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Planning for Climate Impacts on Māori Coastal Ecosystems and Economies

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Planning for Climate Impacts on Māori Coastal Ecosystems and Economies Planning for Climate Change Impacts on Māori Coastal Ecosystems and Economies: A Case Study of 5 Māori-owned land blocks in the Horowhenua Coastal Zone Planning for Climate Change Impacts on Māori Coastal Ecosystems and Economies: A Case Study of 5 Māori-owned land blocks in the Horowhenua Coastal Zone * Derrylea Hardy1 Aroha Spinks2 Jane Richardson1 Moira Poutama2 Murray Patterson1 Huhana Smith3 Martin Manning4 1School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University; 2Huia Te Taiao; 3Whiti o Rehua School of Art, Toi Rauwhārangi College of Creative Arts, Massey University, Wellington; 4Independent Contractor. Published by the Horowhenua Coastal Climate Change Project Research Team Funded by the Deep South National Science Challenge, Vision Mātauranga Main Contract Holder: Massey University, Contract C01X1412 Reviewed by Associate Professor Anna Brown Director, Toi Āria: Design for Public Good, College of Creative Arts, Massey University Recommended citation: Hardy, D., Spinks, A. Richardson, J., Poutama, M., Patterson, M., Smith, H., Manning, M. (2019). Planning for Climate Change Impacts on Māori Coastal Ecosystems and Economies: A Case Study of 5 Māori-owned land blocks in the Horowhenua Coastal Zone. Massey University, Palmerston North. Ko ngā mahi ō inaianei, hei oranga mō apōpō For the communities of tomorrow, who shall benefit from our efforts today1 1 https://www.deepsouthchallenge.co.nz/ Horowhenua Coastal Climate Change Research Team (Project C01X1412) Published by the Horowhenua Coastal Climate Change Project Research Team C01X1412 Contract Holder: School of People, Environment and Planning Massey University Private Bag 11052 Palmerston North New Zealand ISBN (digital): 978-0-9951027-5-0 ISBN (print): 978-0-9951027-4-3 Disclaimer While the author(s), the Horowhenua Coastal Climate Change research team, and their respective organisations, have exercised all reasonable skill and care in researching and reporting this information, and in having it appropriately reviewed, neither the author(s), the research team, nor the institutions involved shall be liable for the opinions expressed, or the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document. The author will not be liable in contract, tort, or otherwise howsoever, for any loss, damage or expense (whether direct, indirect or consequential) arising out of the provision for the information contained in the report or its use. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report summarises the research undertaken in the research project, ‘Risk Management Planning for Climate Change Impacts on Māori Coastal Ecosystems and Economies’ (C01X1412), which was undertaken from August 2017 to June 2019, with Māori coastal communities in the Horowhenua. It follows on from Phase 1 of this research, entitled ‘Adaptation Strategies to Address Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Māori Communities’ (CO1X1445). Funding for this research came from the Vision Mātauranga programme of the Deep South Te Kōmata o Te Tonga National Science Challenge. In this project, our research team explored adaptations to address the impacts of climate change on coastal communities. The research sought to provide Māori coastal land owners with information, capability and tools to enable them to envisage adaptation strategies that are economically, environmentally and culturally sustainable; and will enhance and restore Māori cultural relationships to the coast, in the face of likely impacts from climate change. The project was organised around wānanga, hui, hīkoi and an exhibition with stakeholders and the research team, as a way of co-producing and communicating new knowledge and capability to identify, respond and adapt to potential climate change impacts. The research team engaged with Māori land owners in the Horowhenua flood plain and coastal region between Ōhau River and Waikawa River. In early stages of this research, the research team explored with land owners the key findings from the Phase 1 project (2015-2017). This included the potential effects of projected climate change impacts on the case study rohe, the recommended adaptation pathway (Protect, Adapt/Anticipate, Retreat; see Appendix B), and exploration of the expansion of wetlands on Tahamata Incoporporation farm and linking to Incorporation of Ransfield’s contiguous wetland. Discussion with land owners then identified the following Preferred Land Use Adaptation Options for focussed research in Phase 2: 1) Use of harakeke as a means of income generation from production of harakeke-sourced products, particularly fine fibre products from muka; 2) Riparian planting and other water quality enhancement activities to increase the abundance of taonga species (e.g. tuna and īnanga) for customary take purposes, and potential commercial sale in the future; and 3) Construction of sustainable papakāinga (housing). The research team explored each of these preferred Land Use Adaptations, to assess the degree to which they would increase the resilience of the case study farms to cope with the likely climate change impacts that are increasingly occurring in the rohe. These factors include increased inundation from sea level rise; increased frequency and intensity of flood events with resultant damage to coastal land, waterways and infrastructure; increased erosion; and increased “wetness” of soil resulting in more areas being puggy and/or returning to wetlands over time. All of these factors negatively impact on the suitability of current land use practices on various areas of farm land. The alternative land use adaptations were explored in terms of their enhancement of socio-cultural and ecological values, as well as the economic contribution they could make. The research identified the establishment process, associated set-up and maintenance costs and potential revenue streams for the harakeke and kaimoana options, as well as a broad overview of papakāinga and how they could complement other adaptation options. i As the research progressed, it became apparent that harakeke and taonga species-based industries at the local small-scale level are niche markets, for which additional research is required to gain detailed business case feasibility data. The information that is known for each option is summarised in the report, and recommendations made for ongoing research. Using the available data, a risk assessment tool was developed that, given local conditions, aids Māori communities to assess the risks and benefits associated with alternate coastal land use adaptation strategies. This decision-making tool drew on the Mātauranga Māori, Climate Change/ Geomorphology and Ecological Economics research conducted previously in Phase 1. In this Phase 2 project, the risk assessment tool was applied to analysing the economic benefits across the value chain for the production of high-grade harakeke fibres for high-end clothing products. Such use of the risk assessment tool highlights the uncertainties and risks involved in such ventures, and it is presented as a tool that could be applied in the future to other products apart from high-grade harakeke fibre products. It can assist stakeholders to assess the risks and value trade-offs between various alternative land use options, to address climate change impacts for their rohe. The risk assessment tool can be used as a reliable platform to assess various ‘what if’ scenarios such as, for example, ‘what if’ the price of harakeke leaves falls from 52 cents a kilogram to 32 cents a kilogram? The learnings from this assessment of the harakeke fine fibre production value chain can be applied to other adaptation options. Inferences are made on the impact of planting riparian margins on water quality and resultant abundance of freshwater taonga species. Transition Action Plans were then co-developed with land owners, to guide the implementation of their Preferred Adaptation scenarios. Explicit consideration of iwi and hapū perspectives was critical to a clear sense of inter-generational stewardship as an active exercise of kaitiakitanga. It is important to note that maximising economic return is not necessarily the primary consideration when assessing alternative land uses for Māori coastal land, and cultural and ecological considerations can in some cases be of equal or greater importance. This understanding must be taken into account when ‘trade-offs’ are required in land use decision. Thus, Transition Action Plans for adaptation to climate change must be holistic and sensitive to the fact that cultural and economic needs of whānau will vary and a “one size fits all” approach is inadequate. The report recommends key factors that coastal Māori communities should consider when developing Transition Action Plans for their rohe and local conditions. An overview of key findings and recommendations for ongoing research are also provided in the final chapter. It is hoped that this report will also be of assistance to other coastal groups attempting to adapt to changing conditions in the face of climate change. ii Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... vii 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview and Project Funding .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2
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