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Bottor of ^L)Ilos(Opftp THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DIMENSIONS IN SHELLEY'S POETRY ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF Bottor of ^l)ilos(opftp BY SYED ASIM ALI DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1887 Shelley's social and political idealism was occasioned by the degenerate state of affairs of his day, and shaped by Ror.antioisri ani the ^^revalent prof.resslve political philosophy. Eqaality, Liberty and Fraternity vrere f:-.(=^. cornerstones of his thca^hL, he used his talent of poetry for arousing and avakening mankind, and in keeping witli his credo of poets as the unacl-niovjledged legislators of mankind he sought to bring out some of fundamental changes in society. It v/as a veritaMe Utopian view of life, A number of evils like fraud, hypocrisy, treachery, economic disparity and exploitation, religious bigotry and intoleration, persecution, mor<il corruption and bigotry flourished during the eighteenth century in England and France. The rich did almost no work and TX)ssessed more to waste than to eat. The poor had to exhaust himself before he got a mere poor subsis­ tence, Kisery, disease, starvation and death were alr.ost as common in the poor section as luxuries and voluptuousness in the rich class. The tvro extremes of sl-^very and liccury had debased the very human nature. The economically weak were also deprived of their basic human rights and treated some­ times \'K>rse tha.\ animals. Food riots and violence vrere common. The tendencies of dissent were ruthlessly crushed 'I both in relisious and political circles. The lav; makinc and enforcing agencies v.'ere corrupt and so was the adninis- tration. King and clergy enjoyed monorioly in all social, political and religious affairs. Irrespective of their other differences, the '-Tiig and Tory parties held a unanimity about tiie monarchical set up of society. Reacting to the situation, Voltaire, Rousseau, Ilolbach and Ilelvetius etc. severely criticised the feudal, monarchic and aristocratic set up. Religion, unfortunately, failed to provide its promised panacea in actual terms. 3ome thinkers attacked the role of clergy vhich v/as alvrays in league v.dth the exoloi- tative forces against the general manlcind Avhose salvation it jbroclained to seek. Instead of undertaking the charitable and philanthropic activities, they had contented tlienselves merely vdth maintaining the records of marriages, births, deaths, and baptism etc. Hobbe ridiculed such a religious belief and -./ith Locke he advocated a new mechanistic and materialistic view of life. Voltaire and Rousseau were inspired by these ideas and in turn influenced God\d.n, Words­ worth, Coleridge, Shelley and other Romantics. However, a change on the social and political planes was in the offing in both the countries - a revolutionary one in case of FraJice and evolutionary one in case of England. Breathing in an atmosphere of corruTDtion, poverty, excesses of privileged classes, pervading moral banlcruptcy and rising radical intellectualistri, Shelley's roi..antic imagination proved much more fertile and creative to bear ever nevf and original ideas. Ihe French social and political thought ciilminated in the form of tlie l-'Y^^nch Revolution, which sent its tremors across the lengtii and breath of the continent. I'iajority of the English and French thinkers as v/ell as poets saw in tlie Revolution the concretisation of their dreams of equality, liberty and fraternity, \^ereas a few opposed the event ^'/hich was aimed at demolishing the monarchical order and establishing republican democracy. Homantics like 'ordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Southey, Shelley and even Keats acclaimed it as the saviour of mankind. But, the degeneration of the Revo­ lution into tyranny disillusioned many of them like /ordsworth and Coleridge, ^he impact of the Revolution was so great that even Keats couH not escape it. However, a fev/ years had passed over the event by the time Shelley began composing poetry. Therefore, instead of indulging in any kind of emotional outburst, he treats the Revolution as a rich subject for social and political consideration. In this unique experi­ ment of history, he found answers to m.any of his queries and fron it he drew many of his rr.ost significant inferences. A nmiber of his prose and poetic writinps like pai.inhlets a.'