■^"çfpp^ Classification of Wheat ^''^''^ LI 3 RAR' Varieties Grown in the

United States in 1949 ^'^-.lifí!'. 'f3^'''^ , *,»;$.^"'''

By B. B, BAYLES Principal Agronomist

and

J. ALLEN CLARK Senior Agronomist Field Crops Researeh Braneh Agricultural Research Service

Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 19S4 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, B.C.

Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 1954

Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States in 1949

By

B. B. BAYLES Principal Agronomist

and

J. ALLEN CLARK Senior Agronomist Field Crops Research Branch Agricultural Research Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. - Price 70 cents

Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 1954

Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States in 1949 '

By B. B. BAYLES, principal agronomist, and J. ALLEN CLARK, senior agronomist, Field Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service CONTENTS Pa^e Page Need for classification 1 Classification of the genus Trit- Previous investigations 2 icum 35 Foreign classifications 2 Spelt.-_ 37 Domestic classifications 6 Emmer 37 Summary of previous classifica- Poulard wheat 37 tions 8 Polish wheat 40 Present investigations 9 Timopheevi 40 Classification nurseries 10 Einkorn 40 Description, history, and dis- Common wheat 40 tribution 12 Club wheat 146 Varietal nomenclature 13 Durum wheat 151 The wheat plant 14 Literature cited 158 Taxonomic characters 14 Index to varieties and synonyms.. 169 Other characters 34

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION careful consideration by growers. The choice is partly dependent, The varieties of wheat grown in however, upon the determination the United States show a great of identity. diversity of type. This diversity is The identification of varieties natural, as wheat is produced com- requires some knowledge of the mercially in most of the 48 States appearance of plant and kernel under a wide range of environmen- and is assisted by information tal conditions. More than 200 regarding history or distribution. distinct varieties are grown. Many Wheat varieties are most generally of these are adapted only locally, designated by names, which are whereas others are well adapted to established through publication and a wide range of varying conditions. usage. Confusion in names is fre- Adaptation of varieties is an im- quent in the United States, where portant factor, as it affects the the number of varieties is very yield and profitableness of the large. This confusion occurs in crop and the standardization of two principal ways: (1) The same varieties. The choice of varieties name is applied to distinctly dif- for specific conditions and pur- ferent varieties in different parts of poses is therefore usually given the country, and (2) the same

1 Received for publication April 22, 1953. This bulletin is a revision of and super- sedes Department Bulletin 1074, Classification of American Wheat Varieties, Technical Bulletin 459, Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States, and Technical Bulletin 795, Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States in 1939. TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE variety is grown under several Theophrastus mentioned many different names in different parts of the differences between these of the country or even in the kinds of wheat. In the writings same area. Identification is diffi- of Varro, Pliny, and Columella, in cult in cases of similar or closely the first century B. C. and the first related varieties and is confused by century A. D., the observations of the multiplicity of names. Inabil- Theophrastus were repeated, re- it}^ to identify varieties leads to arranged, and amplified. The fol- duplication in varietal experiments lowing notes, based on the writings and the fraudulent or unknowing of Varro and others, as well as those exploitation of old varieties under of Columella, were presented in the new names. translation, in 1745, of Columella's There is need, therefore, for a book entitled ^'Of Husbandry'' (62, practical and usable system of clas- p. 60): sification that will standardize the Triticum, common bare wheat, which varietal nomenclature and enable has little husk upon it, was, according growers to identify varieties with to VarrOj a name given formerly to all which they are concerned. The sorts of grain beaten or bruised out of purpose of this bulletin is to pro- ears by trituration or threshing; but afterwards it was given to a peculiar vide such a classification of the species of grain, of which there are many wheat varieties that are grown sorts, which take their name from the commercially in the United States places where they grow; as African, or may be so grown soon. The Pontic, Assyrian, Thracian, Egyptian, Sicilian, etc., which differ from one classification has been made by another in colour, bigness, and other using only such characters as can properties, too tedious to relate. One be distinguished by the naked eye, sort has its ears without beards, and is no instrument other than a meas- either of winter or summer. Another sort is armed with long beards, and uring rule having been used in the grows up sometimes with one, sometimes investigations. The names of vari- with more ears. Of these the grains are eties have been standardized insofar of different sorts : some of them are white, as practicable in accordance with a some reddish, some round, others oblong, some large, others small. Some sorts code of nomenclature. are early ripe, others late in ripening; some yield a great increase, some are PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS hungry, and yield little; some put forth a great ear, others a small. One sort stays long in the hose (folliculo); another FOREIGN CLASSIFICATIONS frees itself very soon out of it. Some have a small stalk or straw; others have The existence of many different a thick one, as the African. Some are varieties of wheat has been recog- cloathed with few coats, some with many, as the Thracian. Some grains put forth nized for more than 2,300 years. only one stalk, some many stalks. Some Theophrastus (206, p. 167),' a require more, some less time to bring pupil of Plato, in his Enquiry into them to maturity. For which reason Plants, written about 300 B. C, some are called trimestrian, some bimestrian; and they say, that, in Euhoea, states : there is a sort, which may be brought to There are also many kinds of wheat perfection in 40 days; but most of these which take their names simply from the sorts, which ripen in a short time, are places where they grow, as Libyan, light, unfruitful, and yield very little, Pontic, Thracian, Assyrian, Egyptian, tho' they are sweet and agreeable to the Sicilian. They show differences in color, taste and of easy digestion. size, form, and individual character, and also as regards their capacities in general In the early Koman literature and especially their value as food. mentioned, reference is found to 2 Italic numbers in parentheses refer two groups of wheat; namely, to Literature Cited, p. 158. triticum and adoreum, or far. Col- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 umella referred to the Jar as species have since been included in bearded wheat. The grain of trit- another genus. In the second edi- icum was separated from the chaff tion of the Species Plantarum, in threshing, whereas that of far published in 1762 (135, p. 126) he was not, indicating that the former described six species that are still consisted of true wheats, but the included in the genus Triticum: T. latter was emmer or spelt. aestivum, T. hybernum, T. turgidum, Columella recognized three types T. polonicum, T. spelta, and T. of Triticum, robus (red), siligo monococcum, the species T. poloni- (white), and trimestrian (spring), cum having been added. Linnaeus and in addition four types of divided the common wheat into bearded wheat (spelt or emmer), two species—T. aestivum, awned viz. (62, pp. 61-62): spring, and T. hybernum, awnless winter—apparently believing that Clusinian, of a shining, bright, white colour; a bearded wheat, which is called all spring wheats were awned and venuculum. One sort of it is of a firy all winter wheats awnless. Writers red colour, and another sort of it is who followed him usually have not white; * * *. The trimestrian seed, or recognized these distinctions. that of 3 months' growth, which is called halicastrum * * *. Lamarck in 1778 (127) created the species T. sativum to include It is evident from these quota- both the species T. aestivum and T. tions that many of the leading hybernum that Linnaeus had characters of the wheat plant were adopted. Each species and sub- recognized in this early period. species was described according to What attention was given to studies the presence or absence of awns, of wheat during the Dark Ages no the color and covering of the one can say. With the revival of glumes, the color, size, and density learning the botanists and medical of the kernels, the solidity of the men began the publication of the stem, and several other characters. folio and royal octavo herbáis, Villars in 1787 (21J,) divided the many of them illustrated with common wheats into two species, woodcuts. In these, wheat species T. vulgäre and T. touzelle. The were included, the forms mostly latter consisted of awnless wheat being those described by Theo- having white kernels. phrastus, Pliny, and Varro, but Schrank in 1789 (182, pp, 387- from time to time new ones were 389) arranged the cultivated wheats added. There is little advantage in in three species. For common trying to guess what particular wheat he established the name form of common wheat each so- ^^Triticum cereale^' and placed T. called species represented. More aestivum and T, hybernum under it recent botanical writers described as varieties. The second species species that can now be recognized. was T. spelta and the third T. di- Principal among these writers was coccum Schrank, the cultivated Tournefort (209), who in 1719 emmer. listed 14 species of Triticum. Desfontaines in [1798] (67, p, lU) The classification of wheat prac- established the species T. durum tically began with the work of for the group of wheats having Linnaeus in 1753. In his Species long awns and long vitreous kernels. Plantarum (134, P- ^5) he described Host in 1805 (107, v. 3) was the seven species of Triticum: T. aesti- first to include the T. aestivum and vum, T. hybernum, T. turgidum, T. T. hybernum of Linnaeus as one spelta, T. monococcum, T, repens, species under the name T. vulgäre. and T. caninum. The two latter Host's name T. vulgäre is still com- TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

monly used by geneticists, agrono- and the remaining 555 names were mists, and cereal taxonomists for considered as synonyms. the species T. aestivum. He also Körnicke in 1873 {125) and Kör- described and named the species T, nicke and Werner in 1885 {126) compactum to include the club prepared the most complete classi- wheats (107, v. 4) and in addition fication of wheat yet published. recognized 10 other species of the They followed Alefeld's system of genus Triticum {107, v. 3, v. 4). applying Latin names to the botan- Seringe in 1818 {187) arranged ical groups. The groups keyed by the common and club wheats to- them included 22 of vulgäre, 21 of gether into 10 groups, based on lax compactum, 26 of turgidum, 24 of or dense and awned or awnless durum, 12 of spelta, 20 of dicoccum, spikes, white or brownish kernels, 210Î polonicum, and 4 of moTiococci^m. and glabrous or pubescent glumes. Named varieties included in each He listed varieties from Switzer- botanical group were described in land, France, Germany, and detail, and the history, synonyms, England. and source of each were given. Metzger in 1824 {Ul), at Heidel- Much of this latter information had berg, followed essentially the same been published in the works of Ale- system as Seringe, but in addition feld and Heuze. considered winter or spring habit of Harz in 1885 {94) classified and growth. The 10 groups of Seringe described a large number of wheats were further subdivided, making 18 in a manner similar to that of Kör- groups. The kernels were described nicke and Werner. The common as white, yellow, and reddish. and club wheats were considered as a single species. Metzger in 1841 {H2) reedited Hackel in 1890 {91) classified the his classification of 1824, making genus Triticum according to a key some changes and adding more very similar to the one adopted by varieties. Körnicke and Werner. Hackel rec- Seringe in 1841 {188) published ognized three species, sativum Lam., a revision of his previous work of monococcum L., and polonicum L.; 1818, in which he classified and and three races of sativum, namely, partly described a large number of spelta, dicoccum, and tenax. In the varieties of wheat. latter he included vulgäre, compac- Alefeld in 1866 (7) classified the tum, turgidum, and durum as sub- wheats into two genera and species, races. Triticum vulgäre and Deina po- Vilmorin in 1889 {215) grouped lonica. The latter contained four the wheats into 50 sections, accord- subspecies or varieties of Polish ing to their leading characters. wheats, T. polonicum, and the for- Each section was briefly described mer was divided into many sub- and the synonyms were given. species and varietal groups con- The common and club wheats were taining all other species of Triticum. considered as one species. Each of these was described in Eriksson in 1895 {74) subdivided detail. the botanical groups of Körnicke Heuze in 1872 {99) grouped the and Werner into smaller groups, wheats into 7 species. He listed which he called subvarieties, based 700 varietal names of wheat, 602 chiefly on the density of the spike, of which belong to the species T. the thickness of the kernel, and the sativum, which included both com- length of the rachis. He also gave mon and club wheats. He de- an excellent review of the literature scribed 47 varieties in this species, on wheat classification. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949

Heuzé in 1896 {100) published a fication of 1920 to include 82 second edition of his Les Plantes varieties. Data were also pre- Céréales, in which rather complete sented on the agricultural char- histories and descriptions of the acters of these varieties. varieties of wheat were included. Zhukovsky in 1928 {233) described Cobb in 1896 (57) keyed 54 vari- a new species, T, timopheevi Zhuk., eties of wheat that he was growing which has 14 haploid chromosomes in New South Wales, Australia, and is very resistant to several using the leading plant, spike, and diseases. kernel characters. In 1905 {60) he Newman in 1928 {14^) discussed proposed to classify wheat varieties the value of characters used by by a microscopic examination of the Clark, Martin, and Ball {48) for aleurone layer. classifying Canadian varieties and Howard and Howard in 1909 reported extensive studies on the {109) classified the wheats of India effect of environment on glume largely according to the methods characters and on variability in of Körnicke and Werner and of Marquis seed stocks. Eriksson. They {108) also consid- Papadakis in 1929 {158) pub- ered in detail the characters used lished a classification of the wheats in classification. grown in Greece. Richardson in 1913 {171) de- Miège in 1930 {lU) described the scribed many of the wheats of principal varieties of common and Australia and gave the history of durum wheat grown in Morocco. each variety. He did not arrange Va vilo V and associates in 1931 them in a classified order. {213) published a contribution to Flaksberger in 1915 {77) pub- the knowledge of the 28 chromo- lished extensive treatises on the somes group of cultivated wheats. taxonomy of Russian wheat forms. Gurney in 1932 {90) published a The Union of South Africa in key and detailed descriptions for 1919 {192) published descriptions the wheat varieties grown in South and synonyms of the wheat vari- Australia. eties of South Africa and also desig- Histories and descriptions and nated the areas where the varieties colored plates of heads of the should be grown in that country. wheat varieties developed by DuceUier in 1920 {72) published Strampelli are given in the ap- a classification and description of pendix of a report by the National the wheats of the Hoggar and oasis Institute of Genetics as Related to regions of Algeria. Only a few the Cultivation of Cereals in Rome varieties were fully described. in 1932 {200). The Institute of Science and McMillan in 1933 {139) pre- Industry, of Austraha, in 1920 {12) sented a genealogical chart showing classified and described 48 of the the history of Australian wheat leading wheats of Australia in a varieties. manner similar to that used by the Vasconcelos in 1933 {212) de- writers of this bulletin. scribed the native and other vari- Percival in 1921 {162) described eties of wheat that have been grown and classified a large number of in Portugal for a long period. wheat varieties of the world and Varieties of the following species discussed fully the morphology of were included: vulgäre, compactum, the wheat pilant. turgidum, dummy and polonicum. The Institute of Science and Voss in 1933 {219) described and Industry, of Australia, in 1923 {13) grouped the wheat varieties of revised and extended the classi- Germany. 6 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Zhukovsky in 1933 (234) pub- species of the genus Triticum is lished a botanical classification of followed by the writers. the wheat varieties of Anatolia. Patrón in 1940 (160) described Hudson in 1933 and 1934 (110) 35 varieties of wheat grown com- described and classified the wheat mercially in Argentina. varieties of England. The adaptation, disease reaction, Kalt in 1934 (118) described quality, and a description of the briefly the wheat varieties grown in varieties of wheat grown in Chile Chile. was presented by the Ministry of Flaksberger in 1935 (78, 79) Agriculture (38) about 1941. presented the results of extensive Horovitz (106) in 1945 described studies on the origin and classifica- the principal varieties of wheat tion of the species and varieties of grown in Argentina. wheat of the world. Jonard in 1951 (116) presented Jonard in 1936 (115) classified the results of studies on the mor- and gave the origin, synonomy, phological and physiological char- and description of the common acteristics and on the diseases of wheats grown in France. wheat. He also discussed the Newman, Fraser, and Whiteside adaptation of varieties, presented in 1936 (150) classified and de- keys for their identification, and scribed the spring wheat varieties described each variety. of Canada and gave a brief account of the origin and distribution of DOMESTIC CLASSIFICATIONS each. Their work was revised in 1939 and 1946. Harmon in 1844 (92) published Barbacki and coworkers in 1937 descriptions and histories of about (W) classified and described the 30 varieties of wheat that he had wheats of Poland. grown in Monroe County, N. Y. Wenholz and others in 1938-41 Klippart in 1858 (124) described (225), in a series of articles begin- a large number of wheat varieties ning in the November 1, 1938, grown in Ohio and grouped them in- issue of the Agricultural Gazette of to a partly classified order. New South Wales, gave a brief Todd in 1868 (208, p. 88) de- history of the named varieties of scribed a number of wheat varieties, wheat grown in Australia. most of the descriptions, however, Maugini in 1939 (1^0) described being obtained from agricultural the wheats of Abyssinia and Eri- literature of the time. He sug- trea, which included the following gested that the Government '^take species: dicoccum, durum, 'pyra- hold of this subject [the nomen- midale Perc, turgidum, polonicum, clature of wheat] in a proper manner vulgäre, and compactum. and establish a common standard Parera and Palau in 1939 (159) of merit and an intelligible descrip- classified, described, and gave a tion of each variety * * *.'' brief account of the origin of the Killebrew in 1877 (123) de- wheat varieties grown in Argentina. scribed a number of American Flaksberger and coworkers in wheats, most of which had been 1939 (80) revised and enlarged his described previously by Klippart earlier publications on the species or Todd. He grouped the varieties and varieties of wheat of the world. into two families, winter wheats and He and his associates have given spring wheats. The winter wheats more attention to a study of the were divided into six classes based species of wheat than other recent upon their kernel characters, white, workers, and his classification of the amber, and red, and upon the CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 awned or awnless character. The illustrated by plates accompanying spring wheats, which were all re- the article. garded as being awned, were placed Wilhams in 1905 {228) listed and in three classes, with white, amber, partly described about 60 varieties or red kernels. of wheat that were under study at Tracy in 1881 {210) listed a the Ohio Agricultural Experiment number of wheat varieties grown by Station at that time. him at the Missouri Agricultural Hume, Center, and Hegnauer in Experiment Station. The varieties 1908 {111) briefly classified the were partly described, showing the wheat varieties grown in experi- ^^bearded'' or ^^smooth'' heads and ments in Illinois and gave the his- the color and size of the kernels. tory and partial descriptions of He mentions several varietal names some of the Russian and American as being synonyms. varieties. Devol in 1887 (68) and in 1888 Scherffius and Woosley in 1908 {69) published a classification of the {180) published illustrations of 36 wheat varieties being grown at the varieties of wheat grown by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta- Kentucky Agricultural Experiment tion. This classification was further Station. developed by Hickman {102), who Noll in 1913 {152) presented a in 1889 divided the varieties into tabular description of varieties eight morphological groups. grown by the Pennsylvania Agricul- tural Experiment Station. Plumb in 1889 {163) described a Leighty in 1914 {133) gave a list large number of wheat varieties, of the leading varieties of wheat chiefiy American, and gave the grown in the eastern half of the histories of many of them. United States, arranging them in Blount in 1892 {22) listed 478 classified groups by kernel and spike varieties of wheat that he was c h ÎÎ riî cl ers growing experimentally in New Schaf er and Gaines in 1915 {178) Mexico. Histories of some of these recorded brief descriptions of the were given. principal wheat varieties of Wash- Carleton in 1900 {35) summarized ington, together with their histories. the varietal information of that Nelson and Osborn in 1915 {1^8) time, listed about 350 varieties, gave a brief tabular description of gave their source by countries and the wheat varieties grown at the their principal characters, and Arkansas Agricultural Experiment grouped them by districts of the Station during the period from 1908 United States to which they were to 1914. best adapted. Reisner ^ in 1915 compiled much Scofield in 1902 {183) classified valuable information on the descrip- and described a large number of tion and history of varieties grown durum wheats grown in Algeria, in New York. many of which were introduced into Ball and Clark in 1915 {14) pre- the United States about 1901. He sented keys to the groups of hard also described the characters used red spring wheat and the durum in classification. In 1903 Scofield wheats grown in the United States {18Jf) prepared a detailed list of and described and gave the histories characters to be used in the descrip- of the more important varieties. tion of wheat varieties. He did not Carle ton in 1916 {37) listed the publish the descriptions of any 3 REISNER, JOHN H. WHEAT IN NEW varieties at that time. The applica- YORK, 1915. [Unpublished thesis, Cornell tion of the terminology was partly University.] 8 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE leading wheat varieties of the world, 1926 (179) keyed and presented including American varie ties. They tabular descriptions of the wheat were grouped into the botanical varieties of Washington. groups used by Körnicke and Wer- Hill in 1930 (104) presented the ner. No attempt was made to dis- results of a survey showing the tinguish between the closely related percentage of the total production agricultural varieties. for the wheat varieties grown in Stanton in 1916 (196) grouped a each county in Oregon in 1929. large collection of wheat varieties Gaines and Schäfer in 1931 (85) grown in experiments in Maryland presented results of a similar survey and Virginia in accordance with for Washington, giving the per- some of the most obvious taxonomic centages of the total acreage and characters. production for the varieties in each Jones in 1916 (117) presented a county in that State in 1929. brief key to the groups of common The Northwest Crop Improve- spring and durum wheats grown in ment Association of Minneapolis, experiments in Wyoming. Minn. (H. K. Sumner, secretary), Ball and Clark in 1918 (i7) pub- issued a Dictionary of Spring Wheat lished a key to the groups and Varieties in the United States in varieties of durum wheat grown in 1933 (154). Revisions were issued the United States, (H. D. Putnam, secretary) in 1941 Grantham in 1918 (89) listed a (155) and 1949 (156), large number of varieties that were Gaines and Schäfer in 1936 (86) being grown at the Delaware Agri- presented results of a survey show- cultural Experiment Station and ing the production of the wheat stated whether they were bearded varieties grown in each county in or smooth, the color of the grain and Washington in 1934. chaff, the height of the plant, and Reitz in 1945 (168) gave de- the weight of the kernels. tailed descriptions and enlarged Clark, Stephens, and Florell in drawings of the kernels of the im- 1920 (56) gave a tabular description portant varieties of hard red winter of more than 150 samples of and soft red winter wheat grown Australian wheat varieties grown in in Kansas. experiments in the Pacific coast Crawford in 1947 (63) gave the area of the United States. origin, distribution in 1946, de- Clark, Martin, and Smith in 1920 scription, and identifying character- (50) keyed the groups of common istics and milling and baking char- spring and durum wheat grown in acteristics of the varieties grown in experiments in the northern Great the Pacific Northwest. Plains area of the United States Dines in 1948 (70) studied the and gave the histories of the kernel characteristics of the hard principal varieties. red winter wheats and published Stewart in 1920 (198) presented very accurate and useful drawings keys and brief descriptions of the and descriptions of each of the commercial wheat varieties grown important varieties. in Utah. Clark, Martin, and Ball in 1922 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS (48) presented detailed keys, de- CLASSIFICATIONS scriptions, histories, distributions, and synonyms of the wheat vari- From the beginning of botanical eties grown commercially in the classification there was a tenden- United States. cy to regard the different forms Schäfer, Gaines, and Barbee in oí Triticum as distinct species. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 9

Toward the end of the 19th century, extent of reduction of the number there became evident a tendency of species, these authors still main- toward the more reasonable view tained a complete Latin nomencla- that comparatively few species were ture for forms as far as the fifth involved and that the evident rank. They, as well as other early major groups were mostly to be investigators, were handicapped by regarded as subdivisions of the spe- making their studies in only one cies sativum of Lamarck or vulgäre locality. In the present work, the of Host. varietal descriptions are based on The designating of botanic spe- the expression of each variety un- cies of wheat was carried to great der widely varying conditions of lengths by the botanists of 100 to environment in the United States. 200 years ago, who did not recog- The recent work of Flaksberger nize that the characters sufficient to and his associates (80) is an out- separate species of wild plants were standing contribution to the classi- sufficient to separate only agro- fication of species and varieties of nomic and horticultural varieties wheat throughout the world. of domesticated plants. Before this fact was recognized and bot- PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS anists very largely had ceased to deal with the forms of cultivated The present investigations were plants, some 50 or 60 supposed started in 1915 ^ with the object of species of wheat had been described. making a classification of the wheats In the works of most of the of the world. During the first 2 botanists there was little effort to years much time was devoted to a study and describe the farm vari- study of foreign varieties, and sev- eties of wheat. However, Heuzé, eral hundred introductions were Körnicke and Werner, Eriksson, added to the large collection of Richardson, and others described foreign wheats previously obtained. many varieties, and some of their In the third year the study was descriptions were fairly complete. devoted largely to diverse botanical No attempt had been made, how- types obtained from hybrids or ever, to show by detailed keys and distinct types found as mixtures in by uniform descriptions the minor wheatfields in the western part of differences that separate closely re- the United States. It was soon lated varieties. found, however, that if the studies There has been wide diversity were to be of economic value they among botanists in the taxonomic must be limited to the principal use of the various morphological cultivated varieties. All available characters of the wheat plant and domestic varieties were first grown seed. Only a few authors have in classification nurseries, where given attention to the winter or they were studied, described, and spring habit of growth in wheat classified, and herbarium specimens varieties. Some, as Eriksson, have were prepared and preserved in a placed undue importance on dif- classified order. New varieties were ferences in spike density. added from time to time as soon as The classification of Körnicke they became known, and each and Werner (126) is the most ex- year varieties studied during the tensive of the earlier studies and the first one that made a definite * The plan to classify wheat varieties was evolved by Carleton R. Ball, then attempt to describe and classify agronomist in charge of western wheat foreign and domestic farm varieties. investigations, Office of Cereal Investiga- Although conservative as to the tions, Bureau of Plant Industry. 10 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

preceding season, together with ment Station, Bozeman, Mont. the new ones, were grown to allow Plant characters and colors develop comparisons. By this means the more distinctly at many points in classification became more complete the Western States, because sum- each year. mer rains are rare and growing con- Clark, Martin, and Ball in 1922 ditions favorable. The nurseries (48) presented descriptions, his- were sown in short rows, usually tories, distributions, and synonyms not exceeding 5 feet in length and a of 230 varieties grown up to 1919. foot or 18 inches apart (fig. 1). At Clark and Bayles in 1935 (43) in- the stations where all varieties were cluded 77 new varieties and omitted grown from both fall and spring 68 of the 230 varieties no longer sowing, each variety was seeded in grown commercially in the United the spring on one end of the row States, thus making a total of 239 sown in the fall. varieties. A second revision in 1942 (44) included 50 new varieties ASSISTANCE RECEIVED and omitted 74 (43). Thus, a total of 215 varieties were dis- The first important task was to cussed. The present revision in- obtain samples of the different cludes 81 new varieties, and 72 of wheat varieties. This was ac- the varieties discussed in 1942 are complished with the assistance of omitted (44). Thus, a total of 224 many individuals and institutions. varieties are discussed in this The classification nurseries at bulletin. the various stations usually were sown by local representatives. They CLASSIFICATION NURSERIES also took notes on emergence, heading, ripening, and height of the The classification nurseries were many varieties. During the sum- grown in widely separated areas of mer the writers visited the various the United States. This was neces- points and took additional notes sary in order to determine the de- on the characters of the varieties. velopment of varietal differences The descriptions of the varieties under many environments and thus were written largely in the field, provide a classification that would and from these descriptions keys be usable wherever the varieties were designed to distinguish the happened to be grown. It also difl'erent varieties. The descrip- served to guard against the loss of tions were checked and rechecked certain varieties. at the various points, and the During the years 1915-50, some different descriptive classes were 40,000 separate sowings were made established on a basis that is be- at experiment stations in all parts lieved to be broad enough to in- of the United States. Nurseries clude the varieties wherever grown. grown from 1946 to 1950, prepara- tory to the revision of Technical NATURE OF THE MATERIAL Bulletin 795 (44) ^ were sown at the Pendle ton Branch Experiment Sta- The early studies showed the tion, Pendleton, Oreg. ; Washington necessity of working with pure Agricultural Experiment Station, types. When bulk seed was used Pullman, Wash.; Nebraska Agri- it ofteQ consisted of mixed varieties, cultural Experiment Station, Lin- and a wrong description might coln, Nebr. ; New York Agricultural easily become applied to a variety. Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y.; The same variety was often repre- and Montana Agricultural Experi- sented by different lots of seed CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 11

