DOCSLIB.ORG

Godhuma (Triticum Sativum Lam.): a Pharmaco-Therapeutic Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Godhuma (Triticum Sativum Lam.): a Pharmaco-Therapeutic Review Syeda Nikhat Nausheen and Lalitha B R. / International Journal of Medicine and Health Profession Research. 5(1), 2018, 13-22. Review Article ISSN: 2394 – 7403 International Journal of Medicine and Health Profession Research Journal home page: www.ijmhpr.com GODHUMA (TRITICUM SATIVUM LAM.): A PHARMACO-THERAPEUTIC REVIEW Syeda Nikhat Nausheen *1 and B. R. Lalitha 2 1* PG Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bangalore, India. 2Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bangalore, India. ABSTRACT Ayurveda has great potential in the field of Preventive medicine and glorifies the concept of Aahara (food). A properly selected diet and diet. plan plays a critical importance in the management of many diseases. Godhuma (wheat) is a cereal using since ancient period, botanically identified as Triticum sativum Lam . belonging to Poaceae family. Along with its nutritional property, many medicinal properties have also been explained in Ayurveda classics. Wheat is a rich source of multiple essential nutrients, such as protein, dietary fibre, manganese, phosphorus and niacin. Several B vitamins and other dietary minerals are in significant content. Godhuma has shown proven therapeutic effects in prevention and treatment of various conditions. This paper reviews the botanical identity of Godhuma its synonyms, vernacular names, bhedas, rasapanchaka, karmas, Rogaghnata, doshaghnata, yogas, along with its habit, habitat, morphological features, chemical constituents etc., and some of its research activities. KEYWORDS Godhuma, Triticum sativum Lam and Cereal. INTRODUCTION Godhuma (Triticum sativum Lam.), commonly Author for Correspondence: known as Wheat, belongs to Poaceae family. Godhuma is one of shukadhanya (cereal) mentioned Syeda Nikhat Nausheen, in Ayurveda. Different medicinal properties like balya, sthairyakara, Sandhanakrut, Jeevana etc have PG Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, been explained along with its medicinal preparations Government Ayurveda Medical College, as well as dietary preparations in many diseases like Hrudroga, Prameha, Asthibhagna, Vatarakta etc. Bengaluru, India. Wheat a cereal grain, which is a worldwide staple food and it is a grass widely cultivated for its seed. Email: [email protected] There are many species of wheat, the most widely grown is common wheat (T. sativum). The Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com January – June 13 Syeda Nikhat Nausheen and Lalitha B R. / International Journal of Medicine and Health Profession Research. 5(1), 2018, 13-22. nutritional composition of the wheat grain varies in Dhanyavargaadhikaara of Vangasena somewhat with differences in climate and soil. Samhita. Approximately the kernel contains 12 per. water, 70 • Guna-karma of Godhuma has been described per. carbohydrates, 12 per. protein, 2 per. fat, 1.8 per. in Prathama Sthana of Harita Samhita. minerals, and 2.2 per. crude fibres. Vitamins like • Bhrihatrayis mentions it as Sandhanakrut and Riboflavin, niacin, Thiamine and small amount of Sthairyakara and as Ahaara in Vasanta, sharat vitamin A are present, but the milling processes and varsha rutus. removes most of these nutrients with the bran and • Bhavaprakasha, and Chakradatta in the germ 28 . context of Asthibhagna Chikitsa, has advised Gluten meaning "glue"(Latin) is a composite of intake of Godhuma along with ghruta. prolamins and glutelins (storage proteins) that are Nighantu kala 8-11, 13-17 stored together with starch in the endosperm of • Most of the Nighantus attributes Godhuma as 32 wheat grains . Sandhanakrut and Sthiratvakaraka. Wheatgrass are the leaves of the common wheat • It is mentioned as balya and Veeryavardhaka plant, used as a food, drink or dietary supplement. in Raja Nighantu. Bran is the hard outer layers of cereal grain, which • Nighantu ratnakara explains godhuma as consists of the combined aleurone and pericarp. Bran Dhatu Vriddhikara, Bhagnasandhanakaaraka, is rich in dietary fibre and essential fatty acids. It