji.2017 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status Hamid Reza ESMAEILI1*, Hamidreza MEHRABAN1, Keivan ABBASI2, Yazdan KEIVANY3, Brian W. COAD4 1Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran 3Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran 4Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada *Email: [email protected] Abstract: This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic and zoogeographical research on the Iranian inland ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of J.J. Heckel (1846-1849), the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. This article lists 288 species in 107 genera, 28 families, 22 orders and 3 classes reported from different Iranian basins. However, presence of 23 reported species in Iranian waters needs confirmation by specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section K
    K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units Version 3 (December 2014)
    Country Coding Units Version 3 (December 2014) Principal Investigators Research Assistant Michael Coppedge – U. of Notre Dame Vlad Ciobanu – U. of Gothenburg John Gerring – Boston University Staffan I. Lindberg –U. of Gothenburg Jan Teorell – Lund University Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Vlad Ciobanu. 2014. “Varieties of Democracy: Country Coding Units v3.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. 1 This document lists (a) every country in the eventual V-Dem database, (b) the years for which we have collect data or plan to collect data (in parentheses next to the entry); (c) the polities that comprise each country’s 20th century history (even if falling outside the time-period that we wish to code); and (d) the borders of each country (wherever this might be unclear). Many dates are approximate due to the inconclusive nature of a country’s history. Note that changes in sovereignty often occur by stages, and marking these stages with specific dates can be challenging. General sources for compiling this document include Wikipedia and Statesman.org. Additional sources, along with notes pertaining to specific countries, empires, and federations are contained in a separate document: “Countries, Empires, Elections (misc notes)” “Country” A V-Dem “country” is a political unit enjoying at least some degree of functional and/or formal sovereignty. This means that fully sovereign nation-states as well as colonies and protectorates and semi-autonomous administrative districts may qualify as countries. A territory must claim sovereignty at some point in its history in order to qualify. Thus, Somaliland qualifies but not Puntland.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya's Conflict
    LIBYA’S BRIEF / 12 CONFLICT Nov 2019 A very short introduction SERIES by Wolfgang Pusztai Freelance security and policy analyst * INTRODUCTION Eight years after the revolution, Libya is in the mid- dle of a civil war. For more than four years, inter- national conflict resolution efforts have centred on the UN-sponsored Libya Political Agreement (LPA) process,1 unfortunately without achieving any break- through. In fact, the situation has even deteriorated Summary since the onset of Marshal Haftar’s attack on Tripoli on 4 April 2019.2 › Libya is a failed state in the middle of a civil war and increasingly poses a threat to the An unstable Libya has wide-ranging impacts: as a safe whole region. haven for terrorists, it endangers its north African neighbours, as well as the wider Sahara region. But ter- › The UN-facilitated stabilisation process was rorists originating from or trained in Libya are also a unsuccessful because it ignored key political threat to Europe, also through the radicalisation of the actors and conflict aspects on the ground. Libyan expatriate community (such as the Manchester › While partially responsible, international Arena bombing in 2017).3 Furthermore, it is one of the interference cannot be entirely blamed for most important transit countries for migrants on their this failure. way to Europe. Through its vast oil wealth, Libya is also of significant economic relevance for its neigh- › Stabilisation efforts should follow a decen- bours and several European countries. tralised process based on the country’s for- mer constitution. This Conflict Series Brief focuses on the driving factors › Wherever there is a basic level of stability, of conflict dynamics in Libya and on the shortcomings fostering local security (including the crea- of the LPA in addressing them.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study: Karkheh River in Iran)
    ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(23), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i23/75246, September 2015 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study: Karkheh River in Iran) Farhang Azarang1*, Abdol Rasoul Telvari2, Hossein Sedghi1 and Mahmoud Shafai Bajestan3 1Department of Water Science and Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran - 1477893855, Iran; [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran; [email protected] 3Department of Water Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran; [email protected] Abstract Reservoir dams are the most important hydraulic structures built on rivers and have a great impact on the river conditions. In this study, MIKE 11 mathematical model in Karkheh river is used in Iran. Karkheh River is one of the most important rivers of Iran on which Karkheh Reservoir Dam is built. MIKE 11 Model is used for simulation of flow and sediment in rivers. The studied Kriavrekr hfelohw R idvoerw annsdtr ceoammp ouft aKtiaornkahle rhe sRueltsse wrveorier cDoammp aarnedd eancdo emvaplausasteesd gweiotmh oebtrsiecr, vhaytdiornaual idc aatan.d C rsoesdsim seecnttios nianlf ogremomateiotrnic oafl cKhaarnkghesh oRfi vKearr kinh Aehb dRoivlkehr aunp asntrde aHmam (Aidbidyeohlk hhyadnr hoymdertormic esttraitci osntast. iMona)n wnienrge’ sc raolcuuglhanteeds sa cnode tfhfiec ibeenst t0 w.0a2y5s wtoa sp rceodniscitd cehreadn gfoesr shape. Longitudinal bed level changes of Karkheh River was estimated from upstream to downstream. Elevation changes of Kwaerrkeh ienhtr roidvuerc ebde. dE nwgaesl uonbdta-Hinaends eant tahned h Aycdkreorms-eWtrhicit est eaqtiuoantsio onfs A obffdeorlekdh abne t(tuerp sptrreedaimct)i oannsd o Hf cahmaindgiehs i(nd othwen Kstarrekahmeh) uRsivinegr MIKE 11 Model.