FIGURE 1.—Wheat-classification nursery: A, Varieties of winter wheat grown from (1) spring and (2) fall sowing; B, varieties of spring wheat grown from (1) spring and (2) fall seeding. 12 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

obtained from different sources. mechanical mixtures of varieties These lots were identified by dif- grown in the locality, but most of ferent C. I. numbers, which are these were new types. These prob- accession numbers of the Division ably originated, for the most part, of Cereal Crops and Diseases. from natural hybrids, with possibly The varieties, however, have always an occasional mutation. Many of been known by names rather than the types continued to segregate, by numbers. The records also thus proving their hybrid origin. show the source of the seed and the Many of them closely resembled original source of the variety. commercial varieties but were not After different seed lots of the identical in all characters. same variety were grown for a Nearly every field of wheat con- few years, one was selected as the tains some plants that cannot be standard for the variety. The identified. Many of these, in all descriptions here recorded, there- probability, are the result of natural fore, should represent the true type hybrids. of the variety. In certain cases, however, material was limited to DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND samples obtained from only one DISTRIBUTION or two sources; in these cases, the judgment of the writers in selecting For each variety this bulletin the strain to represent the variety gives the description, the history may not be so accurate as in in- so far as known, the distribution stances where more samples of the in the United States, and the same variety were available. synonymy. Some varieties here described DESCRIPTION are badly mixed in commercial fields wherever they are grown. Mention The detailed descriptions, which of this sometimes is made in the include the more important tax- descriptions. This may account onomic characters, contain much for differences observed between more information than do the keys. a variety as commonly grown and The descriptions are intended to be its description as here recorded. sufficiently inclusive to provide a In other cases, all the characters comprehensive knowledge of the here recorded may not become difl'erent varieties. apparent in some localities, and Following the description of many this may cause some confusion. varieties is a paragraph showing The failure of stem and glume colors the chief characters that distinguish to develop in some sections is an the variety from closely related example of this. ones. Mention is also made of Natural crossing between wheat known resistance to diseases and of plants occurs quite commonly in high- or low-baking properties or some sections of the United States. other qualities. This natural crossing has caused some difficulty in describing varie- HISTORY ties, especially since hybridization between closely related varieties The history of the origin of could not always be detected. varieties cannot be neglected in a Several hundred mixtures ob- classification, as many varieties are tained from experimental plots and scarcely or not at all distinguish- commercial fields were grown in able, by observable characters, from the classification nurseries for iden- similar or closely related varieties tification. A few proved to be and differ only in their origin and CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 13 other qualities. In this study much are an improvement over the old attention has been given to the standard varieties, as their use history of varieties, and to many improves the quality or increases readers it probably will be the most the efficiency of production. interesting and valuable part of the To determine the acreage and classification. The compiling of distribution of the commercial va- these histories has required a re- rieties of wheat in the United view of the literature on wheat States, surveys have been made at varieties written during a period of 5-year intervals since 1919 in co- more than 200 years. The sources operation with the Bureau of Agri- of this information are varied. cultural Economics. The methods Introductions of foreign varieties of conducting the surveys and the have been recorded by the Division results have been published {45, of Plant Exploration and Introduc- 48, 49, 52-55). By means of these tion, Bureau of Plant Industry, surveys a record of the increase of Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. new varieties and the decrease of Frequent reference is made to the old varieties is made possible. accession nambers and published In 1919, 1924, 1929, 1934, 1939, inventories of that Division. Many 1944, and 1949, respectively, 139, bulletins of the State agricultural 152, 190, 213, 208, 216, and 199 experiment stations contain valu- distinct varieties were reported. able information on the origin of In the 7 surveys 353 distinct domestic varieties. Agricultural varieties were reported. papers have been reviewed, and Maps are included to show the much information as to the origin acreage distribution of the more of varieties has been obtained from important varieties, the county that source. There is still much acreage having been used as a to learn concerning the origin of basis. The scale used on the va- cultivated varieties. The origin rietal maps is 1 dot for 1,000 acres. of many probably has never been A dot is shown in each county recorded; but for others, though from which a variety was reported, their origin has not been determined, even though less than 500 acres there is probably a recorded history were grown in the county. somewhere. The origin and history of the varieties that have appeared VARIETAL NOMENCLATURE in recent years are much more complete than for the older varieties. A standardized nomenclature is important because names are used DISTRIBUTION by agronomic workers, growers, seedsmen, and the grain trade. The The commercial distribution, pro- form and appropriateness of these duction, and grain quality of dif- names, therefore, are of general ferent varieties are the economic interest. It is desirable that they factors with which this classifica- be short, simple, and appropriate, tion is concerned. Those varieties easily spelled, and easily pro- that are most widely grown usually nounced. It also is desirable that a are the most valuable. Varieties single name be accepted and used that are more productive may be for each recognized variety. in existence, but until they become The multiplication of names and known and widely grown they are other designations for crop vari- of little value. New varieties are eties has sometimes been carried to being produced continually. Some extremes, resulting in great con- are of little or no value. Others fusion. Some varietal designations 14 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE are merely descriptive phrases that THE WHEAT PLANT are often long and cumbersome. Others are only numbers, which The different cultivated varieties sometimes are equally long and of wheat vary greatly in their habit, cumbersome or are easily confused. form, and structure, but all are Because of this condition, a code of annual grasses. The principal parts nomenclature was proposed by Ball are the roots, culms, leaves, and and Clark (18) and presented to the spikes. There are two sets of roots— American Society of Agronomy at the first, or seminal or seed, roots, its annual business meeting on and the second, or coronal, roots November 13, 1917. With a few which arise from the crown of the minor changes, the code was stem. The culm usually is a hol- adopted. It was also published in low, jointed cylinder comprising Department Bulletin 1074 and three to six nodes and internodes. Technical Bulletin 459. The upper internode of the culm, Since the adoption of this code which bears the spike, is called the simple names have been given to peduncle. The leaves are composed most of the new American varieties. of the sheath, blade, ligule, and Examples are Brevor, Cadet, Ceres, auricle. The spike is made up of Forward, Mida, Nebred, Pawnee, the rachis and spikelets, the latter Reward, Ridit, Thatcher, and Vigo. in turn comprising the rachillas, glumes, lemmas, paleas, and the sexual organs (the three stamens REGISTERED VARIETIES and the single ovary with its style Through a cooperative agreement and stigma). Each of these parts between the Bureau of Plant In- may show distinct characters in dustry, Soils, and Agricultural En- different varieties. Those charac- gineering, and the American Society ters that do not vary in different of Agronomy, the 230 varieties varieties or are not readily observed described in Department Bulletin are of little value in classification. 1074 (48) were registered (46) as The root characters, for example, standard varieties. Thirty-five ad- cannot be conveniently used, and ditional varieties mentioned in no attention has been given to them Technical Bulletin 459 have also in this work. Other characters, been registered as standard varieties such as those of the sheaths, ligules, (42). Eighty varieties that orig- and auricles, are not generally used inated through introduction, selec- because they show very slight dif- tion, or hybridization have been ferences in different varieties. registered as improved varieties The keys and descriptions used (41, 47, SI). here to identify varieties are based on characters that show constant SYNONYMY differences and are therefore of v^alue in identifying them. Many varieties are known by TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS several names. The names here used for the recognized varieties Taxonomic characters of the are the original names or the names wheat plant as have been found in now most commonly used or are the present study to be most useful the new or simplified names, as are described in detail. The char- provided for by the code of nomen- acters used to distinguish the differ- clature. All other names used for ent species, subspecies, and lesser the varieties here described are groups in the genus Triticum are considered synonyms. often of no higher rank than the CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 15 characters used to distinguish the varieties are of value for classifica- cultivated varieties. tion purposes. These are the habit Because different strains, partic- of growth, the period of growth, ularly of the older varieties, may and the height of the plant. differ slightly in some characters, the C. I.^ number of the particular HABIT OF GROWTH Strain described is given in the All wheat varieties are here clas- history of each variety. sified as having winter habit, inter- In the preparation of the keys cer- mediate habit, or spring habit of tain primary characters have been growth. In the keys to the culti- used in a regular sequence. Certain vated varieties this character occu- other characters are used to separate pies the seventh and last major further the closely related varieties. position. For this purpose any character is Varro (in Columella, 62), writ- used that serves to distinguish the ing before the beginning of the varieties under discussion. The Christian era, called the spring same characters are not necessarily wheats trimestrian, because they used in two successive cases, and matured in 3 months from sowing. they are not used in any definite Linnaeus (134) treated them as order. The general principle fol- separate species in his Species lowed in the choice of characters Plantarum, but combined the was to progress from those most awned factor with the spring habit easily observed and most often in his species aestivum and the win- occurring to those least easily ob- ter habit with the awnless factor in served or least often occurring. his species hyhernum. Few agro- The principle governing the se- nomic writers have recognized these quence of characters is to progress forms as distinct species. The ex- from the absence of the character, istence of winter and spring forms as awnlessness, to the presence of has been recognized by most authors the character, and from the smaller but recently has not been used as a size to the greater. character for separating species or The descriptions of the wheat even as an important character for varieties are arranged in a logical separating varieties. When con- order of plant development. The sidering the United States as a major and minor characters used whole, the writers regard these dis- in the key are included in their tinctions as less valuable for classi- proper places in the descriptions, fication purposes than several spike as are many minor characters not and kernel characters, although the used in the keys. winter- or spring-growth habit is a All the characters used in the very important separation in some keys and the descriptions of culti- areas. In the southern part of the vated varieties are considered in United States, both east and west, the following paragraphs in the several varieties of spring wheat are order of their appearance in the fall-sown, and growers do not know descriptions. whether they have a spring wheat or a fall wheat. The Purplestraw PLANT CHARACTERS variety of the Southeastern States Certain plant characters that are has a spring intermediate habit, genetically different in the several although it has been grown from fall sowing in that section for more 5 C. T. refers to accession number of the than 150 years. Nearly all the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. varieties grown in Arizona and 260503—54 2 16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

California are spring wheats, but produce seed, but heading in such they are fall-sown. cases is often irregular and usually Winter, intermediate, and spring occurs very late in the season. habits of growth are inherited char- All varieties of wheat classified acters. They are the characters as spring wheats can be grown suc- shown first in the descriptions, as cessfully from fall sowing only in they are first apparent in the growth mild climates, such as the southern of the plant. In the keys the parts of the United States and in wheats having a winter habit are the Pacific Coast States. In parts listed before those having a spring of this territory they sometimes habit, because there are more fall winterkill. When spring-sown their wheats than spring wheats and be- early growth usually is erect. cause fall wheat is of much greater importance in this country than TIME OF HEADING AND RIPENING spring wheat. The relative dates on which vari- The intermediate types retain a eties head and ripen when sown at prostrate habit of growth in most the normal time in regions where localities when sown late in the they are adapted are useful in spring, but will head normally identifying varieties. The heading when sown early. Some early date ordinarily is more useful than winter-wheat varieties also have a the ripening date. The relative short prostrate or dormant period order of maturity is indicated by and, when early spring-sown, be- classing varieties as early, mid- gin heading soon after intermediate season, or late. The relative time wheats have headed. There are of heading and ripening is some- also certain varieties of wheat what dependent on time of seeding grown commercially that are mix- and also varies somewhat in dif- tures with respect to growth habit. ferent areas. More than usual cau- The different classes for growth tion, therefore, must be exercised habit are not clear-cut, as there is in making use of these characters. a more or less complete series of types from true winter to spring and their expression depends upon temperature, length of day, and The height of the plant also is date of seeding. However, for the often an important factor in wheat varieties reported in this bulletin production, because it may deter- the differences have been carefully mine the method or ease of harvest- determined by sowing varieties on ing and the susceptibility of vari- one or more dates in the spring and eties to lodging. Height is meas- observing their behavior. Varieties ured from the surface of the ground classified as winter wheats do not to the tip of the spike, not including produce seed when sown at normal the awns of awned varieties. All dates for spring seeding. Winter varieties of wheat have been placed wheats can be produced success- in three classes—short, midtall, and fully in the principal wheat areas tall. These are characters of minor of this country only from fall sow- value for classification and are used ing. When spring-sown they usu- only for separating or distinguishing ally remain prostrate on the ground otherwise closely related varieties. throughout the growing season and Since plant height influences sus- produce no culms or spikes. In ceptibility to lodging, several new some sections or in some years, varieties bred for resistance to winter-wheat varieties, sown very lodging have short stems. Al- early in the spring, will head and though there was formerly a widely CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 17

held opinion that tall plants were ever, this stem color may be clearly essential for the production of high seen for a week or 10 days prior to yields in wheat, varieties with short maturity. When apparent, the stiff straw have been developed color differences are very useful in recently in several sections of the distinguishing varieties. The color country that outyield the taller is usually most distinct on the varieties. The principles govern- peduncle, or uppermost internode ing the grouping of varieties as supporting the spikes, but often early, midseason, and late apply continues downward to the sheaths here also. As an example, under of the lower leaves. California conditions wheats from Those varieties here described as 12 to 36 inches in height would be having white stems may have a classed as short, wheats from 24 to stem color ranging from a cream to 48 inches in height would be called a golden yellow. Few, if any, have midtall, and wheats from 36 to 60 stems that are truly white. inches high would be considered The varieties classed as having tall. In many sections of the purple stems may have a stem country these differences would ranging in color from a pale violet not be so great. In order to use to a dark purple. In some varieties the height of the plant for classifi- this coloring may occur only in a cation, the height of certain varie- short portion of the peduncle. It ties must be determined and used sometimes does not occur in the for comparison. There are also peduncle and is present only in the cases where the relative height is sheaths. Körnicke and Werner changed when the varieties are (126) used color differences in de- grown in different sections of the scribing many of the varieties with country; for example, some of the which they worked. Heuzé (100) club wheats are usually short when pointed out two contrasting char- grown east of the Rocky Moun- acters, which he called ^Vhite'^ tains but relatively tall when grown and '^reddish.'^ west of these mountains. STRENGTH STEM CHARACTERS The strength of the stem usually Three characters of the stem of is an important character. In wheat varieties are useful in classi- many localities lodging is one of fication; namely, color, strength, the most serious problems in wheat and degree of hollowness. production, as many varieties lodge under conditions of excessive mois- ture. All varieties here discussed are classified into three groups, All varieties of wheat are here having weak, midstrong, or strong classified as having white or purple stems, respectively. Stems classed stems. These characters are of as weak are also usually slender, with minor importance in classification, very thin walls. Varieties with for in many localities and in some such stems have a greater tendency seasons the purple color common to to lodge, which in turn causes a large number of wheat varieties harvest losses and increases the does not become apparent. This is cost of harvesting. The successful often the case under conditions of cultivation of weak-stemmed varie- extreme drought and also under ties usually is limited to semiarid or conditions of excessive moisture. arid regions. Under favorable conditions, how- The varieties classed as haviag 18 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE midstrong stems usually will not quently break off. In this bulletin lodge under conditions where wheat very little use is made of leaf is grown extensively. In this class characters. A few varieties are are included the greatest number noted as having especially broad of varieties. A considerable varia- or narrow blades. The presence or tion exists within this group, and in absence of pubescence on the leaves humid or irrigated sections varieties is a useful character in identifying here described as having midstrong plants of some varieties. stems might more properly be Körnicke and Werner {126) and classed as weak. In dry-farming others have described the color of sections certain of these stems the blades of both the seedlings and might more properly be classed as the partly grown plants. This strong. also was attempted in the present The varieties here described as studies, but the differences were having strong stems are those that found to be so slight and un- w^ill not lodge readily under exces- dependable that no definite classes sively humid conditions. Only by could be established by using the severe rain, by hail, or by windstorm character. Few persons can agree can the stems of these varieties as to the various shades of greea be bent or broken down. Com- shown by the blades of wheat, paratively few of the cultivated even when a standard color chart wheats come in this class. is used. The color varies with the condition of the pjant as HOLLOWNESS añ'ected by the temperature, the soil moisture, and the soil solution. The stems of most varieties of The appearance of the color is wheat are solid at the nodes, but changed by the character of the the internodes are hollow. Some venation and of the blade surface. varieties of durum and poulard The plants appear to have a dif- wheat and a very few of common ferent color in the sunlight from that wheat have stems that are solid or in the shade, and the value changes nearly so in the internodes. It has also according to the position of been found that in some cases hol- the observer with regard to the lowness is associated with resist- direction of the rays of the sun. ance to the wheat stem sawfly. In general, the hard red winter wheats have dark-green blades, LEAF CHARACTERS whereas all durum varieties have blades with a light-green color. The principal parts of the leaves The blade widths are mentioned of wheat plants are the sheath, in describing only a few varieties, blade, ligule, and auricle. None of because nearly all varieties are these parts usually show diflFerences very much alike in this character. that are of even minor value for The hard red winter wheats are distinguishing cultivated varieties. distinctly narrowleaved, and the The blades of wheat varieties soft varieties, like Sol and Red vary considerably in their dimen- Russian, have wide leaf blades. sions, in the shade of green color, Winter varieties having the narrow- and in the angle to the culm main- est blades usually are most resistant tained during the successive periods to low temperatures. The length of growth. These differences, how- of the blade has not shown suf- ever, are usually apparent during ficiently constant differences for only a short period. As the plant taxonomic purposes. matures, the blades dry and fre- The terminal leaf or fiag leaf of CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 19 some varieties of wheat is erect and rachis, parallel to its flat surface. in others it is drooping at various At the base of each spikelet, on the angles. These differences are great- apex of each rachis joint, a tuft of est just previous to the heading short hairs usually occurs. These period but frequently are not ap- hairs may be white or brown in parent a few days later. Chiefly color, but the differences are difficult because of the instability of this to distinguish, partly because the character, it is not used in this hairs frequently are discolored. classification. In some varieties Spikes differ greatly in form and like Hard Federation and White degree of compactness. Club Federation the flag leaf is curled or wheats (Triticum compactum) have twisted, whereas in most varieties been separated from common it is flat. wheats (T. vulgäre) principally be- The sheaths normally enclose cause of their distinctly compact or about the lower two-thirds of the dense spikes. culm, although in dry seasons the In distinguishing the cultivated spike sometimes is not entirely varieties, five spike characters are exserted. The edges of the sheatjfi used. These are awnedness, shape, overlap on the side opposite the density, position, and shattering of blade. The sheaths may be either the spikes. white or purple. During early growth they usually are quite AWNEDNESS scabrous, but they become smoother at maturity. There are some dif- Awns are sometimes of impor- ferences in these characters in the tance agriculturally and are usually cultivated varieties, but they are the character most readily appar- few and minute. After a careful ent. For these reasons awnedness study the writers decided not to is given precedence over all others include any sheath characters in in preparing the keys. Some earlier the descripcions. writers, as previously stated, used The same decision was reached this character for separating so- in regard to the minute differences called species. observed in the ligules and auricles. Varieties are separated into two The ligules usually are short, vary- major groups on the basis of the ing from 1 to 2 mm. long and be- awnedness character, namely, awn- coming lacerate as the plant ma- less to awnleted, and awned. As a tures. Auricles always are present minor character in the key and in on wheat leaves. They are narrow the descriptions the awnless to to midwide, usually strongly curved, awnleted group is subdivided into with a few long strigose hairs on awnless, apically awnleted, and the outer margin. The auricles awnleted. The awn types are often are purple in the young stage, shown in figure 2, A. Awnless sometimes changing to white as varieties have no awnlets or very the plant matures. short apical awnlets. Apically awn- leted varieties have short awnlets SPIKE CHARACTERS 1 to 15 mm. long at the apex of the spike. Awnleted varieties have The entire inflorescence on one awnlets 3 to 40 mm. long, the culm is called the spike. It is made shorter ones occurring near the base up of separate groups of flowers of the spike and the length increas- known as ^'spikelets.'' These are ing toward the apex. The length borne singly on alternate sides of a of the awnlets and their relative zigzag, flattened, channeled, jointed number is given. 20 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

B FIGURE 2.—Wheat varieties: A, Awn types—(J) Supreme, (2) Unas, (3) Thatclier, and (4) Ceres; B, spike shapes—(1 and 2) fusiform, (3 and 4) oblong, (5 and 6) clávate, and (7) elliptical. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 21

Awned varieties are those that spike shapes as the leading charac- have an awn or beard that termi- ters in separating varieties within nates the lemmas on all spikelets. the species. The shapes mentioned, These awns usually increase in however, are here considered only length from the basal part of the as minor characters; nevertheless, spike upward. In the common they are very useful in distinguish- wheats, awns seldom, if ever, exceed ing varieties. 10 cm. in length. In durum and Spikes classed as fusiform taper poulard wheats, however, they usu- toward the apex or from the middle ally range from 10 to 20 cm. toward both base and apex. A majority of the varieties of common wheat have spikes of this shape. Spikes differ greatly in shape, Spikes described as oblong are length, and width. They may be usually uniform in width and thick- flattened parallel or at right angles ness throughout the length of the to the plane of the face of the spike- spike but are always several times bts. Those flattened parallel to longer than wide. this plane are widest when seen in Varieties classed as having clá- face view and can be said to be vate spikes are clubbed, that is, dorso ven trally compressed. The distinctly larger and more dense at spikes of all varieties of common the apex. This is caused by a wheat are thus formed, except those shortening of the rachis internodes that are clubbed at the tip, in which in that part of the spike, which case they are only partly so. Spikes results in a change from dorsoven- that are flattened at right angles to tral to lateral flattening and a the plane of the face of the spikelets broadening of the upper part of the are narrow when seen in face view spike. and may be described as laterally Elliptical spikes are short and compressed. The club, durum, and uniformly rounded at both the base poulard wheats are separated from and apex but are flattened on the the common wheats partly on the sides. Most varieties of club wheat basis of having such spikes. have spikes of this shape. In general, spikes vary in length In the descriptions of varieties from 5 to 15 cm., but are usually 8 these designations of spike shapes to 12 cm. long. They vary in width have sometimes been modified to or thickness from 1 to 3 cm. The take into account the length and differences in length and width ara width of the spikes and the over- not used in themselves, but are often lapping of shapes that occurs in combined with the spike shape in a some varieties. compound descriptive word. Spikes that are usually long are Whether dorsoventrally or later- described as linear fusiform, linear ally compressed, whether long or oblong, or linear clávate. If spikes short, or narrow or wide, spikes are are unusually short, that fact is classified in the keys as having the included in the description. Broad following four general shapes— spikes may be described as broadly fusiform, oblong, clávate, and ellip- fusiform, broadly oblong, or broadly tical. These shapes are shown in clávate; and narrow spikes as nar- figure 2, B, For all common wheats rowly fusiform, narrowly oblong, or these shapes are determined from narrowly clávate. a face view of the spikelets and for Varieties that are nearly inter- all club, durum, and poulard wheats mediate between any of the shapes from an edge view of the spikelets. are sometimes described as oblong Heuzé {100) used several different fusiform or oblong to subclavate. 22 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

By the use of these compound de- were fixed as lax, middense, and scriptive terms spike shapes are dense by determining the number more accurately presented in the of millimeters occupied by 10 inter- description than they can be in the nodes of the rachis measured in the keys, where brevity is imperative. center of the spikes. By this method spikes are classed as lax when 10 internodes occupy from 50 to 75 mm., as middense when 10 The differences in shape of spikes internodes occupy from 35 to 60 mm., shown above are the result in part and as dense when 10 internodes of differences in density. All spikes occupy from 20 to 45 mm. A ma- are described as of three density jority of the varieties are included classes—^lax, middense, and dense. in the middense class, which, ac- These are minor differences that cording to the above measurements, are used to advantage in distin- overlaps both the dense and lax guishing varieties. Seringe (187) classes by two-fifths of their entire separated the common wheats into range. two groups, having lax and dense POSITION spikes, respectively. Körnicke and Werner (126) described the spikes The position of the spike at ma- of many varieties according to dif- turity is often distinctly different ferent degrees of density. Neer- in different varieties. Spikes are gaard (146) suggested a formula for here described as erect, inclined, or use in measuring the density of the nodding. Heuzé (100) used essen- spike. Eriksson (74-) subdivided tially these same distinctions in de- the botanical groups of Körnicke scribing his varieties. and Werner on the basis of density Those varieties described as hav- into sub varie ties called laxum, den- ing erect spikes mature with the sum, and capitatum. He measured spike in an approximately vertical the density of spikes by determin- position. The spikes of these vari- ing the number of spikelets in 100 eties seldom, if ever, are inclined mm. of rachis length. Heuzé (100) more than 15° from the vertical at used the spike density along with maturity. Spikes of varieties that spike shape as the leading character are described as inclined usually in separating varieties. Boshna- mature at an angle of approxi- kian (25) described means of meas- mately 15° to 45° from the vertical, uring density and suggested the but sometimes are nearly erect and name Triticum compacto-capitatum under some conditions will become for varieties of club wheat having slightly nodding. The majority of clávate heads. wheat varieties come within this Many measurements have been class. Varieties that are described made by the writers to determine as having nodding spikes usually the difference in density of the mature with the spike in a drooping spikes of the varieties here de- position, the apex of the spike being scribed. The most definite differ- lower than the base. Spikes of ences were found comparable at 1 such varieties sometimes are only station for 1 year, but otherwise inclined if they are not well filled these measurements were of little with grain when ripe. value. It was found necessary to SHATTERING establish density classes of rather indefinite limits. In this way al- Glumes of different varieties vary lowance was made for the varying in the tenacity or firmness of conditions. The density classes attachment to the rachis, in the CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 23

tightness with which they clasp the COVERING kernels, and in size in relation to Glumes of all varieties here dis- siz9 of the kernels. These and cussed are described as glabrous or possibly other characters cause vari- pubescent (fig. 3). Host {107, v. 4) eties to differ greatly in their resistance to shattering. The durum varieties usually do not shatter easily. Most commercial varieties of common and club wheat are resistant, but some varieties are subject to loss of grain by shattering if allowed to stand in the field after they reach maturity. Such varieties are not adapted for harvesting with the combine. This character is usually mentioned only for the varieties that shatter easily.

