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'7Ò7 6 t ¡. 7Zç 10242680 €vt+ Mc00 'lUC o illilt I r lil]llil il]il ilil I ilt ililt E STABLI SHING NORMATIVE TEMPLATE S IN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BADMINTON 0t >. CYNCOED ¡.ii,l. ' TEPHEN EV ÈC)R u5Ê il\ ']BRARY ONLV A project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Coaching Science) School of Graduate and Continuing Education Faculty of Education and Sport University of Wales Institute, Cardiff September 1999 PRIF"TSGOL CYMRU UNTVERSITY OF }VALES THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Declaration of student in respect to their work I CERTIF"Y that this work has not been previously accepted in substance for any degree, and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any other degree. I further certi$r that the whole of this work is the result of my individual effort, except where otherwise stated. All quotations from books and journals have been acknowledged. A list ofreferences is appended. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying, and for interJibrary loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed: (candidate) Date: sql1 l33 Certificate of supervising tutor in respect of the student's individual work I am SATISFIED that this work is the result of the above-named student's own effort. Signed: Date: 'I am playing all the right shots, but not necessarily in the right order.' Adapted from an Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise sketch With thanks to Dr. Mike Hughes for his experience and my mother for her support. ll A notation system, designed to record rally-end variables in Badminton, \¡ras shown to be both valid and reliable. Inter and intra reliability ranged from 98.6% (Rally length) to gl.3% (Position). Percentage differences between data from side, and end observations of the same match were not greater than for the intra-reliability data thus different court viewing angles had little effect on notation. Previous literature declared profiles of performance without adequately tackling the problem of quantifuing of the data required in creating a normative template. The badminton notation system was used to examine the cumulative means of selected variables over a series of 1l matches of a player. A template, at match \n¡, was established when these means became stable within set limits of error (LE). T{ests on the variable means in games won, and games lost established the existence of winning and losing templates for winners and effors. Match descriptors (rallies, shots and shots per rally) were independent of match outcome. General values of NtBl established for data types, (10% LE), were 3 matches (descriptive variables), 4 (winners/errors (w/e)), 6 (smash + øe), 7 (position + de). Respective values at 5Yo LE were '7, 5,8 and lO.There was little difference in the values of NtBl when variable means were analysed by game than by match. For the working performance analyst the results provide an estimate of the minimum number of matches to profile an opponent's rally-end play. Whilst the results may be limited to badminton, men's singles and the individual, the methodology of using graphical plots of cumulative means in attempting to establish templates of performance has been served. lll TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS l1 ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES vtn LIST OF FIGURES xl CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION I 1.1 Notation and badminton I 1.2 The bacþround for the study 1 1.3 The statement of the problems 5 1.4 The hypotheses 6 lv 1.5 The limitations and de-limitations 7 CHAPTER TWO REVIEV/ OF LITERATURE 9 2.1 Reviewing the literature 9 2.2.1 Notational analysis in badminton 9 2.2.2 Defining profiles, templates and models 1l 2.2.3 Creating arally ending template l3 2.2.4 The use of performance indicators 15 2.3.1 Using research to define methodology t7 2.3.2 Definition of sample size 18 2.3.3 Dividing the playing surface t9 2.3.4 Defining actions and outcomes 2t 2.3.7 System validation and reliability 22 2.3.6 Reliability and camera position 24 2.3.7 Statistical analysis 25 2.4 The rationale of the study 27 v CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 29 3.1 Notation system design 29 3.2 The notation database 32 J.J Subject and matches 4l 3.4 Equipment 4l 3.5 System validation 46 3.6 Testing system reliability 46 3.7 Reliability and camera position 48 3.8 Collecting the data 48 3.9 The analysis procedures employed 49 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS 52 CHAPTERFIVE DISCUSSION 96 5.1.1 Inter-observer reliability 96 5.1.2 Intra-observer reliability 97 5.1.3 Reliability and camera angle 99 5.2 Research design 101 11 5.3 The descriptive summary data 103 5.4 Establishing templates of winning 104 and losing 5.5 Establishing templates of matches 105 and games 5.6 The definition of templates 106 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS 110 CHAPTER SEVEN REFERENCES 111 CHAPTER EIGI{T APPENDIX lt8 vll LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 31 Abbreviation codes for actions and outcomes 30 3.2 List of matches involving Player A" in order of analysis 42 J.J Match list of wins by Player A 42 3.4 Match list of losses by Player A 42 3.5 The definitions of actions and outcomes 43 3.6 An example of winner/error interpretation and the effect on other variables 47 4.1 Results of intra-observer reliability study 52 4.2 Results of inter-observer reliability study 52 4.3 Results of camera angle reliability study 52 4.4 Intra-observer differences betvieen each set ofvariables 53 4.5 Inter-observer differences between each set ofvariables 54 4.6 Camera view observation differences between each set of variables 55 4.7 Description information of the matches analysed 56 vlll 4.8 Rally frequency information for different match groupings 57 4.9 Shot frequency information for different match groupings 58 4.lO Shot per rally information for different match groupings 58 4.ll The means and percentage error range of rallies by match 59 4.12 The means and percentage error range of shots by match 59 4.13 The means and percentage effor range of shots per rally by match 62 4.14 Shot and rally information for fìrst games 64 4.15 Shot and rally information for first games 65 4.16 The means and limits of error of rallies by game 67 4.17 The means and limits of error of shots by game 69 4. l8 The means and limits of error of shots/rally by game 7t 4.19 Summary of the number of matches to establish variable templates 73 4.20 Summary of the number of matches to establish variable templates 73 4.21 Frequency of winners by match outcome for Player A 74 4.22 Frequency of errors by match outcome for Player A 74 4.23 Frequency of winners by match outcome for Opponent 75 4.24 Frequency of errors by match outcome for Opponent 75 lx 4.25 Frequency of winners by game outcome for Player A 76 4.26 Frequency of errors by game outcome for Player A 76 4.27 Frequency of winners by game outcome for Opponent 76 4.28 Frequency of errors by game outcome for Opponent 76 4.29 Summary of the number of games to establish awinner and an error profile when Player Awins 86 4.30 Summary of the number of games to establish a winner and an error profile when Player A loses 86 4.31 Overall summary ofN(E) for all variable measured at each limit of error 95 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 3.1 The division of the badminton court into position cells 3l 3.2 The list of tables in the Rally-end database 34 3.3 A list of queries in the Access Rally-end database 35 3.4 Furtherqueries in the Access Rally-end database 36 3.5 The design view of the rally table 37 3.6 An example of the data input table 38 3.7 The design view of a database query 39 3.8 An example of a database query output 40 4.1 Mean number of rallies by match 60 4.2 Mean number of shots by match 6l 4.3 Mean number of shots per rally by match 63 4.4 Mean number of rallies by game 68 4.5 Mean number of shots by game 70 4.6 Mean number of shots per rally by game 72 4.7 Player A's winners when Player Awins the game 78 4.8 Player A's errors when Player Awins the game 79 xl 4.9 Opponent's winners when Player A wins the game 80 4.10 Opponent's effors when Player Awins the game 81 4.ll Player A's winners when Player A loses the game 82 4.12 Player A's errors when Player A loses the game 83 4.13 Opponent's winners when Player A loses the game 84 4.14 Opponent's errors when Player A loses the game 85 4.15 Player A's smash winners by match 88 4.16 Player A's smash errors by match 89 4.17 Opponent's smash winners by match 90 4.18 Opponent's smash errors by match 9t 4.19 Player A's winners from position 3 per match 9l 4.20 Player A's errors from position 3 per match 92 4.21 Opponent's winners from position 3 per match 93 4.22 Opponent's errors from position 3 per match 94 xll CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION 1.1 Notation and badminton Notation has been utilised throughout history to describe and define movement although its use to facilitate improvements in sport perfonnance is a recent development.