    [Show full text]
  • 26Thmarch Part1 Executive Summary
    End of Project Evaluation for Jordan National Red Crescent Society (JNRCS) Community Based Health and First Aid (CBHFA) and Psychosocial Support project in Jordan EVALUATION REPORT February – March 2017 Evaluator: Ofelia García This evaluation was produced at the request of the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Ofelia García, independent consultant, led the evaluation exercise and is the author of this report. DISCLAIMER The author's views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies or the Jordan Red Crescent Society. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.A Evaluation Purpose and Scope 1.B Intervention’s Background 1.C Methodology – Overall Orientation 1.D Conclusions 1.E. Recommendations 2. EVALUATION PURPOSE & EVALUATION QUESTIONS page 1 2.A Evaluation Purpose and Scope 2.B Evaluation Questions 3. BACKGROUND page 3 3.A Context 3.B Intervention’s Background 3.C Intervention’s Evolution 4. EVALUATION METHODS & LIMITATIONS page 12 4.A Timeline – Phases and Deliverables of the Evaluation 4.B Methodology – Overall Orientation 4.C Limitations 5. FINDINGS page 15 5.A. Relevance and Appropriateness 5.B. Targeting and Coverage 5.C. Effectiveness 5.D. Efficiency 5.E. Connectedness 6. CONCLUSIONS page 43 7. RECOMMENDATIONS page 47 ANNEXES ANNEX I: Terms of Reference ANNEX II: JHAS /UNHCR Hospitals ANNEX III: List of Consulted Documents - Bibliography ANNEX IV: List of contacted Key Informants
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Precipitation and River Discharge Variations Over Southwestern Iran During Recent Decades
    Evaluation of precipitation and river discharge variations over southwestern Iran during recent decades Azadeh Arbabi Sabzevari1,∗, Mohammad Zarenistanak2, Hossein Tabari3 and Shokat Moghimi4 1Department of Geography, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Research Institute of Shakes Pajouh, Isfahan, Iran. 3Hydraulics Division, Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium. 4Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. ∗Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] This study investigates trend and change point in the annual and monthly precipitation and river dis- charge time series for a 56-year period (1956/57–2011/12). The analyses were carried out for 17 rain gauge stations and 13 hydrometric stations located in the southwest regions of Iran. Five statistical tests of Mann–Kendall, Spearman, Sequential Mann–Kendall, Pettitt and Sen’s slope estimator were utilized for the analysis. The relationships between the precipitation and river discharge series were also exam- ined by the Pearson correlation test. The results obtained for the precipitation time series indicated that most of the stations were characterized by insignificant trends for both the annual and monthly series. The analysis of discharge trends revealed a significant increase during both the annual and October through April series. The magnitude of significant increasing trends in annual river discharge ranged between 6.65 and 20.49 m3/s per decade. The highest number of significant trends in the monthly river discharge series was observed in January and February, accounting for seven and four trends respectively. Furthermore, most of the annual and monthly river discharge series showed significant change points in the 1970s.