GLUME CHARACTERS FIGURE 3.—Glume covering: a. Glabrous; 6, pubescent. (X 1 and X 3.) The unit of the spike is the spikelet. It consists of several placed the pubescent-glumed wheats flowers or florets attached alternately in a separate species called Triti- to opposite sides of a central axis or cum villosum. Several later authors rachilla. These flowers, two to five also considered pubescent wheats in number, are subtended by two as different species. This char- empty scales, called the glumes, the acter is used here, however, keel of each glume terminating in a only as a major one in separating tooth or beak. Each floret consists varieties. It is given second place of a flowering glume, called the in the keys because of the definite lemma, and a thin two-keeled and striking contrast between ab- glume, called the palea. These sence and presence. This is in two glumes enclose the sexual accordance with the usage of Kör- organs. The lemma encloses the nicke and Werner (126). back, dorsal, or outer portion of the Glumes described as glabrous are mature kernel, and in the awned without any covering of hairs. varieties it terminates in an awn. Those described as pubescent are The lemma itself is of little or no more or less covered with hairs of use in classification. The palea varying length. Pubescence us- protects the inner or crease side of ually is readily apparent. The the kernel. It differs from the degree of pubescence varies in the lemma in having its back instead of different varieties. On some the its face toward the rachilla or hairs are much longer and more axis of the spikelet. Like the numerous than on others. Glumes lemma, it is not used in distinguish- of some durum varieties are partly ing varieties. The outer glumes, glabrous and partly pubescent bub however, are much used. are classed as pubescent. In such The covering and coloring of the varieties the pubescence is most glumes are major characters of the often found on the edge of the second and third place, respectively. glumes. The length and width of the glumes COLOR also are used but are of only minor Differences in glume color were importance. early recognized. Lamarck (127) 24 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE used these distinctions in classify- is still darker than the yellowish ing varieties. Glume color is here class and may vary in shade from used as a major character and oc- light to dark brown and bluish cupies third position in the key brown, and in some varieties there because of the distinct differences is a reddish or mahogany tinge. that are readily apparent when the For the latter reason some taxon- plants are mature. This is also in omists have used the term ^^red,'' accord with the usage of Körnicke but in the present work the writers and Werner (126), All glumes are prefer the term ^^brown,'' as it classed as white, yellowish, brown, more accurately describes the glume or black. color of the class as a whole. Glumes classed as white may vary There are no commercial varieties in color from a cream or pale-straw grown in the United States having color to a dark yellow. Practi- glumes that are entirely black. cally no glumes are without color. Within the class, however, there are two rather distinct shades. Glume length is used as a minor Some taxonomists have classified character in the varietal descrip- them separately as white and yel- tions. Usually small-kerneled var- lowish. In the present bulletin, ieties have short glumes and large- however, both shades are placed in kerneled varieties long glumes, but the same class and described only there are exceptions to this. The by the term 'Vhite'^ except in the glumes are usually about three- case of the durums, which are fourths the length of the lemmas, classed separately as white and although in some long-glumed va- yellowish. In the descriptions the rieties the glumes and lemmas more glumes of some varieties of common nearly approach the same length. wheat are described as being yel- Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum) lowish white, indicating a darker has glumes as long as or longer than glume than those described as the lemmas and is separated from white. A few varieties have white the other species principally on this or yellowish glumes with brown or distinction. The length of the black stripes or nerves, or the glume is here described as short, glumes are sometimes tinged on the midlong, or long. These length dif- edges with brown or black. Such ferences are illustrated in figure 4. varieties are placed in the white- glumed class and the peculiar mark- ings are indicated in the descrip- tions. The BlackhuU variety has glumes that usually are tinged with black but sometimes are almost en- tirely black. The Rudy variety has black stripes along the edges of the glumes. Glumes of durum varieties classed as yellowish are much darker than those of the common wheats classed as white but similar to those de- scribed as yellowish white. This yellowish class, therefore, is quite distinct. It may range in color from yellow to buiï. FIGURE 4.—Glume length: a. Short; b, mid- The brown-glumed class usually long; c, long. (X 1 and X 3.) CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 25

Heuze {100) and Scofield {184) SHOULDER CHARACTERS used essentially these same terms. Most varieties of wheat have mid- The shoulder as here considered long glumes. A few varieties, how- is the more or less rounded end of ever, are distinct in having either the glume from the beak to the short or long glumes. Short glumes lateral margin, including the part may have lengths varying from 6 to referred to by Körnicke and Werner 10 mm. Midlong glumes may vary {126), Hackel {91), and others as from 8 to 12 mm. and long glumes side teeth. Scofield {184) applied from 11 to 15 mm. The glumes of the name '^shoulder'' to this part of Polish wheat exceed this latter meas- the glumes. urement and are described as very Considerable variation exists in long. shoulder width and shape in dif- ferent varieties and also in different spikes of the same variety and even among the glumes on a single spike. The width of glumes is used in Although variable, they are of the same manner as the length. some value in classification. All glumes are described as being narrow, midwide, or wide (fig. 5). The shoulder widths often differ from the glume widths. For this reason they are described separately but on the same basis of measure- ment and by the use of the same terms—narrow, midwide, and wide (fig. 6).

FIGURE 5.—Glume widths: a, Narrow; fe, midwide; c, wide. (XI and X 3.)

These differences were pointed out by Scofield {18^). The width of the glume is here determined across FIGURE 6.—Shoulder widths: a. Narrow; 6, its center from the keel to the midwide; c, wide. (Upper row, X 3 ; lower margin of the outer side. Narrow row, X 1.) glumes may vary in width from 2 to 4 mm., midwide ones from 3 to 5 mm., and wide ones from 4 to Shoulder shapes are described in 6 ir\m. The differences are small overlapping terms that allow for a and much overlapping of the classes considerable variation, which is occurs. Wide glumes nearly cover nearly always present in the same the lemma at the point of measure- spike. The terms used are want- ment, whereas narrow glumes usu- ing, oblique, rounded, square, ele- ally cover less than a third of it. vated, and apiculate (fig. 7). 26 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 7.—Shoulder shapes: a, Wanting; 6, obUque; c, rounded; J, square; e, elevated; /, apiculate. (Upper row, X 3; lower row, XI.)

BEAK CHARACTERS The average beak is only 1 mm. wide, so the variations are very The word '^beak'^ is used here small, and general observation is for the short projection that termi- the only basis for describing them. nates the keel of the outer glume. Those that are wider than the In some varieties it approaches an average are called wide and those awn in appearance. Scofield (184) that are narrower are called narrow. first used the term ^^beak/' previous authors having referred to it as a tooth or point. The beaks vary in width, shape, and length. These The apex of the beak varies characters are of considerable im- considerably in shape. It is de- portance in identification and are scribed as obtuse, acute, and acu- used in the descriptions of the minate (fig. 9). Obtuse beaks ara varieties. blunt at the apex. Acute beaks WIDTH come to a point at the apex. Acu- Beak widths are described as minate beaks are narrowly and narrow, midwide, and wide (fig. 8).

FIGURE 8.—Beak widths: a. Narrow; b. FIGURE 9.—Beak shapes:a. Obtuse;6,acute; midwide; c, wide. (Upper row, X 3; lower c, acuminate. (Upper row, X 3; lower row, X 1.) row, X 1.) CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 27 very sharply pointed. All awned vertical or appressed, whereas others spikes have acuminate beaks. are spreading. These characters are affected by drought or other abnormal conditions and usually Beak lengths are quite variable, are not sufficiently constant for especially in the awned varieties, classification purposes. The awns and are considerably influenced by of some varieties sometimes are environment. In general, conditions deciduous, dropping off at maturity. that increase or decrease the length This occurs so rarely that it is of of the beak affect nearly all varieties little or no use in classification. to a similar degree. In the awnless, The color and length of the awns, apically awnleted, and awnleted however, are factors of some im- wheats the differences in length are portance in this classification. nob great, but in many varieties they ar3 quite distinct. The length of the beak is measured from the In the key to the varieties of shoulder of the glume upward. durum wheat the awn color is used On most awned wheats the length as the fourth major character. increases from the base of the spike This method was followed by to its apex. The range of difference Körnicke and Werner {126). For varies greatly with the variety. the other species and subspecies For this reason no single measure- the awn color is used only as a ment is used in describing the minor character. All awns are lengths, but instead the average described as white or black. The maximum and minimum lengths white class may include yellowish are given. None of the awnless shades, and the black class may varieties here described has beaks include shades of brown and blue. longer than 3 mm. Variations in Few varieties of common wheat beak lengths are shown in figure 10. have really black awns. LENGTH The length of the awn in awned varieties is of slight value in classi- fication. No attempt has been made in these studies to separate these varieties into classes with respect to awn length. In all descriptions, however, the average extreme lengths are recorded in centimeters. f y KERNEL CHARACTERS The kernel color, length, and FIGURE 10.—Beak lengths, showing seven variations. (XI.) texture are the most constant of all the kernel characters. These AWN CHARACTERS are used as major distinctions. The shape of the kernel is con- Certain characters of the awn are sidered of only minor importance, distinct. Some of these are im- as are certain differences of the portant in classification, although germ, crease, cheeks, and brush. others are not. The divergence of the awn from the vertical is one that is not important. The awns Kernel colors were early recog- of some varieties are all nearly nized as important characters in 28 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE separating varieties. Most varie- kernels may appear to have dif- ties were observed to have either ferent shades of yellow color because white or red kernels but were of differences in texture of the sometimes regarded as being yellow endosperm. or brown. The kernel color was Kernels of the red class may used by Körnicke and Werner vary from light brown to the (126) and by Vilmorin (215) as darker shades of red. The varia- one of the leading taxonomic char- tions are due to varietal differences acters of wheat. Heuze (100) and and environment. Differences in Körnicke and Werner have in- texture, due to varying conditions, dicated various shades of white or may cause ''yellow berries,'' which yellow and of red in the descriptions sometimes give the kernels a of the kernel color. Eriksson (74) mottled appearance. Some samples believed that white wheat becomes have been received for identification red and states that the color of in which kernels appeared to be grain is useless in distinguishing a partly red and partly white. This variety. Cobb (57) arranged the condition has been found to be the wheats he was growing according result of environment, as such to the color tint from lightest to kernels produce plants with only darkest. Howard and Howard (109, red kernels. p. 228) regard the wheat kernel as Many writers have classed some being either white or red. They varieties as ''amber." This usu- state that '^the particular tone of ally refers to a white kernel having colour depends partly on the con- a translucent or vitreous endosperm. sistency of the grain.'^ Hayes, The term "amber" is used to Bailey, Arny, and Olson (96) pro- designate a certain subclass of posed the use of the terms ^'red'^ durum wheat in the United States and ^Svhite" in describing the official grain standards. Until re- presence and absence of a brownish- cent years hard red kernels some- red pigment in the bran layer. times were referred to as amber- The use of the modification 'light colored. The word "amber" also red'' was suggested where the has been used as a part of a varietal degree of pigmentation was less name, such as Martin Amber, than usual in the red wheats. which is a soft white wheat, and Three varieties of Abyssinian wheat Michigan Amber, which is a soft having violet-colored kernels were red wheat. Because of this am- mentioned by Körnicke and Werner biguity and because wheats usually (126). The writers have grown are either red or white, the word purple-kerneled wheats from Ethi- "amber" is not used in this bulletin opia (Abyssinia), but they are not in describing wheat kernels. considered in the present classification. Kernels of all varieties are grouped into two classes, described The length of the kernel is used as white and red, and, as in the as a major character in distinguish- glume colors, many different shades ing varieties. are present. In general, however, Körnicke and Werner (126), in the two classes distinctly separate their descriptions of wheaL varieties, all wheats. indicated the average length and Kernels of the white class may width of the kernels in millimeters vary from cream to yellowish, or and the average number of kernels they may be white, without pig- in 10 grams. The kernels were ment. White or faintly pigmented described as very small, small, CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 29 large, and long. Heuzé {100) de- dividual samples more definite scribed the kernels as short, me- limitation is possible. For this dium, or long. The size of the purpose the term ''short'' is used kernels of any variety varies when for kernels ranging from 4 to 6 mm. grown in different sections or in in length,''midlong" for those rang- different years in the same section. ing from 6 to 8 mm., and "long" From necessity, therefore, the lim- for those ranging from 8 to 10 mm. its of the classes in which varieties are placed must be overlapping. A TEXTURE kernel of wheat reaches its maxi- The texture of wheat kernels is mum length several days before an important character in classifi- ripening. The length, therefore, is cation. It has an economic value, fairly constant, even when it is as most wheat is marketed in com- considerably shrunken, and is the mercial classes, which are fixed most valuable of the kernel dimen- largely on a basis of texture because sions for taxonomic purposes. In hard wheats generally are better for making measurements only the bread making than soft wheats. normal kernels should be used. Two texture classes are used— The kernels from the tip spikelets kernels soft to semihard and kernels on a spike and from the upper semihard to hard. Here, as with florets in the spikelet are below size, overlapping class limits were average length. found necessary. In general, all In the keys two classes are made, wheat varieties can be classed namely, kernels short to midlong readily in one or the other of these and kernels midlong to long. In two groupings. In describing spe- the descriptions three classes— cific samples and in individual de- short, midlong, and long—^some- scription of varieties, three classes times are mentioned separately. are used separately, as soft, semi- These kernel lengths are shown in hard, and hard. A soft kernel is figure 11. one that, when normally developed, has an endosperm entirely soft, mealy, or starchy. A hard kernel, when normally developed, has a corneous, horny, or vitreous endo- sperm throughout. A semihard kernel has an endosperm that is intermediate between the other two. The species Triticum durum was so named by Desfontaines (67) be- cause of the hardness of the kernels. Metzger (14^) divided the white- FIGURE 11.—Kernel lengths: a. Short; 6, kerneled wheats into two groups midlong; c, long. (Upper row, X 3; lower on the basis of texture, the starchy row, X 1.) ones being considered as yellow. Kör nicke and Werner (126) de- The short to midlong class in- scribed the kernels of different vari- cludes varieties the kernels of which eties as being entirely mealy, nearly measure within the limits of 4 to entirely mealy, mostly mealy, partly 7.5 mm. in length. The midlong mealy, partly glassy, mostly glassy, to long class includes varieties the nearly entirely glassy, and entirely kernels of which come within the glassy. The texture of the same limits of 6.5 to 10 mm. For in- variety varied in different seasons. 30 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

These authors, as well as Eriksson ness, opaqueness, and low gluten content in wheats. (74), Fruwirth (83), and Howard 3. There are two types of soft grains and Howard (109, p. 282), conclude among the wheats included in these ex- that kernel texture is useless as a periments. varietal character and that it de- (a) A type designated by the writer as '^true softness" in which the air spaces pends on environment. Hayes, in the endosperm are diffuse and finely Bailey, Arny, and Olson {96) sug- scattered. This type of softness is only gest the terms corneous, subcor- slightly affected by environic conditions. neous, substarchy, and starchy for (b) A type commonly called ''yellow berry," in which the air spaces within describing the texture of the wheat the endosperm occur in ñakelike groups kernel. The writers have concluded with quite definite margins. The opaque- that because of the variability in ness thus arising may be confined to a texture under different environ- small spot only or may include the entire endosperm. This type of softness is very ments one can separate varieties of sensitive of environic conditions. wheat accurately into only two classes and fairly accurately into In this bulletin soft texture three classes. Soft-kerneled vari- refers to the condition designated eties grown under very dry condi- above as ^^true softness'' and must tions will sometimes become brittle not be confused with yellow berry. and slightly subcorneous. When True kernel texture, therefore, hard-kerneled varieties are grown cannot be determined on yellow- under humid conditions or in soil berry kernels, because they always deficient in nitrogen they some- are soft. It usually is possible, times become starchy, semistarchy, however, to select from a sample a or mottled, the condition being few kernels that are not wholly designated as ''y^Uow berry," and starchy and that can be accurately the kernels are then rather soft. used for texture determinations. The difficulty of numerous in- Roberts {172) attempted to measure vestigators in determining the ker- hardness mechanically by deter- nel texture has been caused by the mining the crushing strength. This failure to dissociate softness from is not entirely accurate, as the starchiness or yellow berry. Free- shape of the kernel influences its man {82, pp. 224-225) has shown crushing strength and, in addition, the nature of hardness in the wheat soft-wheat varieties grown under kernel. The following is quoted dry-land conditions are quite brittle and difficult to crush. The particle- from his conclusions : size determination of Cutler and 1. The hardness of a wheat is deter- Brinson (65) and the pearling test mined by the soHdity of the grain, and this, in turn, by the nature and relative of Taylor, Bayles, and Fifield {204) proportions of gluten and starch in the are useful in determining the texture endosperm. of kernels of varieties. Texture in 2. When the ratio of gluten to starch the present studies was determined is sufficiently high, the entire cell con- tents are cemented together soHdly as by cutting kernels not affected the grain dries out in ripening. It, there- by yellow berry and examining the fore, takes on a hard, glassy, semitrans- endosperm. lucent texture. In the absence of a suffi- cient proportion of gluten to hold the cell contents together, the shrinkage in drying does not fully compensate for the loss of The shape of the kernel is de- water, and air spaces appear within the scribed as ovate, elliptical, or oval cells. These open spaces render the grain (fig. 12). These terms refer only to soft and, also, since they serve as refract- ing surfaces, make it opaque. We are, the outline of the kernel as viewed therefore, accustomed to associate soft- from the dorsal surface, and not to CLASSIFICATION OP WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 31

of the head, and (6) the species which produces the kernel. The kernels from the base or tip spikelets on the spike are shorter in proportion to width than the others. The kernels from club wheat or from the tip spikelets of clávate spikes of common wheats are usually laterally compressed or ^^pinched.^^ Shrunken kernels usually have an elliptical shape because of being narrow. As the FIGURE 12.—^Kernel shapes: a, Ovate; b, width of a kernel of wheat depends elliptical; c, oval. (Upper row, X 3; largely upon the degree of de- lower row, X 1-) velopment of plumpness, this char- acter has very little taxonomic the kernel as a whole. When egg- value. shaped in outline, the germ end The tip, or brush, end of nearly all being the broader, it is described as varieties is rounded, but the kernels ovate. An elliptical kernel is one of a few varieties, in which the tips the length of which is more than are square rather than rounded, as twice the width and that has sides seen from the dorsal view, are de- somewhat curved and both ends scribed as truncate. Kernels of a rounded. An oval kernel is broader, few varieties have acute or pointed like the ovate, but with both ends tips, as seen in both dorsal and of nearly equal width. Modifica- lateral views, and such tips are tions of these shapes are indicated described as acute. by describing kernels as narrowly or The shape of the kernel as seen broadly elliptical, ovate, or oval, as in the lateral view is important in the case may be. A few varieties, only a few varieties. Many vari- as Baart, show other characteristic eties, especially durums and em- shapes, which are given in the mers, are more or less keeled on the descriptions of these varieties. dorsal surface. Normally the ker- Most kernels are classified as nels of wheat, in dorso ventral diam- ovate, but in a few varieties a eter, are thickest near the base, just considerable part of the kernels above the germ. In a few varieties may have one or the other of the the kernels are strongly elevated on shapes just noted. The shape of the dorsal side of this basal portion the wheat kernel is influenced by and they are popularly known as the position in the spikelet, the ^^humped.^' That term is used in position in the spike, and the describing such kernels. When the degree of plumpness. Boshnakian dorsal portion is less keeled than (26, p. 205) has shown that normal the kernel is described as spikelet characters that affect the flattened. Where only the tip of shape of the wheat kernel are the kernel is thus flattened it is mainly— described as having a flattened tip. (1) The stiffness of the glumes, (2) the The kernels of a few varieties when size and shape of the space in which the viewed from the side have a de- grain develops, (3) the number of grains pressed dorsal surface about mid- in the spikelet and their position, (4) the density of the head, (5) the pressure way between the ends. This fea- caused by the growth of different parts ture is referred to as sway-backed. 260503—54 3 32 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Il The shape of the kernel has been used as a distinguishing character by only a few authors. Körnicke and Werner (126) recorded the lengths and widths of the kernels and referred to some as roundish or elongated. Eriksson (74) used the number of kernels in 100 mm., placed side by side, to indicate the width of the kernel. This charac- ter is, however, of value only in comparing varieties grown under identical conditions. Heuzé (100) FIGURE 13.—Germ sizes: a. Small; &, mid- sized; c, large. (Upper row, X 3; lower described the shape of kernels of row, X 1.) each variety, using such terms as elongated, short, angular, com- pressed, ovoid, oblong, and swollen. The limits of the three size groups Scofield (184) suggested 16 descrip- overlap. Most kernels have a mid- tive terms to be applied to the shape sized germ, so these characters are of wheat kernels. Wheat kernels not much used in distinguishing cannot be accurately described ac- varieties. For some varieties, how- cording to shape unless they are ever, they can be used to advantage. normally developed, that is, neither shrunken nor excessively plump. CREASE CHARACTERS GERM CHARACTERS The crease, or sulcus, on the ven- The size and shape of the germ, tral side of the wheat kernel is or embryo, of the wheat kernel rather variable but is of value in have seldom been used as charac- distinguishing a few varieties. The ters in classification. After exam- chief taxonomic characters are the ining thousands of samples, the width and the depth. Shrunken writers have concluded that the kernels nearly always have a rela- size of the germ is one of the most tively wide and deep crease, whereas constant of minor kernel characters. in extremely plump or yellow-berry There is considerable variation kernels the crease is narrow and among the individual kernels of a shallow, because the space beneath bulk sample, but typical kernels of the bran is occupied by large starch a pure variety have a characteristic cells and air spaces. size of germ. The germ is devel- oped earlier than the endosperm and consequently is of almost nor- The width of the crease is deter- mal size even in shrunken grain. mined by the distance between the The germ is here described as crests of the cheeks on each side of small, midsized, or large (fig. 13). the crease. Creases are described A small germ is one that occupies as narrow, midwide, and wide less than one-sixth' of the area of (fig. 14). A narrow crease is about the dorsal surface of the kernel or two-thirds or less of the total width the area visible in dorsal view. A of the kernel in ventral view. The midsize germ occupies from one- midwide crease, which is typical of sixth to one-fourth of the dorsal most varieties, is usually about area of the kernel. A large germ four-fifths of the total kernel width. occupies one-fourth or more of the A wide crease is almost the total dorsal area. width of the kernel. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 33

few varieties of common wheat have been described as having a ^'pitted'' 09 Q?^ crease. This is characterized by having a distinct opening near the center of the crease (fig. 15, d). a b The sides of the opening usually are FIGURE 14.—Crease widths: a. Narrow; 6, wrinkled. The pitted character is midwide; c, wide. (Upper row, X 3; lower most marked on the kernels of the row, X 1.) Humpback (no longer grown com- mercially) and the Huston varieties.

The depth of the crease in this CHEEK CHARACTERS classification has been determined The cheeks of a kernel are the by an external examination rather ridges along each side of the crease than by a cross section of the kernel. on the ventral surface of the kernel. The depth, therefore, is judged The most distinguishing character from the crest of the cheeks to the of the cheek is the outline of th3 position where the crease is closed. crest in cross section. This is No measurements of the portion of rounded or angular (fig. 16). EX- the crease below the surface of the kernel have been considered. Crease depths are described as shallow, middeep, and deep (fig. 15).

FIGURE 16.—Cheek shapes: a. Rounded; 6, angular. (Upper row, X 3; lower row, XI.) 07 CD db tremely starchy (yellow berry) ker- FIGURE 15.—Crease depths: a. Shallow; 6, nels always have rounded cheeks, middeep; c, deep; J, pitted. (Upper whereas the cheeks of shrunken row, X 3; lower row, X 1.) kernels are always angular. It is necessary, therefore, to examine A shallow crease has a depth of 20 normally developed kernels in order percent or less of the dorso ventral to recognize the differences. All thickness of the kernel. A middeep of the durum wheats have angular crease has a depth of from 15 to 35 cheeks. Most of the common percent of the thickness of the wheats have cheeks that are more kernel, and a deep crease has a or less angular, but a few varieties, depth of 30 to 50 percent of the such as Turkey, consistently have thickness of the kernel. rounded cheeks. There is no sharp The depth of the crease is of distinction between the angular taxonomic value only when the ker- and the rounded cheeks. nels are normally developed and is a distinguishing character in only a BRUSH CHARACTERS few varieties. It is sufficiently con- stant, however, to be of use in The brush of the kernel is the describing varieties grown under hair at the tip or the end opposite identical a ad normal conditions. the germ. Cobb {ß9) described in Nearly all of the durum and club detail the brush of 51 varieties of wheats have a shallow crease. A wheat grown in Australia. 34 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

hairs are less than 0.5 mm. long, The size of brush refers to the in midlong brush from 0.5 to 1 mm. area that it occupies on the kernel. long, and in long brush more than It is described as small, midsized, 1 mm. long. A few very long hairs and large (fig. 17). A small brush may be present in a short brush. AH durum wheats and some vari- eties of common wheat, such as Red Bobs, have a short brush. Both size and length of brush are very constant characters, probably the most constant kernel characters aside from color and size. In ma- chine threshing, part of the hairs of the brush frequently are removed.

The brush area of some varieties is here described as '^collared^^ (fig. 17, FIGURE 17.—Brush sizes: a. Small; 6, mid- d), Cobb {59) referred to this as sized; c, large; d, collared brush. (Upper row, X 3; Tower row, XI.) an abrupt margin. This refers to the presence of a distinct raised occupies only a part of the tip of collar or flange of bran along the the kernel. In kernels that are margin of the brush area. This is distinctly pointed at the tip, how- most noticeable on shrunken ker- ever, it may cover all of the end. nels, but is very distinct on normal A midsized brush covers the tip of kernels of a few varieties, such as the kernel. Nearly all varieaes of Goldcoin. wheat come within this class. A large brush is one that extends OTHER CHARACTERS partly over the sides of the kernel, chiefly along the crease. Several characters of wheat vari- eties of interest to growers cannot be observed in a morphological ex- The length of brush refers to the amination. These differences often average length of hairs, which are are of great economic importance described as short, midlong, and but are of little value in classifica- long (fig. 18). In short brush the tion. Following the descriptions of many of the varieties, therefore, other characters of importance, such as productivity, quality, re- sistance to low temperatures, and resistance to diseases and insects, are mentioned.