and Sthairyakara. contains significant quantities of Protein, vitamins, • Balya, Sthira and Sandhanakrut property of Starch and dietary minerals. It is also a source of godhuma has been explained in Shodala phytic acid, an anti-nutrient that prevents nutrient Nighantu. absorption. In modern period also Godhma has been explained The wheat germ is the embryo of the wheat kernel elaborately in books like Wealth of India 26 , Indian that has been separated in the milling process, is medicinal plants 27 . “Wheat production, Properties concentrated source of several essential nutrients, and Quality”; “The constituents of Wheat and Wheat including vitamin E, folate (folic acid), phosphorus, products”; “Wheat chemistry and technology” etc. thiamine, zinc, and magnesium, good source of fibre, Paryaayas of Godhuma 8-17 as well as essential fatty acids and fatty alcohol. Godhuma; Sumana; Yavana/yavaka; Mleccha In this article an attempt has been made to review on Bhojana; Satyanama; Hudmba; Rasika; Girija; Godhuma from different classical texts, its Chamada; Kshudra; Madhuli; Rupasheetala; pharmacognostical aspects and about its Nandimukha; Alpa Godhuma; Lokeshi; Paasika; pharmacotherapeutics. Nistusha; Ksheeri; Rasaala; Bahudughda; Apoopa. Bhedas 1,3, 8-12,16 . CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW • Mahagodhuma. Vedic references 6 • Madhuli/Swalpagodhuma. • In Yajurveda, there is explanation about • Pisheetika. godhuma along with other Vanaspati’s. • Deerghagodhuma/Nishooka/ • Godhuma description is available in • Taittiriya Samhita and also Atharvavediya Sukshma/Nandimukhi. • Paippalaada Samhita. Laghugodhuma. 1-4, 8-15, 17 • Saayana has considered Godhuma as Rasapanchaka Prashasta when compared to Yava and Godhuma is having Madhura rasa; Guru, Snigdha, Vrihee. Sheeta guna;Sheeta virya;Madhura Vipaka; Samhita kala 1-5, 18, 19 Vatapittahara and Kaphavardhaka. Karma 8-11, 13, 16 • In Bhela Samhita, Godhuma guna has been Godhuma is mainly Sandhanakara, Sthairyakara, explained in Bhojanavidhi Adhyaya and also Balya, Jeevana, Brumhana, Ruchiprada, Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com January – June 14 Syeda Nikhat Nausheen and Lalitha B R. / International Journal of Medicine and Health Profession Research. 5(1), 2018, 13-22. Shukraprada, Varnya, Vranya, Veeryavardhana, Rome used wheat as one of the principal food plants Saaraka, Asyandi, Alparechi Karma. and the Chinese also grew this cereal as long back as Rogaghnata 22 2700 BC. Godhuma is used mainly in treatment of diseases Bread wheat/Common Wheat (T. sativum Lam.) is like Asthibhagna; Shoola; Kasa; Hrudroga; noted first in contexts which date it c. 5800-5600 Prameha; Kushta; Vatarakta; Vrana. BC. At Telles Sawwan, in Iraq. Yogas of Godhuma 18,20 T. sativum Lam, the most highly evolved, is the most Asthisamharini Churna; Godhuma Churna; widely cultivated of all wheat species. It has Godhumaarjuna Leha/paaka; Apara Godhumadi numerous forms, cultivars and hybrids, mostly utkaarika; Godhumadi ghrita; Godhumachurnadi developed by breeding as well as by selections. Lepa; Mashadi Pupalika; Godhumapishtaadi There are winter, spring, and intermediate growth- Dhoopa. types. Habitat and Habit 26 PRAYOGAS: (THERAPEUTIC USES) 22 An annual grass, commonly 60-150cm. in height, but • Churna of Godhuma along with as short as 30cm. when grows under very dry Asthisamhara, Laksha, and Arjuna has been conditions, or considerably over 150cm. in height mentioned to be taken with milk and ghee in under conditions exceptionally favorable for disorders of joints and fractures. vegetative growth. • In Kasa, it has been mentioned that Habit Godhuma, Yava churna along with the drugs A cultivated annual crop plant. of Kakolyadi varga should be mixed with Root honey, ghee and taken with milk. Adventitious. • Wheat powder and Kunduru mixed with Stem sheep milk should be applied as warm paste. Wheat stem is erect, cylindrical, herbaceous, fistular, It is useful in Bradhna. with distinct nodes and internodes, unbranched, • Rough paste of Kalaaya, Masura, Godhuma glabrous, with number of tillers. and Harenu are applied on the wound for Leaf pressing. Wheat grass leaf is simple, alternate, green, • Powder