    [Show full text]
  • Armenian Christians in Jerusalem: 1700 Years of Peaceful Presence*
    Laury Haytayan1 Прегледни рад Arab Region Parliamentarians Against Corruption UDK:27(479.25)(569.44) ARMENIAN CHRISTIANS IN JERUSALEM: 1700 YEARS OF PEACEFUL PRESENCE* Abstract This paper examines the presence of the Armenians in Jerusalem for the past 1700 years. This historical account sheds the light on the importance of Jerusa- lem for the Armenians, especially for the Armenian Church that was granted the authority to safeguard the Holy Places in the Holy Land with the Greek and Latin Churches. During the centuries, the Armenians survived all the conquests and were able to find all sorts of compromises with all the different powers that conquered Jerusalem. This study shows that the permanent presence is due to the wise religious authorities and the entire Armenian community who had no backing from super powers but they had their religious beliefs and their per- sistence in safeguarding the Holy Places of Christianity. The author takes the reader back in History by stopping at important events that shaped the history of the Armenians in the Holy Land. Key words: Jerusalem, Armenians, Crusaders, Holy Land, St James Monas- tery, Old City, Armenian Quarter. Introduction This paper comes at a time when Christians in Iraq and Egypt are being mas- sacred in their churches, Christians in Nazareth are being forbidden to decorate a Christmas tree in public space, and Christians in Lebanon are seeking to pre- serve their political rights to safeguard their presence in their Homeland. At a time, when the Palestinian Authority is alerting the International Community of the danger of the continuous and ferocious settlement construction in East Jerusalem by the State of Israel, and at a time when Christians of the East are being silent on the fate of Jerusalem by leaving it in the hands of the Palestinian and Israeli negotiators, hoping that the Unites States will be the caretaker of the Christians of Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • EPSE PROFILE-19Th Edition
    Electrical Power Systems Establishment PROFILE 19th EDITION May, 2019 www.eps-est.com TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 ORGANIZATION INFORMATION 3.0 MESSAGES 3.1 MISSION 3.2 VISION 3.3 COMMITMENT STATEMENT 3.4 QA/QC STATEMENT 3.5 SAFETY STATMENT 4.0 ORGANIZATION CHART 5.0 AFFILIATIONS 6.0 RESOURCES LISTING 6.1 MANPOWER 6.2 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT & TOOLS 6.3 TESTING EQUIPMENT 7.0 BRIEF BUSINESS EXPOSURE 7.1 EQUIPMENT EXPERTISE 7.2 SERVICES 7.3 MAIN CUSTOMERS LIST 8.0 PROJECT LISTING 8.1 ON GOING JOBS 8.2 COMPLETED JOBS Electrical Power Systems Est. Profile 19th Edition May, 2019 PAGE 2 OF 33 1.0 INTRODUCTION Electrical Power Systems Est., (EPSE) was founded in 1989 under the name of Electronics Systems Est. (ESE). Established primarily to provide general services in instrumentation, calibration and personal computer trade, it then revolutionized its interests to the more technical field of Control and Monitoring Systems primarily for the Electric Power utilities. Within a short period of time in this new field of interest, it has achieved a remarkable and outstanding performance that gained the appreciation and acknowledgment of fine clients such as ABB, which from thence entrusted sensitive related jobs to the Establishment. Realizing the soaring demand for services in this specialized field and where only few Saudi firms have ventured, the management was prompted to enhance and confine ESE activities within the bounds of Electric Power Control and Monitoring Systems. In late 1998, Electronics Systems Est. (ESE) was renamed Electrical Power Systems Establishment (EPSE) to appropriately symbolize its specialized activities in the field of Electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground-Water Resources of the Bengasi Area, Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya
    Ground-Water Resources of the Bengasi Area, Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-B Prepared under the auspices of the United States Operations Mission to Libya, the United States Corps of Engineers, and the Government of Libya BBQPERTY OF U.S.GW«r..GlCAL SURVEY JRENTON, NEW JEST.W Ground-Water Resources of the Bengasi Area Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya By W. W. DOYEL and F. J. MAGUIRE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-B Prepared under the auspices of the United States Operations Mission to Libya, the United States Corps of Engineers, and the Government of Libya UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract _ _______________-__--__-_______--__--_-__---_-------_--- Bl Introduction______-______--__-_-____________--------_-----------__ 1 Location and extent of area-----_______----___--_-------------_- 1 Purpose and scope of investigation---______-_______--__-------__- 3 Acknowledgments __________________________-__--_-----_--_____ 3 Geography___________--_---___-_____---____------------_-___---_- 5 General features.._-_____-___________-_-_____--_-_---------_-_- 5 Topography and drainage_______________________--_-------.-_- 6 Climate.____________________.__----- - 6 Geology____________________-________________________-___----__-__ 8 Ground water____._____________-____-_-______-__-______-_--_--__ 10 Bengasi municipal supply_____________________________________ 12 Other water supplies___________________-______-_-_-___-_--____- 14 Test drilling....______._______._______.___________ 15 Conclusions.
    [Show full text]