PRODUCTIVITY A comparison of yield of different varieties of wheat is of value only when the varieties are grown under identical conditions, as side by side, on identical soil, and in one locality FIGURE 18.—Brush lengths: a. Short; 6, midlong; c, long. (Upper row, X 3; lower in the same season. Under certain row, X 1.) conditions it is possible for almost CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN" IN 1949 35 any variety to outyield all others, heaving, winter drought, and many and consequently an expression of other factors that may cause in- yield is of little taxonomic impor- jury or death to the plant. In the tance. Körnicke and Werner (126) case of winter wheats, resistance to recorded the yields of the varieties low temperatures consists of the grown at Poppelsdorf in the de- ability to survive low winter tem- scription of each variety. In the peratures; in the case of spring present work the writers have men- wheats, it is the ability to resist tioned productivity or yield of only injury from spring, summer, or fall those varieties that experiments frosts. Winterkilling in the hard have shown to be distinctly high or red winter region is more commonly low in yield in certain areas. caused by low temperatures and drought, while in the more humid QUALITY soft winter wheat region of the Next to productivity, the value Eastern States it is often caused by of wheat varieties for milling and heaving as well as low temperatures for making bread, cake, pastries, without snow cover. Following the macaroni, and other baking prod- varietal descriptions, the writers ucts is of the greatest economic have indicated a few varieties that importance, as these are the prin- are known to be especially winter- cipal uses for wheat. Flour from hardy or nonhardy, but otherwise hard red winter, hard red spring, the character is not mentioned. and hard white varieties is used mostly for breadmaking. The soft RESISTANCE TO DISEASE AND INSECTS white common, club, and soft red Wheat varieties are known that common varieties are used mostly have more or less resistance to for the manufacture of cake, cooky, each of the many diseases of wheat pastry, biscuit, and cracker flours, and to some insects. Nearly all for breakfast cereal products, or varieties of wheat herein consid- for bread when blended with high ered have been grown in nurseries protein hard wheats. Durum va- where they were inoculated either rieties are used for macaroni and naturally or artificially with stem similar products. Varieties differ rust, leaf rust, stripe rust, bunt or greatly in their usefulness for these stinking smut, loose smut, flag various products. As with yield, smut, powdery mildew, and mosaic these differences can be accurately or were exposed to infestation by determined only by careful experi- hessian fly or greenbugs. Immunity ments, conducted with comparably and resistance can be determined grown samples. The percentage when varieties are exposed equally of protein in grain is determined to a disease or insect under condi- chiefly by the environment under tions favorable for its development. which it is grown, but some varie- When a variety is known to be ties are consistently higher or lower resistant to a disease or some races than others. The quality of the or to an insect, this fact is noted protein is determined chiefly by following the varietal descriptions. variety. Where quality differences are known to exist they are pointed CLASSIFICATION OF THE out, following the descriptions. GENUS TRITICUM

HARDINESS Wheat belongs to the grass family Gramineae (Poaceae) and to the Hardiness is the ability of the tribe Hordeae, in which the one- to plant to resist low temperature, several-flowered spikelets are sessile 36 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE and alternate on opposite sides of nodes of a zigzag, channeled, artic- the rachis, forming a true spike. ulate rachis; the glumes keeled, Wheat is located in the genus rigid, three- to several-nerved, ob- Triticum, where the solitary two- tuse, acute or acuminate; the lem- to several-flowered spikelets are mas keeled or rounded on the back, placed sidewise against the curved many-nerved, ending in a single channeled joints of the rachis. tooth or awn. Wheat is characterized as a mid- The following eight divisions of tall annual grass with flat blades the genus Triticum were used by and a terminal spike. The spikelets Hackel (91, pp. 180-187) and are solitary, one- to five-flowered, recognized by others for many sessile, arranged alternately on the years :

I vulgäre Vill Common wheat. compactum Host.. Club wheat. turgidum L Poulard wheat. sativum. durum Desf Durum wheat. Triticum dicoccum Schrank Emmer. [spelta L Spelt. polonicum L Polish wheat. \jnonococcum L Einkorn.

In recent years the species of described since 1920 and the classi- wheat have been classified on the fication of Flaksberger and co- basis of chromosome numbers. Sa- workers, 1939 {80), includes all kamura in 1918 {174) reported the those known at the present time. numbers for each of the above spe- cies or subspecies and his counts The species recognized by Flaks- have since been verified by Sax berger, grouped according to chro- {177), Kihara {119, 120, 121), mosome number, with their com- Watkins {224), and others. mon names used in the United New species of wheat have been States, are as follows:

Diploid series Tetraploid series Hexaploid series 14 chromosomes 28 chromosomes 42 chromosomes T. spontaneum Flaks., wild T. dicoccoides Körn., wild T. spelta L., spelt. einkorn. emmer. T. monococcum L., einkorn. T. timopheevi Zhuk., timo- T. vulgäre (Vill.) Host (T. pheevi. aestivum L.), common T. dicoccum Schrank, em- wheat. mer. T. compactum Host, club T. durum Desf., durum wheat. wheat. T. sphaerococcum Perc, T. abyssinien m Steud., shot wheat. Abyssinian wheat. T. macha Dek. & Men., T. turgidum L., poulard macha. wheat. T. polonicum L., Polish wheat. T. persicum (Boiss.), Aitch., & Hemsl., Per- sian wheat. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 37

A translation of the key to the Emmer is distinguished from species of Triticum prepared by spelt by the shorter, denser spikes, Flaksberger et al. (80) was given which are laterally compressed. by Clark and Bayles (44-j VV- The pedicel of emmer is shorter and 38-40). narrower and is usually attached to SPELT the base of the spikelet which it bears, whereas in spelt the pedicel Spelt may be of either winter or remains attached to the face of the spring habit aad awnless or awned. next lower spikelet. The inner side It has a long, narrow, lax spike and of the spikelet is flat instead of a brittle rachis. The pedicel (in- arched, and the kernel usually is ternode of the rachis) is long and darker red than that of spelt. A wide, and after threshing remains spike, glumes, a spikelet, and kernel attached to the face of the spikelet of the Vernal variety of emmer are below the one that it bears. The shown in figure 19, B. spikelets are two-kerneled, arched on the inner side, and closely ap- In the United States only a very pressed to the rachis. The kernels, small acreage of emmer is grown, which remain enclosed in the glumes and it is used as feed for livestock. after threshing, are pale red, long, and laterally compressed, and have POULARD WHEAT an acute tip and a narrow, shallow crease. The poulard wheats may be of Spelt is grown commercially only either winter or spring habit and to a slight extent in the United usually are tall with broad leaves. States. Spikes, glumes, a spikelet, The culms are thick, usually solid, and kernel of the Red Winter but sometimes pithy. The spikes variety of spelt are shown in figure are long and occasionally compound 19, A, or branched. The spikelets are EMMER compactly arranged on the spike, and the glumes are short and Emmer is often incorrectly called sharply keeled. The kernels are ^'speltz'' in the United States. thick, humped, and mostly hard, Emmer may be of either winter or but usually are very starchy (yellow spring habit and usually is awned. berry). A spike, glumes, and ker- The culms often are pithy within, nels of the Alaska variety of poulard and the leaves usually are pubes- wheat are shown in figure 20, A. cent. The rachis is brittle. The spikes are very dense and laterally The poulards are most closely compressed, being narrow when related to the durums. The glumes viewed from the face of the spikelet and kernels usually are shorter and and wide from the edge view. The the kernels thicker in the dorso- pedicel (internode of rachis) is ventral diameter and are somewhat short, narrow, and pointed and softer. In many instances the remains attached to the base of the varieties of poulard and durum are spikelet which it bears. The spike- so nearly alike that it is difficult to lets are flattened on the inner side distinguish them. and usually contain two flowers. Only a very limited acreage of The kernels, which remain enclosed poulard wheat is cultivated in the in the glumes after threshing,, are United States, and the grain is of red or white, long, and slender, no commercial value except as feed with both ends acute. for stock. 38 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

B

FIGURE 19.—A, Ked Winter spelt and B, Vernal eninier: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 39

^^ Mi ^É

^

FIGURE 20.—A, Alaska (poulard) wheat and B, timopheevi: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 40 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

POLISH WHEAT usually contain only one fertile floret, for which reason it is called Polish wheat has a spring habit, one-grained wheat. The terminal tall stems, and a pithy peduncle. spikelets are aborted. The palea The spike is awned, large, and lax. splits into two parts at maturity. The glumes are papery, very long, The kernels that remain in the and narrow. The length of the spikelets after threshing, are pale glume equals or exceeds the length red, slender, and very much com- of the lemmas. The kernel is long pressed. The kernel crease is al- and narrow, sometimes nearly a most wanting. A spike, glumes, a half inch long, is hard, and has a spikelet, and kernels of einkorn are shape somewhat similar to that of shown in figure 21, 5. a kernel of rye. A spike, glumes, Einkorn is not grown commer- and kernels of the White Polish cially in North America, and the variety of Polish wheat are shown species itself has no economic im- in figure 21, A. portance. Polish wheat usually yields less than other adapted varieties. It COMMON WHEAT also is of inferior value for bread or macaroni manufacture. Polish In the Species Plantarum, Lin- wheat is seldom grown in the naeus in 1753 {134-) first used the United States. name Triticum aestivurn for a part of the common and club wheats. TiMOPHEEVI This name originally referred to the Timopheevi wheat, which was awned spring forms. It has been only recently discovered by Zhu- given priority use by botanists for kovsk}^ (233), is of particular the name of the species more interest because of its resistance to commonly recognized as T, vulgäre. several diseases of wheat. It is This name was applied to the com- very highly resistant to stem rust, mon wheats by Host in 1805 leaf rust, stinking smut, and mildew. {107j V. 3) when it became apparent The cytological studies of Kihara that Linnaeus' separations were not (122) have shown that it belongs to logical or correct. As the name the emmer group but contains one r. vulgäre is in general use among genome not present in other species cereal agronomists the world over, of Triticum. It is a late-maturing the writers give preference to that spring type. The grain does not form, which has also been accepted thresh free of the glumes. The by Flaksberger and associates {80). glumes are densely pubescent, and Common wheat has pairs of 21 the leaves have hairs on both upper chromosomes and is distinguished and lower surface. A spike, spike- from club wheat, which it most lets, and kernels of timopheevi are closely resembles, by a spike long in shown in figure 20, B. proportion to its thickness. The spike is usually dorsally compressed and is thus wide when seen in face EINKORN view of the spikelets instead of nar- Einkorn, or one-grained wheat, row, as with those of some other di- has no English name but is called visions. The spikelets are two- to einkorn in German, and that name five-flowered, far apart, only slightly has become fairly well known in overlapping, pressed close to the North America. The spikes are racliis, and nearly erect. The awned, narrow, slender, and later- glumes are keeled only in the upper ally compressed. The spikelets half, shorter than the lemmas, CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 41

.. /■ /

I

I

B

FIGURE 2\.—A, White Polish (Polish) wheat and B, einkorii: Spikes Iand glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 42 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE firm, and either glabrous or pubes- in this respect. It is also the best cent. The lemmas are awnless known and most widely cultivated or have awns less than 10 cm. long, of all the species. The varieties The palea is as long as the lemmas are most nearly related to the club and remains entire at maturity, wheats (T. compactum.) These two The culm of the plant usually is divisions have the same chromo- hoUow, but occasionally is pithy some number and cross readily, within, and varies in strength and There are intermediate types that height. The blades of the leaves resemble both common and club are usually narrower than those of wheats. the duruin and poulard wheats. Common wheat is adapted to The kernels may be either soft or ^'^¿^ij varying chmatic conditions hard and white or red. ^^^¿ possesses more diverse charac- Ihe characteristic oi common ^ f. . ^, ,, i- • • wheat of greatest economic value is ^^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^f ^^^ ""^^ divisions, its well-known quaUty for bread- The 204 varieties cultivated m the making, as common wheat excels United States are distinguished by all the other divisions of the genus the accompanying key.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT la. Spike awnless to awnleted. 2a. Glumes glabrous. 3a. Glumes white. 4a. Kernels white {Triticum vulgäre albidum Alef.).i Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Page Spike fusiform to oblong Yorkwin 50 Spike oblong. Keel straight above, shoulders Greeson 52 wide. Keel incurved above, shoulders White Winter 52 wanting to oblique. Spike oblong to clávate Brevor 52 Spike clávate Wilhelmina (Holland) 53 Spring habit. Spike fusiform. Awnlets few Defiance _ 53 Awnlets many, incurved Rink 53 Spike oblong. Plant early to midseason. Spike awnless. Spike fusiform to oblong Idaed 53 Spike oblong Lemhi 55 Spike apically awnleted Onas 55 Resistant to bunt Onas 41 55 Spike awnleted Bunyip 57 Plant midseason. Spike awnless Marfed 57 Spike apically awnleted Cascade 57 Plant late Pacific Bluestem 57 Resistant to bunt Pacific Bluestem 37 59 Spike clávate. Plant early to midseason. Spike apically awnleted Major 59 Spike awnleted Oregon Zimmerman 59 Plant late. Stem very glaucous Dicklow 59 See footnote at end of key. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 43

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT—Continued la. Spike awnless to awnleted—Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous—Continued 3a. Glumes white—Continued 4a. Kernels white—Continued Kernels short to midlong—Continued Kernels semihard to hard. Spring habit. Page Spike fusiform Florence (Quality) 60 Spike oblong. Susceptible to bunt and rust White Federation 60 Resistant to bunt and rust White Federation 38 60 Kernels midlong to long. Kernels soft. Spring habit. Spike clávate Pilcraw 60 4b. Kernels red {T. vulgäre lutescens Alef.).^ Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Stem white. Spike fusiform. Plant early. Spike erect, awnlets 2 to 15 Rice 60 mm. long. Early Premium 64 Spike nodding, lax. Awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm. Leap 64 long. Awnlets several, 5 to 25 Leapland 64 mm. long. Plant midseason. Spike erect. Awnlets several, 5 to 20 Vahart 64 mm. long. Spike inclined. Apically awnleted Kanqueen 64 Awnlets few, 3 to 15 mm. Vigo 66 long. Awnlets several, 5 to 30 Lofthouse 66 mm. long. Spike nodding, lax Wabash 66 Spike oblong. Plant midseason. Spike erect to inclined. Spike lax Fairfield 67 Spike middense Clarkan 67 Spike dense. Awnlets, 3 to 10 mm. Harvest Queen 69 long. Awnlets, 5 to 15 mm. Pennoll 69 long. Spike nodding. Awnlets straight, 3 to 10 Prosperity 69 mm. long. Awnlets incurved, 5 to 15 Forward 69 mm. long. Spike clávate. Plant midseason Valprize 70 Plant very late Red Russian 70 See footnote at end of key. 44 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT—Continued la. Spike awnless to awnleted—Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous—Continued 3a. Glumes white—Continued 4b. Kernels red—Continued Kernels short to midlong—^Continued Kernels soft to semihard—Continued Winter habit—Continued Stem purple. Spike fusiform. Plant midseason. Page Shoulders narrow, rounded._ Nured 70 Shoulders midwide, rounding Fulhio _ 70 to square. Fultz 70 Trumbull 70 Ashland 73 Spike clávate Fuit zo- Mediterranean 73 Intermediate habit. Stem white. Spike fusiform. Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long Carala 73 Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long. Plant early Redhart 73 Plant midseason Taylor 73 Spike fusiform to oblong. Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long Hardired 74 Spike oblong Coker 47-27 74 Spike oblong to clávate. Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long Atlas 66 74 Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long Atlas 50 76 Stem purple. Spike fusiform. Susceptible to leaf rust Purplestraw 76 Gasta 76 Resistant to leaf rust and Chancellor 76 mosaic. Resistant to leaf rust Sanford 76 Spike oblong Flint 77 Spring habit. Stem white. Spike fusiform Coastal 77 Stem purple. Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long Huston 77 Awnlets 5 to 25 mm. long Seabreeze 79 Kernels semihard to hard. Winter habit. Spike fusiform. Awnlets few, 3 to 12 mm. long. Kernels ovate, germ small Newturk 79 Kernels elliptical, germ mid- Ridit 79 sized. Awnlets several, 3 to 25 mm. long. Kernels short to midlong Purkof 79 Kernels midlong. Glumes white Cache 80 Glumes white with black Chief kan 80 pigment. Spike oblong. Awnlets several, 3 to 12 mm. Michikof 80 long. Awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. Mosida 80 long. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 45

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT—Continued la. Spike awnless to awnleted—Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous—Continued 3a. Glumes white—Continued 4b. Kernels red—Continued Kernels short to midlong—Continued Kernels semihard to hard—Continued Spring habit. Stem white. Plant early. Page Spike awnless Red Bobs 82 Supreme 82 Spike awnleted. Spike fusiform. Kernels short Redman 82 Kernels short to midlong _ Garnet 82 Spike oblong Comet 84 Plant early to midseason. Kernels short. Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long__ Thatcher 84 Newthatch 86 Kernels midlong. Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long. Plant short to midtall Marquillo 86 Plant midtall to tall Carleeds (Nordhougen)___ 86 Plant midseason to late. Kernels short. Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long. Stem hollow Marquis 87 Stem solid Rescue 88 Awnlets 5 to 15 mm. long-_ Apex 90 Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long _. Cadet 90 Stem purple. Plant early. Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long Rushmore 90 Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long Saunders 92 Plant early to midseason. Awnlets 2 to 10 mm. long. Spike fusiform, erect Renown 92 Spike oblong, inclined Regent 92 Spike oblong to subclavate__ Kitchener 94 3b. Glumes brown. 4a. Kernels white (T. vulgäre alboruhrum Koern.).! Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Spike awnless. Spike oblong, stem white Rex 94 Spike awnleted. Spike fusiform, stem purple Cornell 595 94 Spike oblong, stem white. Awnlets 1 to 3 mm. long Genesee 95 Awnlets 3 to 20 mm. long Dawson 95 Spike clávate, stem purple. Spike middense, erect to in- Goldcoin (Fortyfold) 95 clined. Spike dense, erect Golden. 97 Spring habit. Spike oblong Federation 97 Resistant to bunt Federation 41 98 Kernels semihard to hard. Spring habit. Spike middense to lax Ramona 44 98 Spike dense Hard Federation 98 Hard_Federationl31 98 See footnote at end of key. 46 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT—Continued la. Spike awnless to awnleted—Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous—Continued 3b. Glubes brown—Continued 4b. Kernels red {T. vulgäre miltura Alef.).i Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Stem white. Spike fusiform. Plant midseason. page Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long... Moking 99 Awnlets 5 to 15 mm. long___ Red Wave 99 Spike oblong Purdue No. 1 99 Stem purple. Spike fusiform. Plant early, midtall Currell 99 Plant midseason, midtall to tall. Beaks 0.5 mm. long. Awnlets 3 to 12 mm. long- Baldrock 99 Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long. Poole 101 Beaks 1 to 1.5 mm. long Russian Red 101 Spike oblong. Plant early. Awnlets several, 5 to 25 Purcam 101 mm. long. Plant midseason. Awnlets few, 3 to 15 mm. Red May (Michigan Am- 101 long. ber). Awnlets several, 5 to 25 Thorne 103 mm. long. Seneca 103 Kernels midlong to long Anderson 103 3c. Glumes brown with black pigment. 4b. Kernels red. Kernels hard Red Chief 103 2b. Glumes pubescent. 3a. Glumes white. 4b. Kernels red {T, vulgäre villosum Alef.).i Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Spike inclined ; kernels semihard Triplet 106 Spike nodding; kernels soft Jones Fife 106 Kernels hard. Spring habit. Plant early, short Reward 106 3b. Glumes brown. 4a. Kernels white {T. vulgäre del fi Koern.).^ Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Spring habit. Spike fusiform; beaks acute Caígalos 106 Spike oblong; beaks acuminate Sonora 108 lb. Spike awned. 2a. Glumes glabrous. 3a. Glumes white. 4a. Kernels white {T. vulgäre graecum Koern.).! Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Spring habit Awned Onas 108 Spring intermediate habit Orfed 108 See footnote at end of key. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 47

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT—Continued lb. Spike awned—Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous—Continued 3a. Glumes white—Continued 4a. Kernels white—Continued Kernels long. Kernels semihard. Spring habit. Page Susceptible to rust and bunt Baart 110 Resistant to some races of rust and Baart 38 110 bunt. Baart 46 110 4b. Kernels red (T. vulgäre erythrospermum Koern.).! Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Stem white. Beaks 1 to 3 mm. long Gladden 111 Saline 111 Blackhawk 111 Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long. Plant midtall Gipsy 111 Plant midtall to tall Royal 111 Newcaster 113 Plant tall Valley 113 Stem purple. Spike fusiform. Beaks 1 to 3 mm. long Kawvale 113 Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long. Plant midtall. Plant midseason Red Indian 113 Plant late Mammoth Red 114 Plant tall Fulcaster 114 Nudel 115 V. P. I. 131 115 Spike oblong. Beaks 1 to 2 mm. long Butler 115 Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long Nittany 115 Spring habit. Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long Progress 115 Kernels semihard to hard. Winter habit. Stem white. Plant very early. Glumes white Triumph 117 Glumes white with black pigment. Kernels short to midlong Wichita 117 Kernels midlong Early Blackhull 117 Plant early. Glumes white. Kernels short to midlong. Beaks 3 to 5 mm. long Pawnee 118 Beaks 5 to 15 mm. long_ _ Ponca 118 Spike fusiform Westar 120 Spike oblong. Winter habit Comanche 120 Winter intermediate Quanah 121 habit. Kernels midlong. Beaks 3 to 10 mm. long-_ Apache 121 Glumes white with black pigment. Kernels midlong. Beaks 2 to 3 mm. long Kiowa 122 See footnote at end of key. 260503—54 4 48 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT—Continued la. Spike awned—Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous—Continued 3a. Glumes white—Continued 4b. Kernels red—Continued Kernels short to midlong—Continued Kernels semihard to hard—Continued Winter habit—Continued Stem white—Continued Plant midseason. Glumes white. Stem white. Beaks 1 to 2 mm. long. Page Spike inclined Marmin 122 Spike nodding Yogo 122 Beaks 2 to 5 mm. long. Spike fusiform. Spike middense Minturki 123 Minter 123 Spike lax Relief 123 Wasatch 124 Spike oblong to fusi- Cheyenne 124 form, dense. Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long. Spike fusiform, mid- Turkey 126 dense. Karmont 127 Montana No. 36 128 Nebraska No. 60 128 Nebred 128 Sioux 128 Rio 128 Reliant 128 loturk 130 Beaks 3 to 30 mm. long. Kernels short to mid- Tenmarq 130 long. Kernels midlong. Spike fusiform. Spike lax Sherman 130 Spike middense. Glumes white Kanred 130 Glumes yellow- Utah Kanred 131 ish. Stem purple. Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long Wisconsin Pedigree No. 2„ 131 Beaks 2 to 25 mm. long. Spike inclined Sibley 81 131 Spike nodding lowin 132 Glumes white with black pig- ment. Stem white. Beaks 1 to 3 mm. long Blackhull 132 Blue Jacket 132 Plant late. Spike lax, beaks 2 to 3 mm. long. Kernels midlong, semihard Orienta 133 to hard. Kernels midlong to long, Stafford 133 semihard. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 49

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT—Continued lb. Spike awned—Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous—Continued 3a. Glumes white—Continued 4b. Kernels red—Continued Kernels short to midlong—Continued Kernels semihard to hard—Continued Spring habit. Spike fusiform. Stem white. Plant midseason. Page Beaks 0.5 mm. long Spinkcota 133 Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long. Kernels short Sturgeon 133 Kernels midlong Komar 135 Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long. Kernels short to midlong. Canus 135 Kernels midlong Ceres 135 Beaks 5 to 20 mm. long Vesta 135 Stem purple. Plant midseason. Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long Henry 136 Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long Hope 136 Pilot 136 Beaks 5 to 20 mm. long Rival 138 Awns black Mida 138 Premier 140 Spike oblong to fusiform, stem Lee 140 white, plant early. Kernels midlong to long. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Stem purple. Glumes white Nigger 140 Nabob 140 Glumes white with black pig- Rudy 140 ment. 3b. Glumes brown. 4a. Kernels white {T. vulgäre erythroleucon Koern.).i Kernels midlong. Kernels soft. Winter habit Requa 141 Kernels hard. Spring habit Sevier 141 4b. Kernels red (T. vulgäre ferrugineum Alef.).^ Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft. Winter habit. Beaks 1 to 3 mm. long Goens 141 Beaks 5 to 8 mm. long Prairie 143 Kernels semihard to hard. Winter habit. Kernels short. Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long lobred 143 Beaks 8 to 15 mm. long lohardi 143 Kernels midlong. Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long Brill 143 Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long. Glumes brown with black Red Jacket 144 pigment. Redhull 144 See footnote at end of key. 50 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT—Continued lb. Spike awned'—Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous—Continued 3b. Glumes brown—Continued 4b. Kernels red—Continued Kernels midlong to long. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Paeg Stem white .. Dentón- _ 144 Stem purple Mediterranean 144 Red Rock 145 Intermediate habit. Beaks 5 to 8 mm. long_ Austin. 145 Spring habit. Plant early Kentana 146 Plant midseason Supremo 146 1 The correct botanical name for common wheat is Triticum aestivum L. The trinomials made by Alefeld and others under T. vulgäre cited in the key have never been transferred to T. aestivum and are quoted in the form in which they were originally published.