of old wheat mixed with honey exstipulate, with entire margin, parallel venation. should be used in abdominal pain caused by Acute apex and sheathing leaf base, membranous Kapha. ligule present at the junction of leaf sheath and leaf • In Vatarakta, paste of wheat powder mixed blade. with goat’s milk and ghee should be applied. Inflorescence Binomial name 28 Spike of Spikelet’s. Triticum sativum Lam . Flower Synonyms 28 Bracteates, sessile, hermaphrodite, zygomorphic, Triticum sativum Lam. incomplete, hypogynous, flower lies between Triticum vulgare Vill. superior and inferior palea. Fruit BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Wheat grains, botanically, are the fruits (caryopsis) 26 of the whole wheat plant. Triticum sativum Lam 31 Syn. T. aestivum Linn; T. vulgare Vill; Macroscopic features • History and Origin 26 Wheat grains are generally oval shaped, Wheat (Triticum sativum Lam) has been used as a almost spherical to long. food by man since prehistoric times. The ancient • The dorsal side (with respect to the spikelet civilisations of Babylonia, Crete, Egypt, Greece and axis) is smoothly rounded, while the ventral Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com January – June 15 Syeda Nikhat Nausheen and Lalitha B R. / International Journal of Medicine and Health Profession Research. 5(1), 2018, 13-22. side has the deep crease down one side where Triticum sativum;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identification of Cereal Remains from Archaeological Sites 2Nd Edition 2006
    Identification of cereal remains from archaeological sites 2nd edition 2006 Spikelet fork of the “new glume wheat” (Jones et al. 2000) Stefanie JACOMET and collaborators Archaeobotany Lab IPAS, Basel University English translation partly by James Greig CEREALS: CEREALIA Fam. Poaceae /Gramineae (Grasses) Systematics and Taxonomy All cereal species belong botanically (taxonomically) to the large family of the Gramineae (Poaceae). This is one of the largest Angiosperm families with >10 000 different species. In the following the systematics for some of the most imporant taxa is shown: class: Monocotyledoneae order: Poales familiy: Poaceae (= Gramineae) (Süssgräser) subfamily: Pooideae Tribus: Triticeae Subtribus: Triticinae genera: Triticum (Weizen, wheat); Aegilops ; Hordeum (Gerste; barley); Elymus; Hordelymus; Agropyron; Secale (Roggen, rye) Note : Avena and the millets belong to other Tribus. The identification of prehistoric cereal remains assumes understanding of different subject areas in botany. These are mainly morphology and anatomy, but also phylogeny and evolution (and today, also genetics). Since most of the cereal species are treated as domesticated plants, many different forms such as subspecies, varieties, and forms appear inside the genus and species (see table below). In domesticates the taxonomical category of variety is also called “sort” (lat. cultivar, abbreviated: cv.). This refers to a variety which evolved through breeding. Cultivar is the lowest taxonomic rank in the domesticated plants. Occasionally, cultivars are also called races: e.g. landraces evolved through genetic isolation, under local environmental conditions whereas „high-breed-races“ were breed by strong selection of humans. Anyhow: The morphological delimitation of cultivars is difficult, sometimes even impossible. It needs great experience and very detailed morphological knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Wheat Landraces from Oman: a Botanical Analysis
    Emir. J. Food Agric. 2014. 26 (2): 119-136 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.v26i2.16760 http://www.ejfa.info/ REGULAR ARTICLE Wheat landraces from Oman: A botanical analysis A. A. Filatenko1* and K. Hammer2 1N. I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry, Veteran Council, St. Petersburg, Russia 2University of Kassel, Faculty of Agriculture, International Rural Development and Environmental Protection, Witzenhausen, Germany Abstract The wheat landraces of Oman are chacterized. Their main constituents are Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum, T. aestivum ssp. hadropyrum (Flaksb.) Tzvel., T. compactum Host, T. aethiopicum Jakubz.ssp. aethiopicum, T. aethiopicum ssp. vavilovianum Jakubz. et A. Filat. and T. dicoccon Schrank. The classification of the landraces was performed using the morphological method developed by Dorofeev, Filatenko et al. (1979), considering species, subspecies, convarieties and a great number of botanical varieties. Single landraces contained up to three different species (“Sareeaa”) and up to 17 different botanical varieties (“Missani”). T. aethiopicum var. hajirense A. Filat. et K. Hammer is newly described. Keys for the determination of important Omani wheat races are proposed. 