.: L-iuee n Mab. The Revolt of Islar.. Prometheus lAibound and Kejlas bear the clear imprint of the event, fhe 'Heforn. Act' of 1832 v/as tile partial f'jafil-.ent of Shelley's reforir.ist ideas dervied from the reflection on tlie lievolution. Shelley's verse reflects his close acq-iaintance --ith the currents and cross-currents of the social and political thought as well as tendencies of his tme. The poetry of 3:ielley shows th<3t he was unde:^ the influence of the social and political ideas of certnin social and political thinkers like Voltaire, Ho-isseau, Paine, Godwin, Kary "•'ollstonecraft, "olbach, "lelvetlus etc. He was also familiar with the views o" Condorcet, Saint Simon, ^'uesnay, Mercier dela Riviere, Burke, Price, Joseph Priestley and others. His early political tracts written before his major poem Queen Mab throw light on his early social objectives and summarise his social and political responses. "-. His three pamphlets of 1812, addressed to the Irish people show how he was engaged witli the thames of annihilation of monarchy and its established institutions, the replacement of monarchical system v;ith a republican fori" of den.ocracy, complete freedom of press and expression, economic and social equality, legal jT^stice, end of slavery ara oppression, pursuit of hapniness and prosperity as governrent's duty, non-violence, individual enlightenment and refer:.! and restoration of hijuiian dignity. The tracts like Ifecessitv of Athelsr. and Refutation of Deis:., clinch his atheistic (more appropriately non-conforr:;ist) creed. It seems as if refuting the existence of God v/as an strategical inevitability for him to remove the basis on which rests the corrimt social and political str'cicture. He traces all social and political evils to the false concept of God and views religion as a source of weakening of numan will and spreading cowardice, superstition and selfishness. Shelley's poetry aboands in "' •; social and political themes from the first to the last. A niLmber of his chief characters and the individual embodiment" of certain ideals of the French Revolution. Shelley undertalies to condemn in Queen Mab the institutionalisation of society v;hich, he thinks, is the mother of numerous other social and political evils, ^e process of institutionalisation begins v/ith the belief of the common masses in a false concept of an arbitrary, tyrannical God. This belief sets the pattern of the human behaviour, ^e also hints at the three stages of the growth of religion, the last of which proves tlie most fatal by making man take pride in his submission, slavery and debase­ ment. King and clergy, being the rer>resentative of God share in common the despotism, tyranny and callousness of tlie God of their belief and always remain united in their aim of inf lie tine miseries upon and exploiting manl^ind. The trend generates slavery to which he traces all the other social evils. Slavery deprives man of his inherent nobility and hunanness. Shelley disapproves of both the status of man, king and slave, as both snatch fror:' him his humanity. Christ could also not escape his acrimonious attack in this poem. Refuting the existence of God and calling Him a false notion, Shelley acknowledges the existence of a povrer, necessity, v;hich sways and moves the universe. He envisages the arrival of a hew era in the disappearance of the prevalent concept of God and prevalence of the concept of necessity. Economic disparity and bigotry are other sources of degrading hunanity. Commerce based on inhuman principles redices even love, the su-oreme law, to a saleable commodity. In this poen, Shelley appears to suggest that the institutional reform is necessary for bringing about a charge in the social and political conditions. But such a reform is not possible unless a change in basic concepts takes place. Once, such a change occurs, the world shall enjoy eternal peace, progress, happiness, justice, sympathy and fellow-feeling. Though, the germinated seeds of the deeper philosophical thought can be observed scattered in this poem, it dealS mainly v/ith Shelley's coping \vd.th the social and political problems on the surface of institutions. The allegorical style is adopted to suit the purpose. Anotiier major vork I'he I'^^evolt of Isl,qjr.T shows a marked advaixe in Shelley as a social and political thiriier. In spite of coming across on several occasions in the poem the same ideas, symbols, figures of speech and m.-annerisms of style as in <^ueeq T^ab. vo notice a gradual sliift froii. rhetoricism to reason and from, allecory to the use of s:,'mbo- lism and imagery, subtler modes of expression. Vague necessi­ tarianism here takes the form of comparatively concrete concepts of good and evil, "e trices the desirable or undesir-^ble upheavals on the surface of human society to be the manifestation of the interaction of the same forces of good ana evil locked in eternal conflict. These tvro forces are symbolised in the poem, by the eagle and tiip serpent. rood ic basically av.'areness and consciousness, ••hereas evil is the darkness of ignor-ince and arMtrariness. In the poem., the awakened populace of the Golden City strv^gles against the dark forces of Otlirian. 'rho^ogh their revolution f::ils -Jitimately, lilie the French Revolution, Slielley draws :;:any significant inferences from it. •'•'he main focus in this >0Gr. is on understanding the real nature of evil in its various manifes­ tations.
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