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, History.—Yorkwin (C. I. 11855) was AND SYNONYMY OF COMMON WHEAT selected from a cross between Dietz (Fulcaster) and Goldcoin made in 1919. VARIETIES The last selection was made in 1924, and YORKWIN the strain was distributed to growers in Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- 1936 (137). Prior to being named season, midtall; stem white, midstrong Yorkwin the strain was known as No. to strong; spike awnleted, fusiform to 254A1-101-19. Yorkwin was developed oblong, middense, inclined; glumes gla- by the Cornell University Agricultural brous, white, short to midlong, midwide; Experiment Station in cooperation with shoulders midwide, oblique to square; the United States Department of Agri- beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; culture. On account of its winter hardi- awnlets few, 5 to 15 mm. long; kernels ness and high yield, Yorkwin became the white, midlong, soft, elliptical; germ leading variety in New York and midsized; crease midwide, middeep; Michigan. cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949 (See fig. 22, A.) was 1,107,530 acres (fig. 23). CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 51

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FIGURE 22.—A, Yorkwin and B, Brevor wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 52 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. History.—White Winter (C. I. 5219) (reg. 5) is one of the oldest wheats in western Oregon. It is reported to have been one of the principal wheats raised in Oregon Territory in 1855 (87). Joseph Connell, of Hillsboro, Oreg., reported in the wheat varietal survey of 1917 that Wold's White Winter, a synonym for White Winter, originated in Kent County, England, and had been grown in Wash- ington County, Oreg., for about 40 years. W. L. Bishop, of Dundee, Yamhill County, Oreg., claims that he originated it as a result of a hybrid obtained by sowing several varieties in a field and letting them cross naturally. Names FIGURE 23.—Distribution of Yorkwin wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 1,107,530 other than White Winter have been acres. applied to the variety at times, but none has become generally used GREESON Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 3,829 acres, grown in western Oregon. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Synonyms.—Bishop's Pride, Wold's season, midtall; stem glaucous, white, White Winter. midstrong to strong; spike awnleted, oblong to fusiform, middense, erect to inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- wide; shoulders wide, square to elevated; season, very short; stem white, very keel straight above; beaks wide, obtuse, strong; spike awnleted, oblong to clávate, 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 20 mm. middense, erect to inclined; glumes gla- long, somewhat incurved; kernels white, brous, white, short to midlong, midwide; midlong, soft, ovate, acute; germ mid- shoulders midwide, rounded; beaks mid- sized; crease midwide, deep; cheeks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, rounded; brush small, midlong. 3 to 5 mm. long; kernels white, midlong, As grown commercially, Greeson con- soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid- tains a mixture of red kernels. wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush History.—Greeson (C. I. 6320) (reg. ^ 4) midsized, midlong. (See fig. 22, B.) was recorded by J. I. Wagoner, countv The leaves of Brevor have a characteris- agent of Guilford County, N. C. {220, tic flecking, particularly noticeable after p. 10). George Greeson of that county heading. It is resistant to 23 of the 25 found a plant of wheat growing beside races of common bunt and moderately an old stump in his apple orchard in 1896. resistant to the other two races, L-8 and He increased the seed and distributed it T-16. It is moderately resistant to dwarf under the name Wild Goose. After the bunt. It averaged among the highest death of Mr. Greeson in 1899, the variety yielding strains in tests covering 4 years was called Greeson. both on dry land and under irrigation in Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, the Pacific Northwest. The kernels of 2,452 acres, grown in North Carolina. Brevor appear uniform in texture. It has Synonyms.—Gleason, Greensboro. only fair milling quality but has good quality for bread, family, and cake flours. WHITE WINTER History.—Brevor (C. I. 12385) was Selection 1-3-11-5 from a cross between Description.—Plant winter habit, late, Brevon, a selection from a cross between midtall; stem white, strong; spike awn- (Turkey-Florence X Fortyfold-Federa- leted, oblong, dense, erect; glumes gla- tion), and an F2 from the cross (Oro X brous, white, midlong, broad at base; Turkey-Florence) X (Oro X Fortyfold- shoulders wanting to oblique; keel in- Federation). The cross was made in curved above; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. 1938 at Pullman, Wash. (217). Brevor long; awnlets few, 3 to 20 mm. long; was released by the Washington Agricul- kernels wählte, short to midlong, soft, tural Experiment Station in cooperation ovate, slightly humped; germ small; with the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, 6 Reg. refers to registration number, explained on Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, p. 14. United States Department of Agricul- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 53 ture/ in the fall of 1949 when approxi- G. Pringle, in the Champlain Valley, near mately 100 acres were sown. It is recom- Charlotte, Vt., in 1871. It was first dis- mended for growing in Washington, tributed in 1878 by B. C. Bliss & Sons, as Oregon, and Idaho. Pringle's Defiance. It showed three dis- tinct types of grain. A. E. Blount took WILHELMINA (HOLLAND) some of this wheat to the Colorado Agri- Description.—Plant winter habit, late, cultural Experi nent Station, where he midtall; stem white, strong; spike awn- grew it during a number of years and made careful selections. Three other leted, clávate, dense, erect; glumes gla- commercial varieties—Early Defiance, brous, white, short to midlong, midwide; Escondido, and Regenerated Defiance— shoulders narrow, wanting to round; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets have been developed from it. few, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels white, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, short to midlong, soft, ovate, slightly 1,488 acres, grown in Colorado. humped; germ small; crease midwide, Synonym.—Pringle's Defiance. middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 24, A.) Wilhelmina is slightly later and shorter and has a Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- more dense, erect, and blockier spike season, midtall; stem white, strong; White Winter. spike awnleted, broadly fusiform, mid- History.—Wilhelmina, or Queen Wil- dense to dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, helmina (C. I. 11389) (reg. 279), was yellowish white, midlong, midwide; developed by Emeritus Prof. L. Broekema shoulders wide, usually square; beaks (^7), of the agricultural high school, wide, acute, curved, 1 to 1.5 mm. long; Wageningen, the Netherlands, by back- awnlets many, 2 to 10 mm. long, oc- crossing a selection from Squarehead X curring throughout the spike and dis- Zeeuwsche on Squarehead. Zeeuwsche tinctly incurved; kernels white, short was grown extensively in the Netherlands to midlong, soft, ovate, slightly humped; about 1890. The original cross was made germ usually small; crease midwide, in 1885. deep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, It was introduced under the name of midlong to long. Queen Wilhelmina from the Netherlands This variety is distinct in having in- by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment curved awnlets throughout the length Station about 1914 and distributed as of the spike. Holland in the Willamette Valley of west- History.—The origin of Rink (C. 1. ern Oregon, where it has partly replaced 5868) (reg. 14) is undetermined. It such varieties as White Winter. was reported to have been grown in Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Washington County, Oreg., since 1909. 53,136 acres, grown in western Oregon, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Idaho, and Washington. 959 acres, grown in western Oregon. Synonyms.—Holland, New Victory, Queen Wilhelmina, Victory, White Hol- land. DEFIANCE Description.—Plant spring habit, early, short; stem white, midstrong; spike Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- awnless, fusiform to oblong, dense, erect; season, midtall to tall; stem white, weak glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid- to midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform, wide; shoulders midwide, oblique to middense, erect to incHned; glumes gla- square; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 rnm. brous, white, midlong, narrow; shoulders long; awnlets wanting; kernels white, narrow, oblique to square; beaks wide, short, soft to semihard, ovate; germ obtuse, somewhat incurved, 1 mm. long; midsized; crease midwide, middeep; awnlets few, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. white, midlong, soft, ovate; germ usually History.—Idsied (C. I. 11706) was small; crease wide, middeep; cheeks usu- developed in the coordinated wheat ally angular; brush midsized, midlong. improvement program of the State Defiance wheat is variable in many of agricultural experiment stations in the the characters above described, indicating western region and the Division of that there are several different strains Cereal Crops and Diseases. It resulted within the variety. from a cross between Sunset and Boadi- Hzsiorj/.—Defiance (C. I. 6477) (reg. cea (two Australian varieties) made 13) is the result of a cross of White Ham- at Davis, Calif., in 1920. The hybrid burg and Golden Drop, made by Cyrus was carried in bulk until 1927 when a number of heads were selected. Selec- 7 Hereinafter shortened to the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. tion 20172 VII-4, which was later named 54 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, tl. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

i

I

FIGURE 24.—A, Wilhelmina and B, Lemhi wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 55

Idaed, showed considerable promise and and Diseases at the Aberdeen substation, was taken to Moscow, Idaho, for testing from a cross between Federation, and in 1931. Its value and adaptation were Dicklow made in 1921. The cross was determined in the coordinated regional grown in bulk until 1927 when heads program. It was increased by the Idaho were selected. The selection later named Agricultural Experiment Station and Lemhi was grown in the uniform irrigated distributed in 1938. nursery in the western region in 1931 Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, and was so promising that it was made a 166,418 acres, grown in Idaho, Washing- uniform variety in field plots in 1935. ton, and Oregon. It was released to growers in the irrigated districts of southern Idaho in the spring of 1939. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Description.—Plant spring habit, early 202,256 acres, grown in seven States to midseason, short; stem white, strong; (fig. 25). spike awnless, oblong, dense, erect to ONAS inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique; Description.—Plant spring habit, early beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets to midseason, short to midtall; stem wanting; kernels white, short to midlong^ white, strong; spike apically awnleted, soft, oval to ovate; germ midsized; crease oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, wide, deep; cheeks rounded to angular; white, short, wide; shoulders wide, brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 24, oblique to square; beaks midwide to B.) wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; apical awn- Lemhi combines the short stiff straw lets few, 0,5 to 5 mm. long; kernels white, of Federation with the Dicklow charac- short to midlong, soft, ovate; germ mid- teristic of producing white ñour low in sized; crease wide, middeep; cheeks carotenoid pigments. It is slightly rounded; brush small, midlong. (See earlier than Federation. fig. 26, A.) History.—Lemhi (C. I. 11415) was de- History.—OnsiS (C. I. 6221) (reg. 252) veloped in cooperative investigations of was developed (166) by F. Coleman, of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Sta- Tuela, Saddleworth, South Australia, tion and the Division of Cereal Crops from a cross between Federation and Tarragon, the latter in turn from a cross between Improved Fife and Tardent's Blue. Onas was introduced from Aus- tralia by the United States Department of Agriculture (211, P. U 46796) in 1918. After having been tested in cooperative experiments in the Pacific Coast States seed was distributed from University Farm at Davis, Calif., in 1923. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 49,661 acres, grown in California, Mon- tana, and Wyoming.

UNAS 41

Description.—Onas 41 is resistant to several races of bunt but is otherwise similar to Onas. History.—OnsiS 41 (C. I. 12229), which has the Martin factor for resistance to bunt, was developed in the backcrossing program of the California Agricultural Experiment Station. According to Sune- son (201) it is a composite of 115 F3 bunt- resistant lines grown in 1941 from the backcross (Martin-White Federation^) X Onas^ It was distributed in 1942 and probably comprised most of the acreage reported as Onas in California in 1949.

8 P, I. refers'to acceSvSion number of the Division of FIGURE 25.—^Distribution of Lemhi wheat Plant Exploration and Introduction (formerly Foreign in 1949. Estimated area, 202,256 acres. Plant Introduction). 56 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

^f

M rmt-i ^^BF B

FIGURE 26.—A, Onas and B, Bunyip wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 57

Marfed is resistant to 13 of 25 races of bunt to which it has been tested and Description.—Plant spring habit, early, is moderately resistant to mildew. It midtall; stem white, strong; spike awn- has a good test weight, but some lots leted, oblong, dense, erect; glumes gla- do not mill so well as Federation. Marfed, brous, yellowish white (brown-striped), while a spring wheat, is slightly more midlong, midwide; shoulders mid wide, winter-hardy than Federation and may be oblique to square; beaks narrow to mid- fall-sown in areas with mild winters. wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, It has outyielded Federation, especially 3 to 12 mm. long; kernels white, midlong, from late-spring seedings. soft to semihard, ovate; germ midsized; History.—yisLXÍeá (C. I. 11919) was crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angular; developed by the Washington Agri- brush midlong, midsized to large. (See cultural Experiment Station in coopera- fig. 26, B.) tion with the Division of Cereal Crops The glumes of this variety are distinctly and Diseases from a cross between a brown-striped, which sometimes gives it Marquis-Florence selection and Federa- the appearance of a brown-glumed variety. tion made at Pullman in 1931. The History.—Bnnyv^ (C. I. 5125) (reg. 15) selection, Washington 3348, which re- is an Australian variety originated by sulted in Marfed was made in 1936. William Farrer, the well-known plant Two thousand bushels were distributed breeder of New South Wales, Australia. in Washington for growing in 1947 {218). Its origin has been recorded {203, p. 189) Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, as follows : 31,998 acres, grown in Washington, It is a crossbred, produced as the Oregon, and Idaho. result of mating two other crossbreds, Rymer and Maiîra, together. Rymer, the mother plant, was produced as the result of crossing Purplestraw [a white Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- grain Australian variety] on to Im- season, tall; stem white, strong; spike proved Fife, the latter being a Mani- apically awnleted, oblong to fusiform, toba variety. Mafîra was the product lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, of King's Jubilee, mated with an midlong, wide; shoulders midwide, ob- unnamed crossbred (Blount's Lambrigg lique to rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, X Hornblende). . . . The cross was 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 5 to 15 mm. made in 1897, and named in 1901. long; kernels white, short, soft to semi- hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid- Bunyip was first introduced into the wide, middeep to deep; cheeks rounded; United States {211, P. I. 38345) in May brush midsized, midlong. 1914 by the United States Department of Cascade is moderately resistant to Agriculture. In 1915 a sample of the stem and leaf rust, to mildew, and also variety was included in the Australian to loose smut and bunt. Its quality is exhibit at the Panama-Pacific Interna- satisfactory for family flour. tional Exposition at San Francisco, Calif. History.—Csiscsiáe (C. I. 12376) (C. A. A part of this seed was obtained, together N. 3593) (reg. 345) was developed by the with that of several other varieties, by Cereal Division, Central Experimental the Sperry Flour Co., and grown on their Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, from the experiment station near Stockton, Calif, cross [(Quality A-Pacific Bluestem) X Of several varieties grown, Bunyip was C-26-59.2D] X Onas made in 1936 {81). selected as the most promising and was The C-26-59.2D was a selection from a increased and distributed for commercial Hope X Reward cross. Cascade was li- growing in California. censed in Canada in 1947, distributed in Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 1948, and is recommended for growing in 13,541 acres, grown in California. the eastern Provinces and in British Columbia. PACIFIC BLUESTEM Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- Description.—Plant spring habit, late, season, midtall; stem white, strong; tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awn- spike awnless, oblong, dense, erect; leted, linear-oblong, dense, erect to glumes glabrous, white, short, mid- inclined; glumes glabrous, yellowish white, wide to wide; shoulders narrow to sometimes becoming a light brown, mid- midwide, wanting to oblique; beaks long, wide; shoulders wide, square to midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; kernels elevated; beaks wide, obtuse to white, short, soft, ovate; germ mid- truncate, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets sized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks several, 8 to 20 mm. long; kernels white, rounded; brush midsized, midlong. midlong, soft to semihard, ovate, some- 58 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4 '■0

I

w

B

•

FIGURE 27.—A, Pacific Bluestem and ß, Dicklow wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 59 times becoming oval; germ midsized; MAJOR crease wide, middeep; cheeks usually angular; brush midsized, midlong. (See Description.—Plant spring habit, early fig. 27, A.) to midseason, midtall; stem white, strong; This variety can be easily identified by spike apically awnleted, oblong to clávate, its broad, square to elevated shoulders dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, and broad, blunt beaks midlong, midwide; shoulders narrow, oblique to elevated; beaks narrow, acute, History.—F encina Bluestem (C. I. 4067) 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 5 (reg. 16) is an old wheat of the Pacific mm. long; kernels white, midlong, soft, coast area, most commonly known as ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide to Bluestem and White Australian. The wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush variety came to North America from midsized, midlong. Australia. White Lammas was the lead- History.—Major (C. I. 4984) was ing wheat variety of Australia during the bred at Dookie Agricultural College, earliest years of wheat production in that Victoria, Australia, from a cross between country. According to Cobb {58, p. 9), Federation and Wallace {166). It was White Australian of California is identical introduced by the United States Depart- with White Lammas. It apparently was ment of Agriculture in 1916 as P. I. 42107 introduced into the United States in the {211). The variety was distributed by early fifties as White Australian or the Branch Experiment Station at Water- Australian. During the period from 1852 ville, Wash., about 1929. to 1866 {9, p. 138; 73, p. 686; 190, p. 176) Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, its culture became established in Cali- 1,474 acres, grown in Washington. fornia under the name White Australian. Bluestem is the name under which the OREGON ZIMMERMAN (ZIMMERMAN) variety became established in Washing- ton and Oregon. According to W. P. Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- Church, of Walla Walla, Wash., the season, tall; stem white, strong; spike wheat known as Bluestem in the section awnleted, clávate, middense to dense at came from two introductions, the first apex, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, from Australia in 1882 and the second midlong, midwide; shoulders narrow, from New Zealand in 1896. A more oblique; beaks midwide, obtuse, 1 mm. complete history is given in Technical long; awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long; Bulletin 459 {43). kernels white, short to midlong, soft; Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, germ elliptical, midsized; crease wide, 11,007 acres, grown in Washington, deep; cheeks angular; brush midlong. Oregon, and Idaho. History.—Ed. Zimmerman, of Shedd, Synonyms.—Australian, Bluestem, Oreg., developed this variety from a single Palouse Bluestem, White Australian, plant and first distributed it about 1921. White Lammas. As the Surprise variety has been grown in this locality, it is probable that Oregon PACIFIC BLUESTEM 37 Zimmerman (C. I. 7359) (reg. 281) is a selection from it. Oregon Zimmerman is Description.—Pacific Bluestem 37 is grown in Oregon under the name ''Zim- very similar to Pacific Bluestem, except merman." It has white kernels and in being resistant to some races of bunt. should not be confused with the soft red History.—This strain (C. I. 11903) of winter variety bearing the latter name. Pacific Bluestem is the result of a co- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, operative program of the California Agri- 21,309 acres, grown in the Willamette cultural Experiment Station and the Valley of Oregon. Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, at Synonym.—Zimmerman. Davis, Calif., to develop strains of the important commercial varieties of Cali- DICKLOW fornia resistant to bunt. The original cross, Martin X Pacific Bluestem, was Description.—Plant spring habit, late, made in 1922. Bunt-resistant lines were midtall to tall; stem glaucous before backcrossed to Pacific Bluestem 6 times. maturity, white, midstrong to strong, Following the sixth backcross a com- coarse; leaves broad; spike awnleted, posite of 78 resistant F3 lines was released clávate, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, for production in the foothill area of the white, midlong, midwide, shoulders mid- Sacramento Valley and in northern Cali- wide, oblique to square; beaks wide, ob- fornia counties in 1937 {201). tuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 15 mm. long; kernels white, short to 26,773 acres, grown in California and midlong, soft, oval to ovate; germ small Nevada. to midsized; crease wide, deep; cheeks 60 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE rounded to angular; brush midsized, Santa Rosa, Calif., in 1918 (29), as one midlong. (See fig. 27, B.) of his productions and was grown in the Dicklow produces a low-protein, very United States for several years before white soft flour of good quality. it was recognized as being identical with History.—mcklow (C. I. 3663) (reg. the Australian variety Florence. The 21) is a selection from Surprise. Its Pillsbury Flour Mills Co., of Minneapohs, origin has been recorded by Aicher Minn., distributed seed under the name {6, p. 20) as follows: "Quality" or "Burbank's Quality" in Mr. James Holly, of Utah County, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah, obtained some California Club Minnesota in 1923. wheat from northern California and Florence was produced by William seeded it on his farm. Excellent results Farrer, of New South Wales, Australia, were obtained, and he called the at- as the result of a successful attempt to tention of his neighbor, Mr. Richard produce a bunt-resistant variety. The Low, to his new wheat. Mr. Low cross was made in 1901 and Florence was obtained some and grew it. He reported to have been distributed in noticed that the wheat contained 1907. According to Sutton (203, p. 288), different types and proceeded to its pedigree is as follows: select the type which he liked best. (White Naples 2 X Improved Fife) X He grew this selection for several (Improved Fife X Eden) years, and the neighbors soon began Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, clamoring for "Dick" Low's wheat. 5,797 acres, grown in Montana, Idaho, As the wheat became spread over that South Dakota, and Oregon. section of Utah, it lost its personal Synonyms.—Burbank's Quality, Qual- connection with "Dick" Low and ity. became known simply as Dicklow WHITE FEDERATION wheat. Irwin Dicklow is the name used for a Description.—Plant spring habit, early, selection of Dicklow developed by Carl short to midtall; stem white, strong; spike D. Irwin, Twin Falls, Idaho, and is awnless, oblong, middense, erect; glumes even more uniform than Dicklow itself. glabrous, white, short, wide; shoulders Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, wide, square; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 29,229 acres, grown in Utah, Idaho, mm. long; awnlets wanting or nearly so; Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, kernels white, short, hard, ovate, with and Montana. truncate tip; germ midlarge; crease mid- Synonyms.—Irwin Dicklow, Jim Holly. wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 28, B.) This variety is very similar to Hard FLORENCE (QUALITY) Federation, except that it has white in- Description.—Plant spring habit, early, stead of brown glumes, and is taller and short to midtall; stem white, strong; more uniform in height. The kernels are spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, erect not quite so hard. It has proved to be to inclined, easily shattered; glumes a high-yielding wheat in some sections of glabrous, yellowish white, short, wide; California, Oregon, and Washington. shoulders wide, oblique to square; beaks History.—White Federation (C. I. wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets 4981) (reg. 25) is a selection from Federa- several, 5 to 25 mm. long; kernels white, tion (139). The following indicates its short to midlong, hard, oval; germ origin (4, p. 664) : "The seed [hard ker- midsized; crease midwide, middeep to nels selected from Federation by Mr. J. deep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, T. Pridham, from which Hard Federation midlong. (See ñg. 28, A.) originated] was propagated, and in 1910 Florence is resistant to some races of the occurrence of white heads was noticed bunt. and from then until 1912 distinctly white History.—Florence (C. I. 4170) (reg. heads were common among the brown 23) (P. I. 38349) was introduced from Austraha in 1914 by the United States The name "White Federation" has Department of Agriculture (211) and been used for this variety at the Cowra was tested at experiment stations in the Experiment Farm, New South Wales, Western States, but results did not Australia, since 1915, when a field of 3 warrant its distribution for commercial acres was grown (165). growing. It was, however, used ex- It was introduced into the United tensively in the breeding program be- States by the United States Department cause of its bunt resistance. This of Agriculture (211) in 1916 (P. I. 42104) variety under the name "Quality" was from Victoria, Australia. It was first distributed by Luther Burbank, of grown at the Sherman Branch Experiment CLASSinCATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 61

A

^

FIGURE 28.—A, Florence and B, White Federation wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 62 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Station, Moro, Oreg., in 1916. In 1918 resistant and stem-rust-resistant strains it was first grown at the United States were then crossed, and 182 of the F3 seg- Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Calif., regates, homozygous for resistance to and because of its high yield at that point both diseases, were bulked and increased it was increased and distributed in 1920 in 1938. The variety was distributed to for commercial growing in California {66). growers in the fall of 1939. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 5,417 acres, grown in Utah and Nevada. 241,675 acres, grown in three States (ñg. 29). WHITE FEDERATION 38 PILCRAW (THOMPSON CLUB)

Description.—This variety is very simi- Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- lar to White Federation except in being season, midtall; stem white, strong; resistant to stem rust and some races of spike awnleted, clávate, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white to yellowish, bunt. History.~T\i\^ strain (C. I. 11906) of short, wide; shoulders midwide to wide, White Federation was developed in coop- square to elevated; beaks narrow, acute, erative investigations of the California 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 8 to Agricultural Experiment Station and the 40 mm. long; kernels white, midlong to Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases at long, soft, ovate, distinctly humped; Davis, Calif. A program was begun in germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep 1922 to develop, by backcrossing, strains to deep, pitted; cheeks rounded; brush of the important commercial wheat vari- large, midlong to long. eties in California that would be resistant History.—Hugh A. Crawford, Napa, to bunt. In 1930 a similar project was Calif., obtained Pilcraw (C. I. 5540) begun to add stem rust resistance to the (reg. 29) from a neighbor who said he most important varieties. White Feder- had noticed an unusual stool of wheat ation 38 is the result of backcrossing near an unfrequented road and who cut Martin X White Federation 5 times with it when ripe and started experimenting White Federation to obtain bunt-resistant with it. Mr. Crawford bought the White Federation and backcrossing Hope original seed in 1913 and increased it X White Federation 4 times with White until in 1917 he had 360 acres growing at Federation to obtain rust-resistant White Winters, Calif. He distributed it under Federation. Each backcross was made the name Pilcraw Enormous. to segregates resistant to bunt or stem Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, rust, depending on the cross. The bunt- 2,138 acres, grown in Washington, Cali- fornia, and Oregon. Synonyms.—Pilcraw Enormous, Thompson, Thompson Club, White Russian.

Description.—Plant winter habit, very early (except in Northern States), short to midtall; stem white, midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, short to midlong, narrow to midwide; shoulders narrow, oblique to slightly elevated; beaks obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 15 mm. long; kernels pale red, short to midlong, soft, ovate; germ small to midsized; crease midwide, shallow to middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 30, A.) The plants of Rice are pale green as contrasted with the dark green of most varieties. Under some conditions it ap- pears to make a more rapid growth in the spring. It heads about a week earlier than Trumbull at Columbia, Mo., but when grown in the Northern States, they head on about the same date. FiGURE 29.—Distribution of White Federa- History.—The origin of Rice (C. I. tion 38 wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 5734) (reg. 30) is undetermined, although 241,675 acres. it is known to be an old variety in the CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 63

A

ff

,^

W

m W

B

^9

FIGUREm 30.—A, Rice and B, Leap wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 260503—54 3 64 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

United States. In 1883, it was first the five heads gathered in 1901, Mr. Leap reported as a new variety tested by increased the wheat until 1905, when he M. F. P., Mount Pleasant, Ontario threshed 190 bushels grown from 10 County, N. Y. {157), and it also was bushels of seed. T. W. Wood & Sons, mentioned in that year by C. S. Plumb seedsmen, of Richmond, Va., first dis- {163, p. 310) in a paper entitled "The tributed the variety as Leap's Prolific. Wheats of the World," read at the Ba- General distribution of the wheat started tavia Institute. about 1907, and it later became very Rice is very similar if not identical popular {131, p. /¡.Ji). with the variety Zimmerman, which is Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, reported to have been originated about 127,489 acres, grown in 10 Eastern States, 1837 near Frederick, Md., by Henry the largest acreage being in Virginia. Zimmerman, who noticed three heads of Synonyms.—Hastings Prolific, Leap's singular appearance near the edge of one Prolific, Woods Prolific. of his wheatfields {105). References in literature show that it was widely grown LEAPLAND in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania about 1850, and that it was an important Description.—Leapland is similar to variety in Kansas in the early nineties. Leap in appearance except in having In the South Central States, the name awnlets, several, 5 to 25 mm. long, and in Red May is applied to a variety appar- being taller and more uniform. Its ently identical with Rice. growth is more prostrate from spring Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, seeding, but from fall seeding it appears 11,114 acres, grown in eight Southern to make a more rapid growth early in the States. spring and has produced higher yields Synonyms.—Early May, Early Rice, than Leap in Maryland. Little May, May, Red May. History.—Leapland (C. I. 11762) was the best line developed from 2,000 spaced EARLY PREMIUM plants of Leap grown at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Description.—Early Premium is very Park, Md., in 1924. It was distributed to similar to Rice in all taxonomic charac- farmers in 1932. ters, although it may be a day or two Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, earlier. 48,949 acres, grown in nine Eastern States, History.—^Q.Y\y Premium (C. I. 11858) the largest acreage being in Maryland. was selected from a field of ''May" wheat (probably Rice) on the farm of J. A. Houston, Platte County, Mo., in 1924. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- It was found by the Missouri Agricultural season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; Experiment Station, Columbia, to be spike awnleted, fusiform, lax to middense, about 8 days earlier than such varieties erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, as Fulcaster and was increased and dis- midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique to tributed in the fall of 1937 {75). rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long; 1,675 acres, grown in Missouri. kernels red, midlong, soft to semihard, Synonym.—Missouri Early Premium« ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid- sized, midlong. Vahart is resistant to mosaic, to some Description.—Plant winter habit, early, races of loose smut, and is somewhat midtall; stem white, midstrong; spike resistant to mildew. awnleted, fusiform, middense to lax, History.—YSi\i2iYi (C. I. 12537) resulted inclined to nodding, easily shattered; from a head selected from the original glumes glabrous, yellowish white, mid- Redhart at the Virginia Agricultural Ex- long, midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique periment Station at Blacksburg in 1930 to square; beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm. and is similar to that strain of Redhart long; awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm. long; ker- {197). It was released to growers in nels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ small; 1945. It is recommended for growing in crease midwide to wide, middeep; cheeks all sections of Virginia. usually angular; brush small, midlong. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, (See fig. 30, B.) Leap is resistant to 60,991 acres, of which 60,805 were grown loose smut. in Virginia. History.—IJQS,^ (C. I. 4823) (reg. 35) is KANQUEEN reported to have originated from a single plant found in a field of Mediterranean Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- by a son of J. S. Leap, of Virginia. From season, midtall; stem white, midstrong CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 65

C

Ù

4

HI .,T t»»^ FIGURE 31.—A, Vigo and B, Fairiield wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 66 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to strong; spike apically awnleted, fusi- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, form, middense to dense, inclined; glumes 452,427 acres (fig. 32). glabrous, white with black stripes, mid- long, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to LOFTHOUSE square; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0,5 mm. long; awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long, some- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- times incurved; kernels red, midlong, season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; semihard, ovate; germ midsized; crease spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, in- midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, midsized, midlong. midwide; shoulders wanting to narrow, History.—Kanqueen (C. I. 12762) was oblique; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. long; developed by Earl G. Clark, the farmer- awnlets several, 5 to 30 mm. long; wheat breeder of Sedgwick, Kans., and kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ first offered for sale in the fall of 1949. small; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks It was sold in small lots in all sections usually angular; brush small, midlong. of Kansas. There is some confusion as to the VIGO identity of this variety. It frequently has been referred to as white-kerneled Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- and often is confused. with the Kofod season, midtall; stem white, strong; variety. spike awnleted, fusiform, lax, inclined; History.—A wheat by the name of glumes glabrous, white, long, narrow to Lofthouse has been grown in Utah since midwide; shoulders midwide, square to about 1890. The sample from which rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 were grown the plants described above mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 15 mm. was obtained by the Nephi substation, long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; Nephi, Utah, from the State agricultural germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; experiment station at Logan in 1904. cheeks rounded; brush small, short. The origin of Lofthouse (C. I. 3275) (See fig. 31, ^.) (reg. 32) cannot be traced accurately, and Vigo is resistant to leaf rust and considerable confusion exists as to mosaic and to some races of loose smut. whether the variety originally was a It is of good soft wheat quality and is white-kerneled or red-kerneled wheat. relativelv winter-hardy. According to J. B. Nelson, the variety History.—Yigo (C. I. 12220) was became established in Utah from seed developed at the Purdue University distributed by a Mr. Lofthouse, a farmer Agricultural Experiment Station in ex- at Paradise, Utah, about 16 miles south periments cooperative between the Bot- of Logan. Mr. Nelson states that in any Department of that Station and the 1893 or 1894, in a conversation with Mr. Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases of Lofthouse regarding the best varieties of the United States Department of Agri- wheat for dry farming, he was told that culture (38). It was selected from a Mr. Lofthouse had received a sample of cross between Fultz Sel. C. I. 11512, a soft white winter wheat from the United sister selection of Wabash, and Trumbull States Department of Agriculture a year made in 1932. The strain later named or two previously, which promised to Vigo was selected in 1937 and designated produce large yields and was a good as 3241-15. It was distributed in milling wheat. The wheat was hardy, Indiana in the fall of 1946. It is recom- standing the winter better than other mended for growing in Indiana, southern varieties, and soon became the most Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri. extensively grown winter wheat in north- ern Utah and southern Idaho. Although the above statement shows that the wheat originally was white-kerneled, the wheat grown at Nephi, Utah, since 1904, is red-kerneled. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 1,705 acres, grown in Idaho. Synonyms.—Winter La Salle, Winter Nellis. Winter La Salle is thought to be the name under which the wheat later named Lofthouse was sent to Utah by the United States Department of Agriculture.