15 wheat landraces of Oman are characterized morphologically. A detailed list describing origin, local names, and infraspecific taxa of the material is provided. Transformation processes of the oasis settlements lead to a replacement of the traditional agricultural systems and the landraces are threatened by genetic erosion. Additional measures are necessary
    [Show full text]
  • John Percival
    THE LINNEAN Wheat Taxonomy: the legacy of John Percival THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, LONDON WlJ OBF SPECIAL ISSUE No 3 2001 ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 32 Jam.estown Road London NWl 7BY Printed on acid free paper © 2001 The Linnean Society of London All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher. The designations of geographic entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers, the Linnean Society, the editors or any other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of The Society, the editors, or other participating organisations. Printed in Great Britain. Wheat Taxonomy: the legacy of John Percival Conference Participants (most of whom are identified by number on the key to the group photograph above). I. M. Ambrose,; 2. J. Bingham, UK; 3. R. Blatter, Switzerland; 4. A. Bomer, Germany; 5. A. Brandolini Italy; 6. R. Brigden, UK; 7. A. H. Bunting, UK; 8. P. Caligari, UK; 9. E.M.L.P. Clauss, USA; 10. P.O. Clauss, USA; 11 . K. Clavel, France; 12. P. Davis, UK; 13. J. Dvohik, USA; 14. !. Faberova, Czech Republic; 15 . A. A. Filatenko, Russia; 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Grain Yield and Rhizosphere Microflora of Alternative Types of Wheat in Organic Production
    Romanian Biotechnological Letters Vol. 23, No. 1, 2018 Copyright © 2018 University of Bucharest Printed in Romania. All rights reserved ORIGINAL PAPER Grain yield and rhizosphere microflora of alternative types of wheat in organic production Received for publication, November 25, 2016 Accepted, April 30, 2017 S. ROLJEVIĆ NIKOLIĆ*, D. KOVAČEVIƆ, G. CVIJANOVIƇ, Ž. DOLIJANOVIƆ, J. MARINKOVIƧ *Institute of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade, Serbia †Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science, University of Belgrade, Serbia ‡Faculty of Biopharming, Megatrend University §Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, Serbia * Address for correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract This study examines the impact of organic growing technologies on the rhizosphere microflora value and grain yield alternative types of wheat. Research is based on three varieties of different alternative types of wheat (Triticum spelta, Triticum compactum and Triticum durum) and one conventional variety of ordinary soft wheat (Triticum vulgare). The experiment was set up on less carbonate-chernozem, according to the random block design with four replicates for each treatment (F1-microbiological fertilizer, F2-the combined use of microbiological fertilizer and organic fertilizer, F0-control (no fertilizer application)). Research results showed that fertilization significantly influenced the increase in the total number of microorganisms to the level of 3.7% and 28%, and the number of Azotobacter to the level of 2.8% and 19.1%, with the proven higher efficiency of mixed application of fertilizers. Analysis of variance of the total number of microorganisms and Azotobacter showed a statistically significant difference between the tested varieties. Grain yield of spelt (4,540 kg ha-1) was significantly higher compared to other varieties.
    [Show full text]
  • Wheat Grain Structure, Quality and Mealing
    POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BAKERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PGDBST – 01 WHEAT GRAIN STRUCTURE, QUALITY AND MILLING DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION GURU JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HISAR – 125 001 1 PGDBST-01 Dr. Alka Sharma UNIT-1 CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF WHEAT GRAIN STRUCTURE 1.0 OBJECTIVES 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1.1.1. ORIGIN 1.1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT 1.1.3. PRODUCTION 1.2. GRAIN SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY 1.2.1. SOURCES OF GRAIN SIZE VARIATIONS 1.2.2. RELATIONSHIP OF GRAIN SIZE WITH ENDOSPERM AND PROTEIN CONTENT 1.2.3. TECHNIQUES USED TO STUDY THE STRUCTURE OF WHEAT GRAIN 1.3. PROTEIN QUALITY 1.4. ∝-AMYLASE ACTIVITY 1.5. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASIS OF WHEAT GRAIN HARDNESS OR SOFTNESS 1.6. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF WHEAT GRAIN 1.7. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WHEAT KERNEL 1.8. SUMMARY 1.9. KEY WORDS 1.10. SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 1.11. SUGGESTED READING OBJECTIVES 2 After studying this unit you should be able to: • Classify wheat and describe its characteristics and uses. • Explain the structure of wheat. • Know the chemical composition of wheat grain. • Understand the factors affecting grain size. • Describe the factors responsible for wheat hardness/softness. 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1.1.1. ORIGIN Wheat was one of the first of the grains domesticated by humans. Its cultivation began in the Neolithic period. Bread wheat is known to have been grown in the Nile valley by 5000 BC, and its apparently later cultivation in other regions (e.g., the Indus and Euphrates valleys by 4000 BC, China by 2500 BC, and England by 2000 BC) indicates that it spread from Mediterranean centers of domestication.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytogeographic Basis Plant Breeding
    PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC BASIS of PLANT BREEDING 1. Local Varieties and Their Significance :— The -varieties of cultivated plants grown in the different regions of the Soviet Union until recently were varieties introduced from various localities and countries, and were inseparable from human migration and colonization. The list of cultivated plants reflects the history of our country in its recent past, it shows the effects of individual peasant farming. In the separate groups and varieties of plants one can trace the routes by which they were brought from Western Europe, the United States, Asia Minor, Mongolia, and Iran. In the pre-revolutionary period, the introduction of new varieties in our country was haphazard. Beginning with the eighteenth century, individual amateur growers and societies unsystemati- cally introduced new varieties from abroad. Sometimes these new varieties were quite valuable but because of the vastness of our country and the com- plete absence of any state-planned system of plant introduction, the imported varieties usually restricted themselves to very limited areas and disappeared. It may be considered that pedigree seed production, in the real meaning of the term, did not exist in our country before the October Revolution. We have just begun a planned distribution of varieties in accordance with the needs of our large-scale socialized and mechanized agricultural economy. Yet, there is no doubt that the varietal materials which were introduced in our country and cultivated for decades and centuries were subjected to natural selection, and also to deliberate or casual artificial selection, and that some local varieties evolved that were ecologically adapted. The proximity of the Soviet Union to the basic centers of origin of numer- ous cultivated plants facilitated the selection of exceptionally valuable forms.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncovering the Genetic Basis and Characters Association of Wheat Spike
    UNCOVERING THE GENETIC BASIS AND CHARACTERS ASSOCIATION OF WHEAT SPIKE- RELATED, AGRONOMIC AND QUALITY TRAITS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Morgan Echeverry-Solarte In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Department: Plant Sciences March 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title UNCOVERING THE GENETIC BASIS AND CHARACTERS ASSOCIATION OF WHEAT SPIKE-RELATED, AGRONOMIC AND QUALITY TRAITS By Morgan Echeverry-Solarte The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University‟s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Mohamed Mergoum Chair Dr. Elias Elias Dr. Phillip McClean Dr. Mohammed Alamri Dr. Jack Rasmussen Dr. Edward Deckard Approved: 3/26/2014 Richard D. Horsley Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Modern wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars are characterized by having spikes with fusiform architecture and rachis nodes with one spikelet. However, genotypes with supernumerary spikelets (SS) in which rachis nodes have more than one spikelet exist in nature. Although this may be a promising trait that increases yield components, detailed knowledge about the molecular basis of SS trait and their influence on other wheat traits is still lacking. In the present study, a population of 163 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an elite line and an exotic line with SS was used to identify QTL for SS and other wheat traits. The RILs, seven checks and the two parents were evaluated for seven SS-related, 10 spike-related, 10 agronomic, and eight quality traits over four to six environments in North Dakota.