FIGURE 32.—Distribution of Vigo wheat in Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- 1949. Estimated area, 452,427 acres. season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 67 strong to strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, lax, nodding; glumes glabrous, white, 691,488 acres (fig. 33). midlong, midwide; shoulders wide, square; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded to angular; brush midsized, midlong. Wabash is resistant to some races of leaf rust. It is also resistant to mosaic but is susceptible to flag smut and most races of loose smut. History.—Wâhsish (C. I. 11384) (reg. 324) was selected from C. I. 5308 in cooperative investigations at the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. C. I. 5308 originated from a single head received by the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station in 1913. This head apparently was from a natural hybrid between Fultz and an unknown variety, as its progeny segregated for FIGURE 33.—Distribution of Fairfield wheat leaf-rust resistance, chaff, color, and in 1949. Estimated area, 691,488 acres. other characters. A number of leaf- rust-resistant selections were made from CLARKAN it. The one named Wabash was last selected in 1924 and was carried in early Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- tests as C. I. 5308-Wh.-l-l-l. It was season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; approved for distribution in^'the fall of spike awnleted, oblong totfusiform, mid- 1938 by the Indiana and Illinois Agri- dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, cultural Experiment Stations. sometimes with faint black stripes, rnid- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, long, midwide; shoulders midwide to wide, 22,875 acres, grown in Illinois and Indiana. oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 1 to 8 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical; germ FAIRFIELD midsized; crease midwide, ^ middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, short Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- to midlong. (See fig. 34, A.) season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; ► Clarkan is moderately resistant to flag spike awnleted, oblong, lax, erect; glumes smut but is susceptible to mosaic and very glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoul- susceptible to loose smut and bunt. The ders narrow, rounded; beaks midwide, grain of Clarkan is of unusually high-test obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to weight. The texture of Clarkan kernels 20 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, is somewhat harder than that for typical ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, soft wheats. middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid- History.—Clavksm (C. I. 8858) (reg. sized, midlong. (See ñg. 31, B.) 316) was developed by a private wheat Fairfield is relatively winter-hardy, breeder, Earl G. Clark, of Sedgwick, resistant to mosaic, to many races of loose Kans., from a natural hybrid found in a smut, and has some resistance to leaf rust. field of Blackhull in 1916. It probably It is well adapted for combine harvesting. was a Blackhull X Harvest Queen cross. It has good soft-wheat quality. Clarkan resulted from a plant selected in History.—Fsiivñeld (C. I. 12013) (reg. 1921 and was first known as Clark's No. 332) was developed from a cross between 40. The variety was tested by the Kansas Purkof and Fulhio made in 1926 by the Agricultural Experiment Station and was Agronomy Department of the Purdue distributed by Mr. Clark in 1934, when University Agricultural Experiment Sta- it was recommended by the Kansas tion, at Lafayette, Ind. The strain later station for growing in eastern Kansas named Fairfield was selected in 1932 and {101). during the testing period was designated Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, as Purdue No. 6 (64). It was distributed 939,098 acres (fig. 35). in Indiana in the fall of 1942. Synonym.—Clark's No. 40. 68 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

I I I

m il m ß FIGURE 34.—A, Clarkan and B, Forward wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 69

5 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized to large; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. Pennoll is a rather tall growing variety T—* ?T^> but has withstood lodging very well con- nrv- sidering its height. It has been a pro- ductive variety in Pennsylvania and has satisfactory soft-wheat quality. History.—Vç^nnoW (C. I. 12755) was selected from a cross between Valprize and Nittany by the Agronomy Depart- ment at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. The selection which resulted in Pennoll was designated as Pa. 114a42 during the testing period. It was entered in the eastern uniform soft winter FIGURE 35.—Distribution of Clarkan wheat wheat nursery in the fall of 1949. It was in 1949. Estimated area, 939,098 acres. released in 1951 and it was estimated that 30,000 acres were seeded in Pennsyl- HARVEST QUEEN vania in the fall of 1952.

Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- PROSPERITY season, tall; stem white, strong; spike awnleted, oblong, dense, erect to inclined; Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid- season, midtall; stem glaucous when wide; shoulders wide, oblique to square; green, white, strong, coarse; spike awn- beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets leted, linear-oblong, broad, middense, few, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels dull red, nodding; glumes glabrous, white, mid- midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; long, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to crease midwide to wide, middeep; cheeks square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. long; rounded; brush midsized, midlong. awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, Harvest Queen is distinct in having tall, midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; bright, strong straw and a thick oblong crease wide, deep; cheeks angular; brush spike. midsized, midlong. History.—The history of Harvest Queen This variety is marked by its broad, (C. I. 5314) (reg. 39) is not definitely nodding spike and the very glaucous known. The name ''Harvest Queen" was appearance of the entire plant while used early for a white wheat, but this use immature. apparently has been discontinued. The History.—Prosperity (C. I. 5380) (reg. earlier names, under which the wheat de- 40) was originated by A. N. Jones, of scribed above was known, were ''Black Newark, Wayne County, N. Y. Mr. Sea" and "Red Cross." The name Jones first called it No. 8, but later named "Harvest Queen" is claimed by E. S. it American Bronze.^ It was first Marshall, of De Soto, Kans., to have advertised and distributed in 1890 by been applied to the variety by him. He Peter Henderson & Co., seedsmen, of selected a tall, promising stool of the New York City, and was said by them to wheat from some other variety in 1895, be the result of a cross between Martin increased it in 1896, and named it in 1897. and Fultz {98). The name "Prosperity" Distribution.—The estimated area of came into use for the variety about 1895 Harvest Queen decreased from 1,007,600 {S). acres in 1919 to 8,665 acres in 1949. The Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, latter acreage was grown in Oklahoma 3,038 acres, grown in Illinois. and Missouri, Synonym.—American Bronze. Synonyms.—Black Sea, Golden Van, Kansas Queen, May Queen, Red Cross, Winter Queen. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; PENNOLL spike awnleted, oblong-fusiform, niid- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, season, tall; stem white, midstrong; spike midlong, midwide; shoulders oblique to awnleted, oblong, dense, inclined; glumes square; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.2 mm. glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoul- long; awnlets few, 5 to 15 mm. long. ders midwide, oblique to rounded; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, Printed letterheads of Mr. Jones. 70 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sometimes incurved; kernels red, mid- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, long, soft, elliptical; germ midsized; 918 acres, grown in Ohio. crease mid wide, deep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 34, RED RUSSIAN

Forward differs from Prosperity in Description.—Plant winter habit, very being earlier and in having shorter late, tall; stem white, coarse, strong; beaks and longer awnlets, sometimes spike awnleted, clávate, dense, erect to incurved. It is resistant to several races inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid- of loose smut. long, wide; shoulders midwide, oblique to History.—Forward (C. I. 6691) (reg. square; keel incurved above; beaks wide, 41) was originated by the Department obtuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 1 to 10 of Plant Breeding of the Cornell Uni- mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, versity Agricultural Experiment Station, ovate, sometimes broadly ovate; germ Ithaca, N. Y., in cooperation with the small to midsized; crease wide, deep; Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. cheeks usually rounded; brush midsized, During the experimental stages it was midlong to long. known as Cornell Selection 123-32. History.—Red Russian (C. I. 4509) Concerning the variety, Doctor Love, (reg. 43) undoubtedly is of English origin who was in charge of the cooperative and is, or is derived from, the old Square- experiments at Cornell, wrote as head wheat. The origin of the variety, follows: 10 liowever, is undetermined. The name The Forward is a white chaff, "Red Russian" seems to be used for the beardless, red-kerneled wheat selected variety only in the Pacific Northwest out of a commercial lot of Fulcaster section of the United States. The and under test has proved to be winter variety was introduced into the Palouse hardy and a good yielder. It has out- section of Washington about 1890 and yielded Fulcaster and bids fair to be has always been best known there under one of our best red-kerneled sorts. the name ''Red Russian" {8Ji). Because Forward is very different from Ful- of lack of winter hardiness, susceptibility caster from which it was selected and may to bunt, and poor grain quality, the have been a mixture or the result of a acreage of Red Russian is decreasing. natural cross. It was first distributed Distribution.—The estimated area of for commercial growing in New York in Red Russian decreased from 154,900 the fall of 1920. acres in 1919 to 9,139 acres in 1949. Distribution.—The estimated area in The latter acreage was in Idaho, Wash- 1949, 140,303 acres, grown in 16 Eastern ington, and Oregon. States. Synonyms.—German Red, Montana Deal, Red Walla, Squarehead.

Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- season, midtall; stem white and purple, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- strong; spike awnleted, clávate, dense, season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong; erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, in- midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique to clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, rounded, keels tend to incurve; beaks midwide; shoulders narrow, rounded; wide, obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; few, 3 to 12 mm. long; kernels light red, a^ynlets several, 5 to 20 mm. ; kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical, broad and some- midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; what flattened; germ large; crease wide, crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; deep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, brush midsized, short. midlong. Nured is resistant to mosaic and to History.—Yalprize (C. I. 11539) is a some races of loose smut. It is moderately selection from a cross between Valley resistant to mildew. and Grandprize made in 1912. The final History.—loured (C. I. 12455) was selection was made in 1920. It was developed from a cross between Forward developed by the Cornell University and a selection from Dietz, which is a Agricultural Experiment Station at synonym for Fulcaster, at the Cornell Ithaca, N. Y., in cooperation with the University Agricultural Experiment Sta- Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. tion, at Ithaca, N. Y., in investigations Valprize was distributed to growers in cooperative with the Division of Cereal 1931. Crops and Diseases. It was distributed in 1939 as a high-yielding variety in those ^0 Correspondence of the Division of Cereal Crops areas of New York whsre a feed wheat and Diseases, dated March 19,1921. was desired (137), CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 19 49 71

/ >'i I

FIGURE 36.—A, Fultz and B, Redhart wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 72 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, [' 1871 the United States Department 19,257 acres, grown in seven States, the of Agriculture distributed 200 bushels largest acreages being in New York and of the wheat for seed. Pennsylvania. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 377,243 acres (fig. 37). Synonyms.—Bluestem, Bluestem Fultz, Description.—Fulhio is very similarlto Hickman, Posey, Slickhead, Snow. Fultz except in having more fusiform heads and slightly longer kernels. History.—Fulhio (C. I. 6999) (reg. 231) was developed at the Ohio Agri- cultural Experiment Station (Wo) from a plant selected from Fultz. The selec- tion was made at Wooster, Ohio, in 1912. The variety has been commercially v..>.if3 grown in Ohio since 1920. It was first distributed as Ohio No. 127 and later named "Fulhio." Its superior characters are high yield, good tillering capacity, FIGURE 37.—Distribution of Fultzi wheat winter hardiness, fairly stiff straw, and somewhat greater resistance to loose in 1949. Estimated area, 377,243 acres. smut than Fultz. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, TRUMBULL 178,212 acres, grown in six States, the Description.—Trumbull differs from largest acreages being in Illinois, Ohio, Fultz in being pure for winter habit. and Missouri. It I is slightly taller and later and has Synonym.—Ohio No. 127. slightly stronger and less purple stems. It is resistant to several races of loose smut. History.—TrnmbnW (C. I. 5657) (reg. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- 50) was developed at the Ohio Agricul- season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong; tural Experiment Station, Wooster, from spike awnleted, fusiform to oblong, mid- a plant selected from Fultz. The selec- dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, tion was grown as early as 1908. After midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide, 8 years of experiments with the variety oblique to square; beaks narrow to mid- at Wooster, C. G. Williams {229, p. 466) wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, wrote as follows regarding it: 3 to 15 mm. long; kernels pale red, usually short, ovate; germ midsized; The other new introduction is the crease usually midwide, shallow to mid- Trumbull, a pure-line selection of the deep; cheeks rounded to angular; brush Fultz. Wherever the Fultz wheat is midsized, midlong. (See fig. 36, A.) found satisfactory, the Trumbull should It is almost impossible to distinguish succííed. It may be expected to yield Fulhio, TrumbuU, and Ashland from 2 to 4 bushels per acre more than the Fultz. Fultz. It possesses the quality of all Fultz does not appear pure for winter pure lines—greater uniformity than the habit of growth, as some plants in it will bulk seed, is fair in breadmaking and head from early spring seeding, while among the good ones in stiffness of selections from it, such as Ashland and straw. Trumbull, are uniform for winter habit. ^Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, History.—The origin of Fultz (C. I. 300,954 acres (fig. 38). 1923) (reg. 48) wheat has been recorded by Carleton {37, pp. 199-200), as follows: In 1862, in Mifflin County, Pa., Abraham Fultz, while passing through a field of Lancaster wheat, which is an awned variety, found three spikes of awnless wheat. He sowed the seed from these spikes the same year, and continued sowing a larger amount each year, until he obtained sufficient seed to distribute it pretty well over the country. It soon became a well-marked FIGURE 38.—Distribution of Trumbull and popular variety, called Fultz from wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 300,954 the name of the breeder. * * * In acres. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 73

Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station at Raleigh, in 1929 and was desig- Description.—According to the Ken- nated as Alabama Bluestem 89 in early tucky Agricultural Experiment Station tests. It was distributed to farmers in (5, p. 1197), Ashland is very similar in the fall of 1940. character to ordinary Fultz. It has the Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, good milling qualities of Fultz, and in ad- 71,894 acres, grown in 12 Southeastern dition yields better, with better straw, States. and is fairly resistant to scab and other Synonym.—Alabama Bluestem 89. ill ^í-*íí ^f^^ History.~-K^\Asiná (C. I. 6692) (reg. 49) was developed from a plant selected from Fultz at the Kentucky Agricultural Description.—Plant spring intermedi- Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky., ate habit, early to midseason, midtall; and was distributed to farmers in 1919 stem white, strong; spike awnleted, fusi- and 1920. form, middense, erect to inclined; glumes Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, glabrous, white, midlong to long, narrow 128 acres, grown in West Virginia. to midwide; shoulders narrow, wanting to oblique; beaks narrow, obtuse, 1 mm. FULTZO-MEDITERRANEAN long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, semihard, elliptical; Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- germ midsized; crease midwide, deep; season, midtall; stem purple, strong; cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. spike awnleted, clávate, dense, erect, (See fig. 36, B.) easily shattered; glumes glabrous, white, History.~UQá\i2,Tt (C. I. 8898) (reg. midlong, midwide; shoulders wanting to 283) was selected from the southern Flint narrow, oblique; beaks wide, obtuse, or Red May wheat by Coker's Pedigreed 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 1 to 10 mm. Seed Co., Hartsville, S. C. It was first long; kernels red, short to midlong, distributed in 1921. Redhart 3 (C. I. soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease nar- 11860) was developed from a cross be- row to midwide, shallow to middeep; tween Redhart and a variety named cheeks usually rounded; brush midsized, Golden Chaff. Redhart 3, Redhart 4 midlong. (C. I. 12003), and Redhart 5 (C. I. 12004) Fultzo-Mediterranean is distinct from are reselections of the same line and are Fultz in having very strong stems and earlier than the original Redhart. erect, dense, clávate spikes. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, History.—The origin of Fultzo-Mediter- 604,624 acres, grown in 12 States (fig. 39). ranean (C. I. 4811) (reg. 51) is not definitely known. Many synonyms are used for the variety, one of which may be the original name. The variety was first distributed as Fultzo-Mediterranean "^ by Everitt's O. K. Seed Store, Indian- apohs, Ind., in 1898. The variety was \ u> evidently named by that firm, and it is U;^— claimed by them to have originated from a cross between Fultz and Mediterranean • 7' •__^ (^^)- . ,. ^K??. Fultzo-Mediterranean shows no indica- •■.••i^ tion of having been derived from Mediter- ( • • V- /• ranean, although it has many of the characters of Fultz. \ Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, FIGURE 39.—Distribution of Redhart 2,010 acres, grown in Missouri. wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 604,624 Synonyms.—Columbia, Flat Top, New Columbia, Square Head.

Description.—Plant spring intermediate Description.—Carala is very similar to habit, midseason, midtall; stem white, Purplestraw, except in having stronger midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform, white stems and in giving higher yields. middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, It is adapted for growing in the same white, midlong, midwide; shoulders mid- areas as Purplestraw. wide, oblique; beaks midwide, obtuse, ffisior?/.—Carala (C. I. 12184) was 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 selected from Alabama Bluestem, a strain mm. long; kernels red, midlong," soft, of the Purplestraw variety, by the North elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, 74 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, row to wanting; beaks midwide, obtuse, midlong. 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 5 to 10 mm. Taylor is resistant to leaf rust, moder- long; kernels red, midlong, soft to semi- ately resistant to stem rust and mosaic, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid- and has yielded very well in the South. wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush It is susceptible to mildew and is not midsized, midlong. sufficiently winter-hardy for growing Coker 47-27 is resistant to leaf rust north of Virginia and Maryland. It has and moderately resistant to stem rust. soft grain of good quality, although it It is about 2 days later than Hardired averages somewhat higher in protein and is somewhat more winter-hardy content than the older varieties grown than Coastal. in the South. It is lower in protein History.—Coker 47-27 (C. I. 12563) content than the Atlas strains. was selected at the Coker's Pedigreed History.—Taylor (C. I. 12461) was Seed Co. at Harts ville, S. C, from a developed from the cross Trumbull X cross between Fronteira and Hardired Frondoso made at Arlington Farm, made in 1939. After several years of Rosslyn, Va., by the Division of Cereal selection and testing, it was offered for Crops and Diseases. Selection was con- sale in the fall of 1950. tinued at Beltsville, Md., where it was designated Y2375. It was entered in the Uniform Southern Wheat Nursery in ATLAS 66 1946 and its adaptation and value determined cooperatively with the agri- Description.—Plant spring intermedi- cultural experiment stations in the South. ate habit, midseason, short to midtall; It was distributed by the South Carolina stem white, strong; spike awnleted, ob- and North Carolina Agricultural Experi- long to clávate, dense, erect; glumes ment Stations in the fall of 1953. glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoulders narrow, wanting to rounded; HARDIRED beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to 10 mm. long; Description.—Plant intermediate habit, kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical; midseason, midtall; stem white, mid- germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; strong; spike awnleted, fusiform to oblong, cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlons;. middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, (See fig. 40, A.) white, long, narrow; shoulders wanting Atlas 66 is resistant to leaf and stem to narrow, oblique; beaks midwide, rust and has mild resistance to powdery obtuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 mildew. It has stiff straw and is similar to 20 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, to Leap in time of maturity, or about a semihard, elliptical; germ midsized; crease week later than Purplestraw. It is midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush recommended for growing on the Coastal midsized, midlong. Plain and Piedmont sections of North Hardired is moderately resistant to leaf Carolina, but does not have sufficient rust and to some races of mildew. winter hardiness for growing in the ffisiorz/.—Hardired 5 (C. I. 12411) was mountain areas. The grain of Atlas developed by the Coker's Pedigreed averages higher in protein content than Seed Co,, Harts ville, S. C, from a cross most varieties. between Early Red May and a selection from Hope X Hussar made in 1932, by ffis^or?/.—Atlas 66 (C. I. 12561) was the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases developed cooperatively by the North at Manhattan, Kans. The first dis- Carolina Agricultural Experiment Sta- tribution was designated as Coker 39-3 tion and the Division of Cereal Crops until it was named and distributed in and Diseases. Segregating F4 lines from a the fall of 1940. cross between Frondoso and a selection Several similar strains have since been from a cross between Redhart 3 and Noll distributed. 28 were sent from the Division of Cereal Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Crops and Diseases, Arlington Farm, 109,903 acres, grown in nine Southern Va., to Raleigh, N. C, in 1940. Noll 28 States, the largest acreage being in was selected at State College, Pa., from North Carolina and South Carolina. a cross between Hussar and Forward. Atlas 66 resulted from a selection made in North Carolina. It was tested widely as COKER 47-27 N. C. 5466 in the uniform nursery in the Description.—Plant spring intermedi- Southern States, beginning in 1948. It ate habit, midseason, midtall; stem was distributed in North Carolina in the white, strong; spike awnleted, oblong, fall of 1948 (143). middense to dense, erect; glumes glabrous, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar- 1,535 acres, grown in North Carolina. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 75

I

■ IS

0 â

B

FIGURE 40.—A, Atlas 66 and B, Purplestraw wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 76 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Purplestraw at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, Experiment. The Description.—Atlas 50 is similar to selection was made in 1921 and was first Atlas 66 except in being less resistant to distributed for commercial growing in leaf rust and more resistant to mildew 1931. and in having somewhat longer awnlets Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, (5 to 20 mm.). 689 acres, grown in Georgia. History.—Atlas 50 (C. I. 12534) is a sister selection of Atlas 66, and its history is the same. It was entered in the Uni- CHANCELLOR form Southern Wheat Nursery in 1947. Description.—Plant intermediate habit; It was distributed in North Carolina in early, midtall; stem purple, strong; spike the fall of 1948 {143). awnleted, fusiform, middense to dense, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, 1,841 acres, grown in North Carolina. narrow; shoulders narrow, wanting to rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. PURPLE STRAW long; awnlets few, 3 to 25 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ Description.—Plant spring intermedi- small; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks ate habit, early, midtall; stem purple; rounded; brush small, short. midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform, Chancellor is similar to Purplestraw in middense, inclined to nodding; glumes plant characters except that it is more glabrous, white, short to midlong, mid- winterish in habit of growth. It is wide; shoulders narrow to midwide, moderately resistant to leaf rust and is oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, resistant to mosaic, but it is very sus- 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to ceptible to mildew. It has yielded sig- 10 mm. long; kernels red, short to mid- nificantly higher than Purplestraw. long, soft, ovate or sometimes nearly oval; germ midsized; crease midwide, History.—Chancellor (C. I. 12333) was shallow to middeep; cheeks usually developed at the Georgia Agricultural rounded; brush small to midsized, mid- Experiment Station at Experiment, in long. (See fig. 40, B.) cooperation with the Division of Cereal History.—The origin of Purplestraw Crops and Diseases, by crossing a selec- (C. I. 1915) (reg. 53) wheat is undeter- tion from (Carina X Mediterranean) X mined. It is, however, one of the earlier (Dietz X Carina) with a selection from varieties of wheat grown in the United P1068 X Purplestraw 3. Carina, Medi- States. Concerning its early culture, terranean, and P1068a, a sister of Kanred, the following information was recorded are resistant to some races of leaf rust. in 1851 by Edmund Ruffin (173, p. 454): The strain later named Chancellor was designated as No. H1050-12-5-10-3 From 1822 to the present time the during the testing period. It was dis- same kind of wheat has been culti- tributed in Georgia in the fall of 1947. vated, first known as Mountain Purple- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, straw and more lately distinguished 9,941 acres, grown in seven Southeastern as the Early Purplestraw. States. Purplestraw has been an important wheat in the southeastern United States for more than 125 years. Description.—Sanford is very similar to Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Purplestraw in plant and kernel charac- 100,692 acres, grown in 11 Southeastern teristics but is somewhat resistant to leaf States. rust. Synonyms.—Alabama Bluestem, Blue- History.—Sanford (C. I. 12026) (reg. stem, Early Purplestraw, Georgia Blue- 336) was developed in cooperative inves- stem, Georgia Red, Mountain Purple- tigations of the Georgia Agricultural straw, Ripley. Experiment Station at Experiment, and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. It is the result of backcrossing leaf-rust- Description.—Gasta is similar to resistant selections from Kanred X Purplestraw except in being later and Purplestraw to Purplestraw twice. The having a more winter habit of growth. second backcross was made in 1928, and It is a higher yielding wheat and more the selections were made in 1934. Two resistant to loose smut than Purplestraw selections, H264-1-2-3-3-3 and H264- at Experiment, Ga. 1-2-3-3-5, which appeared to be identical History.—According to Bledsoe (21), in plant characters, yield, and quality, Gasta (C. I. 11398) (reg. 268) was were bulked and increased in 1940. The developed from a head selected from variety was named *'Sanford" and dis- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 77 tributed to Georgia farmers in the fall Coastal is resistant to leaf and stem of 1940. rust and has some resistance or tolerance Sanett, a selected Sanford, was dis- to mildew and septoria glume blotch. tributed by the Marrett Seed Farm of It is susceptible to mosaic. Coastal has Westminster, S. C. a spring growth habit and is not winter- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, hardy. It is about 1 week later than 164,871 acres, grown in Georgia and Hardired. It is recommended only for seven other Southeastern States. the Coastal Plain of the Southeast. Synonym.—Sanett. Grain of Coastal averages higher in pro- tein content than most varieties except FLINT (RED MAY) Atlas. History.—COB^^íBX (C. I. 12463) was Description.—Plant winter intermedi- selected from a cross between Frondoso ate habit, early to midseason, midtall; and a selection from a cross between Red- stem purple, midstrong; spike awnleted, hart 3 and Noll 28 at the Coker's Pedi- oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, greed Seed Co., Harts ville, S. C.^ The white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar- crosses were made by the Division of row, oblique to square; beaks midwide, Cereal Crops and Diseases at Arlington obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets few, Farm, Va., and F4 segregating material 2 to 40 mm. long; kernels pale red, short was furnished to cooperators in the fall to midlong, soft, ovate; germ small; of 1940. Noll 28 was a selection from a crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angular cross between Hussar and Forward made to rounded; brush midsized, midlong. at State College, Pa. During the period History.—The origin of Flint (C. I. of testing Coastal was designated as 6307) (reg. 47) wheat is undetermined. Cokers 45-21. It was released in the It is known to be an old wheat of the fall of 1949. eastern United States. The early names for the variety and the literature con- cerning them are very confusing. A White Flint, claimed to have been intro- duced from Spain in 1814 (9^, p. 217), Description.—Plant spring habit, early which became widely grown in the East- to midseason, midtall; stem faintly purple, ern States from 1830 to 1850, w^s midstrong; spike awnleted, oblong, dense, described by Harmon as awnless, with erect, easily shattered; glumes glabrous, white glumes and hard white kernels. white, midlong, midwide; shoulders want- There seems to be no winter wheat of that ing to narrow, oblique; beaks narrow, description now grown. The Flint wheat obtuse, 1 to 1.5 mm. long; awnlets several, now in cultivation has red kernels and is 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, short, soft similar to wheat known as Little Red to semihard, broadly ovate; germ mid- May, Early May, and Rappahannock. sized; crease midwide, shallow to middeep, These are all old names in American usually pitted; cheeks rounded; brush wheat literature. Little Red May is small, midlong, sometimes collared. listed by Killebrew {123, p. 56) as a This is one of the few soft red spring- variety of the above description which wheat varieties grown in the United *'was brought into Tennessee by Joseph States. Jacobs from Missouri, no doubt having been taken there from Kentucky or History.—According to S. L. Williams, of the Eugene Mill & Elevator Co., Eu- Virginia." Much of the Flint wheat now grown is gene, Oreg., Huston (C. I. 5208) (reg. 64) known as Red May or Little Red. was introduced in the vicinity of Eugene Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, in 1876 by a Mr. Belshaw, who obtained 64,518 acres, grown in 10 Southeastern a sample of the wheat at the Centennial Exposition, where it was on exhibition States. Synonyms.—Early May, Little May, as Bulgarian Red Spring. He sowed the Little Red, Little Red May, May, Rappa- few kernels in his garden and in this way obtained sufficient seed to sow 5 acres. hannock, Red May, His land was low and heavy, however, COASTAL and the wheat did not prove satisfactory, so he gave the seed to a Mr. Huston Description,—Plant spring habit, mid- living 16 miles west on the hill lands, who season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid- grew it with splendid success and the strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid- wheat came to be known as Huston. dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong; beaks 0.5 mm. long; kernels red, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, midlong, soft, elliptical; germ midsized; 4,687 acres, grown in western Oregon. crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; Synonyms.—Bulgarian, Early Wonder. brush midsized, midlong. Little Red, Ninety-Day. 78 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