    [Show full text]
  • Alien Vascular Plants in Iceland: Diversity, Spatial Patterns, Temporal
    Flora 208 (2013) 648–673 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Flora j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/flora Alien vascular plants in Iceland: Diversity, spatial patterns, temporal trends, and the impact of climate change a,∗ b a Pawel Wasowicz , Ewa Maria Przedpelska-Wasowicz , Hörður Kristinsson a The Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Borgum við Norðurslóð, PO Box 180, IS-600 Akureyri, Iceland b Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland a r t a b i s c l e i n f o t r a c t Article history: The present study provides first comprehensive and up-to-date results on alien plant taxa in Iceland Received 24 May 2013 since 1967. We evidenced the presence of 336 alien vascular plant taxa, including 277 casuals and 59 Accepted 26 September 2013 naturalised taxa, two being invasive. The distribution of the alien flora exhibits a clear spatial pattern Available online 6 October 2013 showing hotspots of occurrence and diversity within areas of major settlement centres. Altitude above sea level and temperature-related variables proved to be the most important factors shaping alien plant Keywords: distribution in Iceland. Predictive modelling evidenced that arctic areas of Iceland and the Central High- Alien flora lands are under serious risk of alien plant invasion due to climate change. The results provide crucial Iceland information for alien and invasive plant management and contribute data for meta-analyses of invasion Climate change processes worldwide. Invasive species Predictive modelling © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Maxent Introduction decades northern plant taxa, well adapted to cold environments will come under pressure and have to withdraw from their natural Only a small percent of alien plant taxa have a potential to environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Triticum Petropavlovskyi Udacz. Et Migusch
    Evolutionary History of Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. Inferred from the Sequences of the 3-Phosphoglycerate Kinase Gene Qian Chen1,2., Hou-Yang Kang1., Xing Fan1, Yi Wang1, Li-Na Sha1, Hai-Qin Zhang1, Mei-Yu Zhong1, Li-Li Xu1, Jian Zeng3, Rui-Wu Yang4, Li Zhang4, Chun-Bang Ding4, Yong-Hong Zhou1,2* 1 Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, 3 College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, 4 College of Biology and Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China Abstract Single- and low-copy genes are less likely to be subject to concerted evolution. Thus, they are appropriate tools to study the origin and evolution of polyploidy plant taxa. The plastid 3-phosphoglycerate kinase gene (Pgk-1) sequences from 44 accessions of Triticum and Aegilops, representing diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats, were used to estimate the origin of Triticum petropavlovskyi. Our phylogenetic analysis was carried out on exon+intron, exon and intron sequences, using maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and haplotype networking. We found the D genome sequences of Pgk-1 genes from T. petropavlovskyi are similar to the D genome orthologs in T. aestivum, while their relationship with Ae. tauschii is more distant. The A genome sequences of T. petropavlovskyi group with those of T. polonicum, but its Pgk-1 B genome sequences to some extent diverge from those of other species of Triticum.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of American Wheat Varieties
    ^1^ J4.^t.^^^' UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN No. 1074 /^- ^ "^A 3 ~ ^ — , — Washington, D. C. Issued November 8, 1922; revised August, 1923 CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN III,. ^ WHEAT VARIETIES By J. ALLEN CLARK, Agronomist in Charge, JOHN H. MARTIN, Agronomist, Western Wheat Investigations, and CARLETON R. BALL, CereaUst in Charge, Office of Cereal Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry CONTENTS Page Page Necessity for a Classiflcation of Wheat, 1 Classification of the Genus Triticum . 48 Previous Investigations 2 Key to the Species or Subspecies . 50 Foreign Classifications 3 Common Wheat 50 American Classifications 7 Club Wheat 172 Summary of Previous Classifications . 9 Poulard Wheat igo Present Investigations 10 Durum Wheat iga Classification Nurseries ....... 11 Emmer. 193 Preparing Descriptions, Histories, and Spelt 195 Distributions 15 Polish Wheat 197 Varietal Nomenclature 17 Einkorn 193 Unidentified Varieties 199 The Wheat Plant 22 Estimated Acreage of Varieties 207 Morphological Characters 23 Literature Cited 219 Physiological Characters 47 Index to Varieties and Synonyms.... 231 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN No. 1074 Washington, D. C. Issued November 8, 1922; revised August, 1923 CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. By J. ALLEN CLARK, Agronomist in Charge, JOHN H. MARTIN, Agronomist, Western Wheat Investigations, and CARLETON R. BALL, Cerealist in Charge, Oßce of Cereal Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. CONTENTS. Page. Page. Necessity for a classification of wheat_ í Classification of the genus Triticum_ 48 Previous investigations 2 Key to the species or bubspecies- 50 Foreign classifications- 3 Common wheat 50 American classifications 7 Club wheat .^ 172 Summary of previous classifica- Poulard wheat iso tions 9 Durum wheat i83 Present investigations 10 Emmer 193 Classification nurseries 11 Spelt _ 195 Preparing descriptions, histories, Polish wheat 197 and distributions 15 Einkorn 193 Varietal nomenclature 17 Unidentified varieties 199 The wheat plant .
    [Show full text]
  • 4-H Plant & Seed Identification & Crop Judging Leader Guide
    4-H Plant & Seed Identification & Crop Judging Leader Guide OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERVICE 4-H 2102L Reprinted July 1998 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Plant Identification 4 Identifying Seeds 4 Plant Names 4 Plant and Seed Descriptions 4 Glossary of Terms 11 Illustrations Root and Shoot Systems 13 Types of Inflorescences 13 Leaf Shape and Arrangement 13 The Grass Plant 14 Crop Judging 15 Grain 15 Hay 16 Potatoes 17 Giving Reasons 18 4-H Activities 19 Contests 19 Demonstrations 19 Programs 19 Prepared by Harold Youngberg, David Hannaway, and Al Mosley, Extension agronomists. Revised by Russ Karow, Extension cereal grain specialist, and Bradford J. Jeffreys, Extension specialist, 4-H Youth Development. Introduction Plant and seed identification teaches the 4-H member abihty to recognize these plants by name helps give the to recognize the plant and seed characteristics of club member a greater appreciation of the environment. common crop and weed plants found in Oregon. A The purpose of this Leader Guide is to provide study of these plants provides an excellent learning supplemental information on plant and seed identifica- activity for members of crop, livestock, or horticultural tion. projects. Encourage club members to make collections of The ability to recognize the plants that surround us pressed specimens of the plants on the list. Leaders and appreciate their role in life is of value to everyone. should take advantage of tours to observe and study Many of these plants are important in food and fiber plants in their natural surroundings. production, others are of value to the home owner for Seed samples for study may be obtained from the lawns, while still others commonly are recognized as Extension office.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States in 1949
    ■^"çfpp^ Classification of Wheat ^''^''^ LI 3 RAR' Varieties Grown in the United States in 1949 ^'^-.lifí!'. 'f3^'''^ , *,»;$.^"''' By B. B, BAYLES Principal Agronomist and J. ALLEN CLARK Senior Agronomist Field Crops Researeh Braneh Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 19S4 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, B.C. Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 1954 Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States in 1949 By B. B. BAYLES Principal Agronomist and J. ALLEN CLARK Senior Agronomist Field Crops Research Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. - Price 70 cents Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 1954 Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States in 1949 ' By B. B. BAYLES, principal agronomist, and J. ALLEN CLARK, senior agronomist, Field Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service CONTENTS Pa^e Page Need for classification 1 Classification of the genus Trit- Previous investigations 2 icum 35 Foreign classifications 2 Spelt.-_ 37 Domestic classifications 6 Emmer 37 Summary of previous classifica- Poulard wheat 37 tions 8 Polish wheat 40 Present investigations 9 Timopheevi 40 Classification nurseries 10 Einkorn 40 Description, history, and dis- Common wheat 40 tribution 12 Club wheat 146 Varietal nomenclature 13 Durum wheat 151 The wheat plant 14 Literature cited 158 Taxonomic characters 14 Index to varieties and synonyms.. 169 Other characters 34 NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION careful consideration by growers. The choice is partly dependent, The varieties of wheat grown in however, upon the determination the United States show a great of identity.
    [Show full text]