B

FIGURE 41.—A, Newturk and B, Ridit wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 79

SEABREEZE mercial growing in 1926. Its superior characters are good yield and quality and Description.—Plant spring habit, early, resistance to shattering. midtall; stem purple, midstrong; spike Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, awnleted, oblong to clávate, middense, 82,045 acres, grown in Montana, South erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, Dakota, North Dakota, and Minnesota. midwide; shoulders narrow, wanting to Synonym.—Beardless Turkey. oblique; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long; kernels red, short to midlong, soft, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- ovate; germ small; crease midwide, mid- season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; deep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, in- midlong. clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, Seabreeze was developed for growing narrow to midwide; shoulders midwide, as a feed grain and for grazing in southern oblique to square; beaks midwide, acute, Texas. It makes a vigorous leafy growth 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 12 mm. during the short days of winter and is long; kernels red, midlong, hard, ellip- resistant to many races of stem rust and tical; germ midsized; crease midwide, leaf rust. It has some resistance to loose middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, smut and mildew. It is very early and midlong. (See fig. 41, B.) is not winter-hardy. It is resistant to many races of bunt History.—Seabreeze (C. I. 12611) was and to shattering. Ridit was the first developed at the Texas Agricultural variety bred for resistance to bunt to be Experiment Station at College Station in distributed for growing in the United cooperation with the Division of Cereal States. Crops and Diseases from a cross between History.—malt (C. I. 6703) (reg. 248) a selection from Mediterranean-Hope was developed from a cross between Tur- and Gasta made in 1938. Selection 242, key and Florence made in 1915 at the later named Seabreeze, was made at Washington Agricultural Experiment Sta- College Station in 1941. It was dis- tion, Pullman. A selection made in tributed in Texas in the fall of 1945. 1919 resulted in the Ridit variety. It Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, was distributed for commercial growing 6,750 acres, grown in southern Texas, in Washington in 1923. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, NEWTURK 75,027 acres, grown in Washington, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Idaho, and Montana. season, midtall; stem white, weak to Synonyms.—Selection C, Smutless. midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoulders mid- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- wide, oblique to square; beaks wide, season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid- acute, 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid- 10 mm. long; kernels red, short to mid- dense, nodding; glumes glabrous,^ white, long, hard, ovate; germ very small; short, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to crease narrow to midwide, shallow; square; beaks midwide, obtuse, 1 mm. cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. long; awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long; (See fig. 41, A.) kernels red, short to midlong, hard, ovate Newturk is high yielding, more resist- to elliptical; germ midsized; crease mid- ant to shattering than Turkey, and equal wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush in quality for breadmaking. midsized, midlong. (See fig. 42, A.) ÍTisíor?/.—Newturk (C. I. 6935) (reg. Purkof has good winter hardiness, 245) was developed in cooperative ex- resistance to shattering, and some resist- periments of the Division of Cereal ance to leaf rust. Crops and Diseases and the Oregon and History.—Fnr^oi (C. I. 8381) (reg. Montana Agricultural Experiment Sta- 263) was produced from a hybrid be- tions. It is the result of a cross between tween Michigan Amber and Malakof Newton (a selection of Alton) and made in 1912 and last selected in 1915 Turkey, made in 1916 at Moro, Oreg. at the Purdue University Agricultural Selections of this cross were sent to the Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind. It Judith Basin Branch Station, Moccasin, was distributed about 1924. Mont., in 1920. One of these selections Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, (166B-1-6) proved most promising and 62,835 acres, grown in six States, the was named Newturk. Seed of the New- largest acreages being in Illinois and turk variety was distributed for com- Indiana. 260503—54 6 80 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

f

#* I

i9

FIGURE 42.—^^, Purkof and B, Cliiefkan wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 81

to be from a BlackhuU X soft wheat hybrid recrossed with Superhard Black- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- hull (40). The first cross was made in season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; 1916. The selection which resulted in spike awnleted, fusiform, lax, erect; Chiefkan was made in 1926 and was glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid- first distributed in 1935. wide; shoulders narrow, rounded; beaks Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets 425,270 acres (fig. 43). several, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, Synonyms.—Chiefton, Kanhull, New- midlong, hard, ovate; germ small; crease chief. narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush small, short. Cache is resistant to many races of bunt and is moderately resistant to dwarf bunt. It has satisfactory milling and breadbaking quality. History.—Csiche (C. I. 11599) was developed at the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases from a cross made in 1927 between Ridit and Utah Kanred. The plant which resulted in Cache was selected in 1931 and was designated as 54a-40 during the testing period (231). It was distributed to growers in 1937. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 154,464 acres on the dwarf-bunt-infested dry lands of Utah, southern Idaho, Montana, and Washington.

CHIEFKAN FIGURE 43.—Distribution of Chiefkan wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 425,270 acres. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; MICHIKOF spike awnleted, fusiform to oblong, mid- dense to lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- white, usually with black streaks, mid- season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; long, midwide; shoulders midwide, ob- spike awnleted, oblong, dense, erect to lique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 inclined; glumes glabrous, white, short, mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to 15 mm. midwide; shoulders midwide, square to long, partly incurved; kernels red, mid- elevated; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. long, hard, ovate to elliptical; germ long; awnlets several, 3 to 12 mm. long; midsized; crease midwide, middeep; kernels red, short, hard, ovate with trun- cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. cate tip; germ midsized; crease midwide, Kernels of Chiefkan are usually sway- middeep; cheeks rounding; brush mid- backed, that is, they have a depression sized, midlong. on the back midway between the brush History.—Michikof (C. I. 6990) (reg. and germ. (See fig. 42, B.) 233) was developed (227) at the Purdue Chiefkan is moderately resistant to University Agricultural Experiment Sta- leaf and stem rust but is very susceptible tion, Lafayette, Ind., from a cross made to loose smut and bunt. It has a high in 1912 between Michigan Amber and test weight. It differs in breadbaking Malakof. The final selection was made characteristics from typical hard red in 1915, and the variety has been com- winter wheat and is generally dishked mercially grown since about 1920. by millers in the hard winter-wheat area. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Kanhull, a sister selection, differs from 580 acres, grown in Illinois. Chiefkan in having longer, narrower glumes, taller straw, and longer heads, in being later, and in giving lower yields. The two are difficult to distinguish Description.—Plant winter habit, niid- in the field. season, short to midtall; stem white, History.—Chieik8in (C. I. 11754) was strong; spike awnleted, oblong, dense, bred by Earl G. Clark, of Sedgwick, erect, easily shattered; glumes glabrous, Kans., who also developed BlackhuU and white, midlong to long, narrow to mid- Clarkan wheats. It is reported by him wide; shoulders narrow, oblique to 82 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, semlhard to hard; germ mid- Description.—Supreme differs from Red sized; crease wide, middeep; cheeks Bobs in being taller and slightly later, in rounded; brush midsized, midlong. having lighter green leaves and stems Historij.—MosidsL (C. I. 6688) (reg. when young, and in being more uniform. 247) was produced from a cross made at (See fig. 44, A.) the Colorado Agricultural Experiment History.—Supreme (C. I. 8026) (reg. Station between Fultzo-Mediterranean 257) is a selection from Red Bobs made and Turke}^ in 1916. The segregating by Seager Wheeler at Rosthern, Sas- material was taken to the Idaho Agri- katchewan, Canada. The variety has cultural Experiment Station, Moscow, been grown commercially in Canada where the selection that is now called since 1922 and in Montana since 1924, Mosida was made in 1918. It was dis- seed having been obtained by the Mon- tributed for commercial growing in north- tana Agricultural Experiment Station, ern Idaho in 1924. This variety is well Bozeman, in March 1922. It outyields adapted to the cutover lands of northern Marquis in Montana, is 4 to 7 days Idaho but is not adapted in areas where earlier, and has stronger stems. shattering is apt to occur. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 74,386 acres, grown in Montana, North Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Min- 14,335 acres, grown in Idaho, Oregon, nesota, and New Mexico. Washington, and Montana. Synonym.—Beardless Turkey. Description.—Plant spring habit, early, RED BOBS short to midtall; stem white, strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, lax to middense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong Description.—Plant spring habit, early, to long, midwide, shoulders narrow to midtall; stem white, midstrong to strong; midwide, oblique to rounded; beaks mid- spike awnless, fusiform, middense, erect; wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets glumes glabrous, white to yellowish, mid- several, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, long, midwide; shoulders wide, oblique short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease to square; beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm. midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush long, sometimes nearly wanting; apical midsized, midlong. (See fig. 44, B.) awnlets usually wanting; kernels red, Redman is slightly earlier than Thatch- usually short, hard, oval to ovate, with er, is resistant to stem rust (except race truncate tip; germ midsized; crease mid- 15B) and to bunt, and to some races of wide to wide, middeep to deep; cheeks leaf rust and loose smut. It is equal to angular; brush midsized, short. Thatcher in milling and breadbaking This variety has several types of quality. plants. Red Bobs is very susceptible to History.~Ueám2iTL (C. I. 12638) was stem rust. developed at the Dominion Laboratory of History.—Red Bobs (C. I. 6255) (reg. Cereal Breeding at Winnipeg, Manitoba, 56) was originated from a head selection Canada, from a cross between Regent and made in a field of Bobs wheat by Seager Canus made in 1934 {150). The original Wheeler in 1910 at Maple Grove Farm, distribution was designated as R. L. Rosthern, Saskatchewan, Canada. It 1834.1 (C. I. 12496) and was distributed was distributed for the first time in 1918, in 1945. A selection from this strain was and its history was recorded the following designated as R. L. 1834.7 (C. I. 12638) year by W. N. Burns in the National and increased for distribution in 1947. Alfalfa Journal (31). A history of this Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, varietv has been recorded by Buller 136,057 acres, grown in Minnesota, North (28, pp. 259-275). It is evidently the Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and result of a natural field hybrid between Wisconsin. Redman was also estimated Bobs and a red-kerneled variety. Early grown on 643,200 acres in Manitoba and Triumph, a selection made from Red Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1949 {186). Bobs by Seager Wheeler, is very similar to Red Bobs and is here considered a synonym. Description.—Plant spring habit, early, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, short to midtall; stem white, slender, 4,851 acres, grown in Montana. It was weak to midstrong; spike awnleted, fusi- also estimated {186) grown on 1,480,000 form, middense to lax, inclined, easily acres in Alberta, Canada. shattered; glumes glabrous, white, long, Synonym.—Early Triumph. narrow; shoulders wanting to rounded; CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 83

S

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FIGURE 44.—A, Supreme and B, Redman wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 84 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE beaks narrow, acute, 1 mm. long; awnlets 260) was originated from a cross made at several, 3 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, short to midlong, hard, elliptical; germ Canada, in 1905, by C. E. Saunders, and large; crease narrow, mid wide; cheeks was distributed for commercial produc- rounded; brush small, midlong. tion in the Prairie Provinces of Canada Garnet is very early and is resistant to in the spring of 1926. bunt. The quality of the grain is not The parentage of Garnet has been equal to that of Marquis. recorded by Newman and Whiteside History.—Gsivnet (C. I. 8181) (reg. (151) as follows:

Ladoga 1888 Red Fife Onega 1891 Gehun

Preston Early Riga

Preston A 1905 Riga M

Garnet

Garnet w^as first grown at experiment white, strong; spike awnleted, oblong to stations in the United States in 1925 and fusiform, middense, erect; glumes gla- was first introduced from Canada by brous, white (with coffee-colored stains), commercial growers in about 1928. short to midlong, midwide; shoulders mid- Distribution.—It was not reported in wide, rounded to square to elevated; the United States in 1949, but an esti- beaks narrow, obtuse to acute, 0.5 to 1 mated (186) 640,900 acres were grown in mm. long; awnlets many, 5 to 20 mm. Alberta, Canada. long, incurved; kernels light red, short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid- wide, middeep; cheeks angular; brush Description.—Plant spring habit, early, midsized to large, midlong. (See fig. 45, short to midtall; stem white, strong; spike awnleted, oblong, middense, erect; glumes Thatcher is resistant to stem rust glabrous, white, midlong, midwide to (except race 15B) but is susceptible to wide; shoulders wide, rounded to square; leaf rust. It has a short stiff straw and beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets is resistant to lodging and shattering. several, 3 to 25 mm. long; kernels red, It has strong gluten and is very satisfac- midlong, hard, ovate; germ large; crease tory for breadmaking. Its test weight middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, is relatively low. midlong. ffisior?/.—Thatcher (C. I. 10003) (reg. History.—Comet (C. I. 11465) (reg. 277) was developed in cooperative experi- 315) was developed in cooperative experi- ments of the Minnesota Agricultural ments of the Division of Cereal Cropa Experiment Station and the Division of and Diseases and the Montana Agricul- Cereal Crops and Diseases. It is the tural Experiment Station from a cross of result of a so-called double cross; i. e., Marquis and Hard Federation made in from a cross between a selection of Mar- 1921. It has been extensively used in quis X lumillo and a selection of Marquis breeding, but it has not been distributed X Kanred made in 1921 at University for commercial growing in Montana or Farm, St. Paul, Minn. The plant selec- in other States of the hard spring wheat tion, which resulted in Thatcher, was region. Comet was tested in the western made in 1925 and was first grown in field regional nursery for a number of years plots in 1929 {95). It was distributed and was distributed for growing in central for commercial growing in 1934. Oregon in 1940, Thatcher proved to be very resistant Distribution.—Estimated acreage in to stem rust in the severe epidemics of 1935 and 1937, and its acreage increased 1949, 1,000 acres, grown in Oregon. very rapidly both in the United States THATCHER and in Canada, where it was officially approved for distribution in 1937. Description.—Plant spring habit, early Distribution.—Estimated area in the to midseason, short to midtall; stem United States in 1949, 3,370,823 acres CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 85

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%^^9 w9w^ A B FIGURE 45.—A, Thatcher and B, Marquis wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 86 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(fig. 46). It was estimated'^that 15,336,- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 900 acres were grown in the Prairie 282,076 acres, grown in four States Provinces of Canada in 1949 (186). (fig. 47).

FIGURE 47.—Distribution of Newthatch wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 282,076 acres. MARQUILLO Description.—Plant spring habit, early to midseason, short to midtall; stem white, midstrong to strong; spike awn- leted, fusiform, middense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, sometimes showing streaks of|brown or black, midlong, mid- FIGURE 46.—Distribution of Thatcher wheat wide; shoulders midwide, rounded to in 1949. Estimated area, 3,370,823 elevated; beaks wide, acute, 1 to 1.5 mm. acres. long; awnlets many, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, midlong to long, hard, ovate; NEWTHATCH germ large; crease middeep; cheeks angu- Description.—Plant spring habit, early lar; brush midlarge, midlong, collared. to midseason, midtall; stem white, Marquillo is resistant to stem rust and strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid- moderately resistant to hessian ñy. The dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, grain produces a yellowish flour and in short, midwide; shoulders midwide, that respect is undesirable. The variety, rounded; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm. as shown by Powers (164), is not entirely long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long; stable. kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ mid- /í¿6¿orí/.—Marquillo (C. I. 6887) (reg. sized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks 237) was produced in cooperative experi- angular; brush midsized, midlong. ments between the Minnesota Agricul- Newthatch is resistant to stem rust tural Experiment Station and the Division (except race 15B), loose smut, and bunt, of Cereal Crops and Diseases, at Univer- but it is susceptible to some races of leaf sity Farm, St. Paul, Minn. It is the rust and to fusarial head blight (scab). result of a cross between Marquis and It is resistant to lodging and has good riimillo durum made in 1914. The milling and breadmaking properties. selection 11-15-44, later named Mar- History.—Newthatch (C. I. 12318) quillo, was made in 1918 and was first (reg. 335) was developed in cooperative distributed in 1928. experiments of the Minnesota Agricul- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, tural Experiment Station and the Divi- 1,053 acres, grown in Minnesota. sion of Cereal Crops and Diseases. It Synonym.—Minnesota No. 2202. was produced by backcrossing in which the initial cross between Hope and CARLEEDS (NORDHOUGEN) Thatcher w^as made in 1930. The Fi was backcrossed to Thatcher in the green- Description.—Plant spring habit, early house during the winter of 1930-31. The to midseason, midtall to tall; leaves second backcross was made to Thatcher pubescent; stem white, midstrong; spike in the summer of 1931. Seven strains awnleted, fusiform, middense, erect, easily selected in the F5 generation from the shattered; glumes glabrous, yellowish second backcross were found to be similar white, midlong, wide; shoulders wide, and were bulked to produce the variety oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, Newthatch. All seven strains were de- 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 rived from a single F2 plant. They were mm. long; kernels red, midlong, hard, first grown in rod-row trials in 1939. elliptical; germ midsized; crease wide, Newthatch was released to growers in middeep; cheeks angular; brush large, 1944 (11). midlong. CLASSinCATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 87

Carleeds is resistant to stem rust but selections from the progeny of all the susceptible to leaf rust. Its test weight crossbred wheats which had been pro- is somewhat low. The kernels appear to duced at Ottawa up to that time. be somewhat softer than those of the Some of these had been named and leading varieties of hard red spring others were under numbers. Though wheat, and, in commercial tests, the they had all been subjected to a certain gluten characteristics are said to be amount of selection, each of them con- different from those of the better sisted of a mixture of related types. varieties. In some cases all the types present History.—The origin of Carleeds (C. I. were similar. In other instances strik- 11801) is uncertain. It was developed by ing differences were observed. The Carl Nordhougen, of Leeds, N. Dak., grain which had descended from the and distributed in 1936. Mr. Nordhougen cross referred to above was found by states that he is not certain regarding the careful study of individual plants exact parentage, as he did not make a (especially by applying the chewing record of his crosses, but thinks it may test to ascertain the gluten strength be the result of crossing two selections and probable breadmaking value) to from a Hope X Marquis hybrid and in be a mixture of similar-looking varieties turn crossing a selection from this double which differed radically in regard to cross with Florence. The variety appears gluten quality. One of the varieties to have the resistance of Hope to stem isolated from this mixture was sub- rust. sequently named Marquis. Its high Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, breadmaking strength and color of 8,004 acres, grown in North Dakota and flour were demonstrated in the tests Minnesota. made at Ottawa in the early months of Synonym.—Nordhougen. 1907, and all the surplus seed was at once sent to the Indian Head Experi- MARQUIS mental Farm for propagation. Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- It will be clearly seen from the above season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; account that the question ''When was spike awnleted, fusiform, dense, erect to Marquis wheat originated?" can never inclined; glumes glabrous, white to be answered. It came into existence yellowish, short, wide; shoulders midwide probably at Ottawa between the years to wide, usually square; beaks wide, 1895 and 1902. It remained, however, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to mixed with other related sorts until 10 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard, discovered by the writer in 1903. It ovate, with truncate tip; germ midsized; was first grown in a pure state in 1904, crease wide, deep; cheeks angular; brush when a few seeds were sown in a midsized, midlong. (See fig. 45, B.) sheltered garden on the Central Ex- History.—Marquis (C. I. 3641) (reg. perimental Farm. Even then, how- 57) is of hybrid origin, having been ever, its fine qualities were only partly originated by the cerealists of the Do- known, and it was not until the minion Department of Agriculture at the cerealist's baking tests of 1907 were Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, completed that he decided to send out Canada. The crossing that resulted in this wheat for trial in Saskatchewan, Marquis was done under the direction of Its success in the prairie country was William Saunders, but the credit is due phenomenal. C. E. Saunders for selecting, naming, Marquis wheat was first sent to the testing, and distributing the variety. Prajrie Provinces of Canada in 1907, He has given an account of its origin in where it was thoroughly tested at experi- the following words {176, pp. 118-120): ment stations. At Indian Head and All the details in regard to the Rosthern, Saskatchewan, and at Brandon, origin of Marquis are not available, Manitoba, it very significantly outyielded but it is one of the descendants of a all other varieties. By 1911 the variety cross between an early-ripening Indian had become commercially established in wheat. Hard Red Calcutta (as female) Canada. and Red Fife (as male). The cross Attention was first attracted to Mar- * * * was made by Dr. A. P. Saunders, quis wheat in the United States through probably at the Experimental Farm its having won premiums at several at Agassiz, in the year 1892. The expositions. Seed was introduced by the crossbred seeds, or their progeny, were United States Department of Agriculture transferred to Ottawa, and [when the] in 1912 and 1913, and the variety was writer of this report was appointed in thoroughly tested at numerous experiment 1903 to take charge of the work of stations in the spring-wheat sections. cereal breeding, he made a series of These and other experiments, reported 88 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE by Ball and Clark {15, 16), proved the variety to be widely adapted. In the meantime, in consequence of much Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- publicity, a strong demand for seed arose. season to late, tall; stem white, weak, A considerable quantity was brought solid; spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, into the country for sowing in 1913. Much inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid- larger quantities were imported in 1914. long, midwide; shoulders midwide, ob- The importations of these 2 years, with lique; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. the seed homegrown in 1913, were long; awnlets several, 3 to 8 mm. long; sufficient to sow about half a million kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ acres in 1914. Most of the imported small; crease narrow, shallow; cheeks seed was sold in Minnesota, North rounded; brush small, short. (See ñg. Dakota, and Montana. Smaller quanti- 49, A.) ties were sold in other spring-wheat Rescue has solid stems and is resistant States. In this way the Marquis variety to the western wheat stem sawñy. It became widely distributed in a very is somewhat resistant to stem rust but is short time. In 1919, only 7 years after susceptible to leaf rust and bunt. It its introduction, it made up at least 60 has a low protein content and water percent, or nearly 12,000,000 acres, of absorption and is not considered equal the total spring-wheat acreage of the to Thatcher in breadbaking quality, United States. For more than 15 years although the loaf volume is good. it was the most widely grown spring History.—Rescue (C. I. 12435) was wheat. Following the severe rust epi- developed at the Dominion Experiment demic of 1935, much of the acreage of Station at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Marquis was replaced by Thatcher. Canada, from a cross between Apex and Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, S~615 made at Ottawa in 1938. It was 882,382 acres (fig. 48). Marquis was selected for resistance to wheat stem also grown, it was estimated {186), on sawfly and has solid stems like the S-615 1,292,600 acres in the Prairie Provinces parent, which was introduced from New of Canada in 1949. Zealand. It was designated as Swift

FIGURE 48.—Distribution of Marquis wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 882,382 acres. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 89

1

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FIGURE 49.—A, Rescue and ß, Cadet wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 90 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Current No. 4188 {150). Two bushels of seed were furnished to the Montana station in the fall of 1944. One bushel Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- was fall-planted at Mesa, Ariz., and 35 season, midtall; stem white, strong; spike bushels were returned to Montana in time awnleted, oblong to fusiform, middense, to plant in the spring of 1945. This erect; glumes glabrous, white, short, mid- summer crop produced 900 bushels. wide; shoulders midwide, oblique to In the fall of 1945 the Montana Seed rounded; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. Growers contracted for the fall seeding long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long; of 100 acres at Yuma, Ariz. As a result of kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ growing two crops in each of 2 years, midsized; crease wide, deep; cheeks 60,000 bushels were available for seeding angular: brush midsized, midlong. (See in Montana in 1947. fig. 49, B.) Distribution.—Rescue is grown in the Cadet is resistant to stem rust (except sawfly-infested areas of Saskatchewan, race 15B) and to some races of leaf rust, Canada, and of Montana and north- loose smut, and mildew. It has good western North Dakota. 1,730,000 acres straw and does not shatter easily. It is were grown in Saskatchewan in 1949 about 3 days later than Thatcher and {186), and 916,147 acres in the United grows taller. It has excellent milling and States (fig. 50). breadbaking properties. History.—Cadet (C. I. 12053) (reg. 343) was developed from a cross between Merit and Thatcher made in 1936 in the greenhouse of the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases at Washington, D. C. It was selected for several generations at experiment stations in North Dakota and Montana. An FQ selection, 1290A- 1-76-7-3-1, N. No. 1597, after thorough testing, was named ''Cadet" and distrib- uted in 1946 in North Dakota. FIGURE 50.—Distribution of Rescue wheat Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, in 1949. Estimated area, 916,147 acres. 626,282 acres, grown in four States (fig. 51).

Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- season, short to midtall; stem white, mid- strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid- dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, short to midlong, midwide; shoulders wide, oblique to rounded; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease narrow to midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. FIGURE 51.—Distribution of Cadet^^wheat Apex is resistant to stem rust (except in 1949, Estimated area, 626,282>cres. race 15B) and loose smut and to some races of bunt. Its breadmaking quality RUSHMORE is satisfactory. Historij.—Apex (C. I. 11636) (reg. 320) Description.—Plant spring habit, early, was developed from a cross between an short to midtall; stem purple, strong; Fi plant of H-44 X [Marquis-Iumillo X spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, erect; Kanred-Marquis] and Marquis made in ghimes glabrous, white, midlong, mid- 1927 at the University of Saskatchewan, wide to wide; shoulders midwide, rounded Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Mar- to square; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. quis thus entered the parentage four long; awnlets several, 3 to 10 mm. long; times. Apex was released for commercial kernels red, short to midlong, hard, growing in 1937 when about 1,500 acres ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, were grown in Saskatchewan {150). middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, sized, midlong. (See fig. 52, A.) 7,220 acres, grown in Montana and North Rushmore is resistant to stem rust Dakota. Apex was also grown, it was (except race 15B), loose smut, bunt, and estimated {186), on 239,300 acres in to some races of leaf rust. It is early, Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1949. has stiff straw, and has yielded well in CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 91

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FIGURE 52.—A, Rushmore and B, Regent wheats: Spikes and glumes, XI; kernels, X3. 92 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

South Dakota. It has good milling and Renown is resistant to stem rust (except breadbaking characteristics. race 15B), bunt, and powdery mildew History.—Rushmore (C. I. 12273) and is moderately resistant to leaf rust. (South Dakota 2280) was selected from a It has satisfactory breadmaking quality. cross between Rival and Thatcher, made History.—Renown (C. I. 11709) (reg. at Brookings, S. Dak., in 1937 (88), It 325) was produced at the Dominion Rust was entered in the uniform hard red Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, Mani- spring-wheat nursery in 1942. About toba, from a cross between H-44-24 (a 4,800 bushels were distributed in South sister selection of Hope) and Reward Dakota in 1949. made in 1926 (lôO). The selection (Rust Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Laboratory No. 716A), which was later 16,031 acres, grown in South Dakota, named Renown, was made in 1927. North Dakota, Montana, and Minnesota. About 6,000 acres were grown in Canada in 1937. The seed released in 1937 was SAUNDERS of slightly inferior grain quality and higher in carotenoid content than most Description.—Plant spring habit, early, hard red spring-wheat varieties, but a short; stem purple, strong; spike awn- reselection (Rust Laboratory 716-6) (C. leted, fusiform, middense, erect; glumes I. 11947) made in 1932 was found in glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoul- experimental tests to be more satisfactory ders midwide, rounded; beaks midwide, and was released in 1939. obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, to 20 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard, 20,376 acres, grown in Minnesota, North ovate; germ midsized; crease narrow, Dakota, and Montana. It was also esti- shallow; cheeks rounded; brush mid- mated (186) that Renown was grown on sized, midlong. 155,500 acres in Manitoba, Canada, in Saunders is resistant to stem rust (except race 15B) and loose smut and 1949. moderately resistant to bunt, root rot, and black chaff. It is susceptible to Description.—Plant spring habit, early some races of leaf rust. Saunders has to midseason, short to midtall; stem satisfactory milling and breadmaking purple, midstrong; spike awnleted, ob- quality. The kernels closely resemble long, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, those of Marquis. It matures 2 to 3 white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar- days earlier than Thatcher. row, wanting to oblique; beaks narrow, History.—SsiunáeTS (C. I. 12567) acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 10 (C. A. N. 3516) (reg. 344) was developed from a cross between Brandon selection mm. long; kernels dark red, midlong, hard, ovate; germ small; crease wide, C-26-44.7 from Hope X Reward and deep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, Thatcher made at Central Experimental midlong. (See fig. 52, B.) Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, in Regent is resistant to stem rust (except 1938. It was designated as CT 406 (81). race 15B) and bunt and to some races of It was licensed in 1947 and released for commercial production in 1948. Saun- leaf rust. It is of high quaHty for bread- making. ders was bred to replace Garnet and Red History.—-Regent (C. I. 11869) (reg. Bobs in northern Alberta and northwest- 327) was developed from a cross between ern Saskatchewan and is recommended H-44 and Reward made in 1926 at the in that region. Dominion Rust Research Laboratory at Distribution.—Saunders was not re- ported in the United States in 1949 but Winnipeg, Manitoba. Selection R. L. 975.1, which resulted in Regent, was made was grown on an estimated 1,265,000 in 1932 (150). It was first released in acres in Alberta, Canada (186). 1939, when about 11,000 bushels were

Description.—Plant spring habit, early to midseason, short to midtall; leaves pubescent; stem purple, midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, erect; glumes (glaucous and light green before maturity) glabrous, white, midlong, mid- wide; shoulders midwide to wide, rounded; beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 10 mm. long; kernels dark red, short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush FIGURE 53.—Distribution of Regent wheat midsized, midlong. in 1949. Estimated area, 441,392 acres. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 93 r^-7 * « -r -

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FIGURE 54.—A, Rex and B, Cornell 595 wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 94 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

distributed in Manitoba and eastern for resistance to some races of bunt. It Saskatchewan. was released for commercial growing in Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 1933. Because of its resistance to lodg- 441,392 acres (fig. 53). An estimated ing, shattering, and some races of bunt {186) 984,000 acres were grown in and its combination of early maturity Manitoba, Canada. and winter hardiness, all of which result in good yields, Rex has been extensively KITCHENER grown in the Pacific Northwest. Rex was found not to be pure for plant Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- height, and a strain (Rex Ml) pure for season, midtall to tall; stem purple, the shorter and earlier type was increased strong; spike awnleted, oblong to sub- and distributed in the fall of 1938. clavate, middense, erect; glumes glabrous, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, yellowish white, short, wide; shoulders 427,413 acres (fig. 55). midwide, oblique to square; beaks mid- wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard, ovate, with truncate tips; germ midsized; crease wide, middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. Kitchener differs from Marquis in being taller and later and in having a broader spike, purple straw, and a slightly longer and more rectangular kernel. ffisiorz/.—Kitchener (C. I. 4800) (reg. 66) was originated from a head selected in a field of Marquis by Seager Wheeler in 1911 at Maple Grove Farm, Rosthern, Saskatchewan, Canada. It was increased and tested for yield by Mr. Wheeler for a period of 4 or 5 years and then dis- tributed {226, pp. 8-9). Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, FIGURE 55.—Distribution of Rex wheat in 1,078 acres, grown in Colorado. 1949. Estimated area, 427,413 acres.

CORNELL 595 Description.—Plant winter habit, early, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- short to midtall; stem white, strong; spike season, midtall; stem mostly purple, awnless, oblong, middense, inclined; strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, lax, glumes glabrous, brown, short to midlong, erect; glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, midwide to wide; shoulders wide, rounded midwide; shoulders narrow, wanting to to square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. rounded; beaks narrow to midwide, ob- long; awnlets usually wanting or 1 to 3 tuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to mm. long; kernels yellowish white, short 20 mm. long; kernels white, midlong. to midlong, soft, oval; germ midsized; crease wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 54, A.) Rex is resistant to some races of bunt and is very resistant to lodging and shattering. Grain of Rex is difficult to mill. History.~Rex (C. I. 10065) (reg. 276) was developed at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, Moro, and the Pendleton Branch Experiment Station, Pendleton, Oreg., in cooperative experi- ments of the Oregon Agricultural Experi- ment Station and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. It was selected from a cross between White Odessa and Hard Federation which was made in 1921. The plant selection that resulted FIGURE 56.—Distribution of Cornell 595 in Rex was made in 1926. It was found wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 335,894 to carry the factors from White Odessa CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 95

soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid- History.—Dawson (C. I. 3342) (reg. wide, deep; cheeks angular; brush mid- 69) was originated in 1881 by Robert sized, midlong. (See fig. 54, B.) Dawson, of Paris, Ontario, Canada {189, Cornell 595 has a very stiff straw and p, 8). It was selected {232, p. 11) from is resistant to mosaic and to some races ''a field of Seneca or Clawson in which he of loose smut and mildew. It is also found one plant quite distinct and much resistant to Septoria tritici and has good superior to the rest of the crop. Mr. soft-white-wheat quality. Dawson sowed the grain from this plant History.—Covnell 595 (C. I. 12372) was and has continued to grow this wheat developed at the Cornell University since that time." Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, N. Y., in investigations cooperative with 58,390 acres, grown in Michigan, Ohio, the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases New York, Illinois, Indiana, Pennsyl- from crossing an Fi between Honor and vania, and Wisconsin. Forward with Nured, then backcrossing Synonyms.—American Banner, Dawson this Fi to Honor. The best of many se- Golden Chaff, Golden Bronze, Golden lections was distributed in 1942 as Chaff. Cornell 595 (137). Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, GOLDCOIN (FORTYFOLD) 335,894 acres (fig. 56). Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- season, short to midtall; stem purple, strong; spike awnleted, clávate, middense, erect to inclined, easily shattered; glumes Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- glabrous, brown, long, midwide; shoulders season, midtall; stem white, strong; midwide, oblique to square; beaks wide, spike awnleted, oblong, middense, erect; obtuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to glumes glabrous, brown, short, midwide; 15 mm. long; kernels white, short to mid- shoulders midwide, square; beaks mid- long, soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease wide, obtuse, 0.6 mm. long; awnlets 1 to midwide, middeep; cheeks usually 3 mm. long; kernels white, short to rounded; brush small, midlong, collared. midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized to The distinctive characters of Goldcoin large; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks wheat are the purple straw, clávate rounded; brush midsized, midlong. spike, and collared brush. (See fig. Genesee has a stiff straw, is resistant 57, A.) to some races of loose smut, and has good History.—Goldcoin (C. I. 4156) (reg. soft-white-wheat quality. 74) is probably a descendant from the History.—Genesee (C. I. 12653) was Redchaff or Redchaff Bald wheat men- developed in cooperative investigations tioned in early agricultural literature as at the Cornell University Agricultural being grown in the Genesee Valley of Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y., New York, as early as 1798. The fol- from the cross (Honor-Forward X Honor) lowing history of Redchaff was recorded X Yorkwin. During the testing period by Allen {8, p. 153) in 1885: it was designated as Cornell 828a 1-2-3. It was distributed in the fall of 1951 {114)- The old Genesee Red-chaff is a bald, white wheat, first cultivated in the same region in 1798, and for a long time it was the decided favorite. Since Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- 1820, however, it has been very subject season, midtall; stem white, strong; spike to rust and blast, but when circum- awnleted, linear-oblong, middense, in- stances are favorable it is still found to clined; glumes glabrous, light brown, be highly productive. Its transfer to midlong, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to other localities may therefore be square; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm» attended with great success. long; awnlets several, 3 to 20 mm. long; kernels white, short to midlong, soft, For a more complete history, especially ovate to oval; germ midsized to large; of the synonyms of Goldcoin, see Tech- crease midwide to wide, middeep; cheeks nical Bulletin 459 {43). usually angular; brush midsized, midlong. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Dawson differs from Goldcoin chieñy in 359,678 acres, grown in six States (fig. having white straw, an oblong spike, and 58). The acreage has decreased greatly no collar around the brush. This variety in recent years. is very resistant to the hessian fly found Synonyms.—Fortyfold, Junior No. 6, in California. Klondike, White Clawson. 260503—54 7 96 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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/ FIGURE ST.^A, Goldcoin and B, Federation wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3, CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 97

FIGURE 58.—Distribution of Golden and Goldcoin wheats in 1949. Estimated area, 593,877 acres. New South Wales [Australia], from a cross between Purplestraw [Austral- Description.—Golden differs from Gold- ian] and Yandilla. Yandilla is a cross coin in being slightly later and in having between Improved Fife and Etewah, shorter and stronger stems, more erect, an Indian variety. The production of dense, and clávate spikes. It is less this wheat was probably the greatest of easily shattered and is much more Mr. Farrer's many triumphs in wheat uniform. breeding, for none of his many success- History.—Seventy-five heads were ful crossbred wheats have enjoyed such selected from a field of Goldcoin at the a wide measure of popularity as Sherman Branch Experiment Station, Federation. Moro, Greg., in 1923. After several years' tests selection No. 43, with ker- Federation was first introduced into nels very similar to Goldcoin, was chosen the United States by the United States as the best of the group. It was named Department of Agriculture {211, P. I. Golden (C. I. 10063) (reg. 286) and was 38347) in 1914 from Western Australia. distributed to farmers in Union County The variety first showed promise in nurs- and in Morrow County, Greg., in 1930 ery experiments at the Sherman Branch and in Latah County, Idaho, in 1931. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 234,199 acres, grown in Oregon, Wash- ington, and Idaho (fig. 58). Undoubt- edly much of the acreage reported as Goldcoin in these States is Golden.

FEDERATION Description.—Plant spring habit, early to midseason, short; stem white, strong; spike apically awnleted, oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, brown, short, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to square; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 1 to 3 mm. long; kernels white, usually short, soft, broadly ovate; germ midsized, crease usually narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush mid- sized, midlong. (See fig. 57, B.) Federation is a high-yielding variety in the western United States. Although a spring variety, it is fairly hardy and is fall-sown in mild climates. i/zsior?/.—Federation (C. I. 4734) (reg. 77), according to Richardson {171, reprint, pp. 124-126): FIGURE 59.—Distribution of Federation . . . was produced by the late Mr. wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 564,841 Farrer, Wheat Experimentalist, of 98 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Experiment Station, Moro, Oreg., in and in having curled flag leaves and hard 1916. The first distribution to farmers kernels. for commercial growing was from that History.—Hard Federation (C. I. 4980) station in the spring of 1920. (reg., 79) was originated by selection from Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Federation in Australia. The following 564,841 acres, grown in six States (fig. 59). history was recorded (4, p. 664) in 1914:

FEDERATION 41 In consequence of the variations from ordinary type exhibited by the Description.—Federation 41 is resistant strain of Federation wheat now being to several races of bunt, but is otherwise grown at Cowra Experiment Farm, it similar to Federation. has been deemed advisable to apply a History.—Federation 41 (C. I. 12230) distinct name to it, and Hard Federa- was developed by the California Agricul- tion has been selected as the most tural Experiment Station at Davis by appropriate. The departure from type compositing 130 F3 bunt-resistant lines was first noticed by Mr. J. T. Pridham, grown in 1941 from the backeross (Mar- Plant Breeder, in 1907 or 1908, one of tin X White Federation^) XFederation^ the plants selected from the stud plots (201). It was distributed in 1942 and being observed to thresh grain of re- probably comprises most of the acreage markably hard and flinty appearance. in California reported as Federation. The plant had the distinctive brown head and general appearance of Fed- RAMONA 44 eration in the field, but the grain was of a class that had never been seen in Description.—Plant spring habit, early, this variety before. The seed was short; stem white, midstrong; spike awn- propagated, and in 1910 the occurrence less, fusiform to oblong, middense to lax, of white heads was noticed, and from erect; glumes glabrous, brown, short, then till 1912 distinctly white heads wide; shoulders wide, square; beaks mid- were common among the brown, but in wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets 1913 there were no white-eared plants, wanting; kernels white, midlong, semi- and it is hoped that the seed will now hard, ovate; germ midsized to large; be true to type. crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. Hard Federation was introduced from Ramona 44 is resistant to several races New South Wales, Australia, in August of bunt and of stem and leaf rust. It is 1915, by the United States Department about 3 days later than Ramona but is of Agriculture {211, P. I. 41079). It was similar in morphological characters. first grown at the Sherman Branch History.—Ramonsi 4:4: (C. I. 12390) Experiment Station, Moro, Oreg., in was developed in the backcrossing pro- 1916. Experiments conducted in Oregon gram of the California Agricultural and California from 1917 to 1919 (â6) Experiment Station at Davis in coopera- showed it to be a high-yielding, dry-land tion with the Division of Cereal Crops wheat. It was distributed for commer- and Diseases. It is a composite of 126 cial growing in 1920. F3 lines derived from (Martin X White Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Federation 3) X Ramona ^ crossed on 34,025 acres, grown in four States, (Hope X White Federation ^) X Ramona^ Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and grown in 1944. It was released in 1945 Montana. as Ramona 44. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, HARD FEDERATION 31 189,967 acres, grown in California, Description.—This selection differs Arizona, and Nevada. from Hard Federation in having slightly taller, stronger, and more glaucous HARD FEDERATION stems, in being more uniform in time of heading and height, and in being later. Description.—Plant spring habit, early, History.—Hard Federation 31 (C. I. short; stem white, strong; spike awnless, 8255) (reg. 288) proved to be the best of oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, 85 head selections made from a field of brown, short, wide; shoulders wide, Hard Federation on the Sherman Branch square; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm. Experiment Station, Moro, Oreg., in long; awnlets usually wanting; kernels 1921. It was distributed for growing in white, short, hard, ovate, with truncate the Grande Ronde Valley of eastern tip; germ large; crease midwide, middeep, Oregon in 1928, where it has replaced the frequently pitted; cheeks angular to Hard Federation variety. rounded; brush large, midlong. Distribution.—It is likely that most of Hard Federation differs from Federa- the acreage reported as Hard Federation tion in being earlier and slightly shorter is really Hard Federation 31. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 99

MOKING Purdue No. 1 is somewhat resistant to leaf rust but is susceptible to mosaic, Description.—Plant winter habit, early flag smut, and loose smut. It is also to midseason, midtall; stem white, mid- resistant to winterkilling by both low strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, dense, temperature and heaving. inclined; glumes glabrous, brown, mid- History.—VuráMQ No. 1 (C. I. 11380) long, midwide to wide; shoulders midwide is from a cross between Michigan Amber to wide, square to rounded; beaks mid- and Rudy made at the Purdue University wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafa- several, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, yette, Ind., in 1909. The selection that short, soft, broadly elliptical; germ resulted in Purdue No. 1 was made in midsized; crease midwide, shallow; cheeks 1925. It was ñrst grown on farms in rounded; brush midsized, midlong. 1934. Moking differs from Clarkan in having Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, brown chaff and slightly weaker straw. 1,148 acres, grown in Indiana. It is resistant to flag smut. History.—Moking (C, I. 12556) was developed by the private breeder. Earl Description.—Plant winter habit, early G. Clark, of Sedgwick, Kans. The to midseason, midtall; stem usually parentage is unknown, but its resem- purple, midstrong; spike awnleted, fusi- blance to Clarkan suggests that variety as form, middense, inclined; glumes gla- one parent. It was distributed in 1946 brous, brown, midlong, narrow to midwide; as Clark's 40R169 and later named shoulders midwide, oblique to square; Moking. beaks usually wide, sometimes nearly Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, wanting, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 2,200 acres, grown in Oklahoma. 10 mm. long; kernels dull red, short to midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; RED WAVE crease narrow to midwide, shallow to Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- middeep, distinctly triangular; cheeks season to late, midtall to tall; stem usually rounded; brush small, midlong. white, midstrong; spike awnleted, broadly (See ñg. 60, A.) fusiform, middense, nodding; glumes History.—The history of Currell (C. I. glabrous, brown, midlong, wide; shoulders 3326) (reg. 90) has been recorded by wide, rounded to oblique, sometimes Carleton {37, p. 202) as follows: nearly square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. Currell Prolific wheat was selected long; awnlets several, 5 to 15 mm. long; by W. E. Currell, of Virginia, from a kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ field of Fultz in 1881. The original midsized; crease midwide to wide, mid- seed was from three spikes. In 1884 deep, sometimes pitted; cheeks usually it was first sold for seed. angular; brush midsized, midlong. History.—Ued Wave (C. I. 3500) Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, (reg. 82) originated by A. N. Jones, 87,891 acres, grown in eight States, the Le Roy, Genesee County, N. Y., in 1906 largest acreages being in Missouri, Ken- as the result of a cross between Early tucky, and Tennessee. Red Clawson and an unnamed crossbred Synonyms.—Currell's Prolific, Dunbar, wheat of Russian parentage {98, 1910 Gill, Golden Chaff, Pearl Prolific, Perfec- issue). tion, Prolific, Red GiU, Red Prohfic, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Tennessee Prolific. 10,290 acres, grown in six States. Synonyms.—Indiana Red Wave, Jones BALDROCK Red Wave. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- season, midtall to tall; stem purple, PURDUE NO. 1 midstrong to strong; spike awnleted, fusi- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- form, middense, inclined to nodding; season, midtall; stem white, midstrong glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, mid- to strong; spike awnleted, oblong, mid- wide; shoulders wide, oblique to round- dense, erect to inclined; glumes glabrous, ing; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. brown, sometimes with black stripes, long; awnlets few, 3 to 12 mm. long; midlong, midwide; shoulders wide, kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical; rounded to square; beaks midwide, germ midsized; crease wide, deep; cheeks obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several to angular; brush midsized, midlong. many, 5 to 25 mm. long, partly incurved; History.—^2i\árock (C. I. 11538) (reg. kernels Hght red, midlong, soft, elliptical; 271) was produced {71) by the Michigan germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; Agricultural Experiment Station, East cheeks angular; brush midsized, short. Lansing, from a field hybrid between 100 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

B

FIGURE 60.—A, Currell and ß, Poole wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 101

Red Rock and an unknown variety. history of this wheat was reported by Many awnless selections were made from E. H. Colhns {61, p. 7), who was offering these hybrids and tested from 1917 to the seed for sale in 1898: 1922. Baldrock is one of these strains. In answers to questions allow me to It was increased and 145 bushels were say that the Red Russian wheat I distributed to farmers in 1931. advertise in the Farmer was selected Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, by an agent sent by the American Seed 10,149 acres, grown in Michigan. Co., of Rochester, N. Y., to Russia to secure their best wheat. It was introduced in this section by a promi- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- nent mill in Indianapolis * * *. season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong; This variety was grown by the Ohio spike awnleted, usually fusiform, some- Agricultural Experiment Station as early times nearly oblong or linear oblong, as 1888 {102, p. 29). It was distributed wide, middense to lax, usually nodding; widely by Peter Henderson & Co. {98), glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, wide; seedsmen, of New York City, and J. A. shoulders wide, oblique to square; beaks Everitt & Co. {76), seedsmen, of Indian- wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets apolis, Ind., in the early nineties. several, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, Distribution.—Estimated area in^l949, midlong, soft, ovate to oval, frequently 335 acres, grown in Missouri, j elliptical, flattened; germ small to mid- sized; crease midwide, middeep to deep; cheeks usually rounded; brush small to midsized, midlong. Description.—Plant winter habit, early, Poole is distinguished from Red Wave short; stem purple, midstrong to strong; by its purple stems. The kernels are spike awnleted, oblong, middense to rather narrow, flattened, and rounded in dense, erect; glumes glabrous, brown, outline. (See fig. 60, B.) short to midlong, midwide; shoulders History.—The origin of Poole (C. I. midwide, obKque; beaks midwide, ob- 3488) (reg. 92) is undetermined, but it tuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to has been an important variety in Ohio 25 mm. long; kernels red, short, soft, and Indiana since about 1880. It was ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, grown by the Ohio Agricultural Experi- middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid- ment Station as early as 1884 (ISO, p. 15). sized to large, midlong. Harvest King was distributed by J. A. Purcam is a very early variety with a Everitt & Co. {76), seedsmen, of Indian- winter habit of growth, short stiff apolis, Ind., from 1894 to about 1900. straw, and high resistance to leaf rust. There is no information regarding the It has satisfactory soft-wheat quality origin of the variety, and it probably is but is very susceptible to loose smut and only a lot of seed of the Poole variety. mosaic. As the wheat was widely advertised under History.—Purcam (C. T. 12295) was this name, it is now grown nearly as developed by the Purdue Agricultural widely as Harvest King and other names Experiment Station in cooperation with as under the name ''Poole." the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases Distribution.—The estimated area in from a cross made in 1932 between 1949, was 44,122 acres, grown in 12 Purplestraw and a selection from a cross Eastern States. (2758A1-3-14) between Chinese (C. I. Synonyms.—Beechwood, Harvest King, 6223) and Michigan Amber. Indiana Hedge Prolific, Hundred Mark, Mortgage selection 3217-29, an F? selection made in Lifter, Nissley, Red Amber, Red Chaff, 1937, was one'^of several sent to Arhngton Red Fultz, Red King, Red Russell, Experiment Farm in Rosslyn, Va., Winter King. in 1940. After showing promise at Arhngton Farm and Belts ville, Md., it was included in the Uniform Southern RUSSIAN RED Wheat Nursery in 1943 and named Purcam. It was distributed by the Clemson Description.—Russian Red differs Agricultural Experiment Station in South slightly from Poole in having more persistent glumes that have more tri- Carolina in the fall of 1951. angular shoulders and longer beaks (1 to RED MAY (MICHIGAN AMBER) 1.5 mm. long). History.—RussisLU Red (C. I. 5928) Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- (reg. 94) usually is grown under the name season, midtall to tall; stem purple, mid- ''Red Russian," but as other varieties strong; spike awnleted, usually oblong, are known by this name it is here^'desig- middense, erect to inchned; glumes 'gla- nated as Russian Red.^ The following brous, brown, short to midlong, wide; 102 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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B FIGURE 61.—A, Red May and B, Thorne wheats:^Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 103 shoulders wide, usually square; beaks owing to the fact that Michigan Amber narrow, triangular, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets wheat has been grown farther north than few, 3 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, usually the Red May since about 1870. short, soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease Michigan Wonder is the name under midwide to wide, middeep to deep; which the variety is grown in Missouri. cheeks usually angular; brush usually It was reported as one of the highest small, midlong. yielding wheats at the Missouri Agricul- Red May differs from Poole in being tural Experiment Station in 1911 (145, earlier and in having a broader and more p. 211). The writers' specimens are the oblong spike and wider glumes with same as Red May, except that the heads squarer shoulders. (See fig. 61, A.) are slightly more erect. History.—Red May (C, I. 5336) (reg. Orange wheat was reported as having 97) is believed to be identical with or been introduced into Monroe County, N. descended from the Red or Yellow Lam- Y., from Virginia in 1846 (93, p. 286). mas. Several writers have suggested the In 1858 Khppart (124) reported Orange identity. Tracy (210) mentions Yellow wheat as a beardless, white-grained winter Lammas as being a synonym of Red May. wheat grown in Ohio. The wheat now Lammas was mentioned by Körnicke and grown as Orange, however, has red kernels Werner (126, pp. 253, 290) as being a very and apparently is identical with Red May. old English wheat grown prior to 1699. It was reported as one of the excellent- Both the Red and Yellow Lammas were yielding awnless varieties of wheat for grown in Virginia many years before the Missouri in 1910 (66, p. 67), For a more Revolutionary War. A white May wheat complete history of the synonyms of Red of a later period, according to Cabell May, see Technical Bulletin 459 (43). (32, p. 14), was grown in Virginia as early Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, as 1764. A more recent history of Red 139,723 acres, grown in 12 States. May indicates that it was originated by Synonyms.—Beechwood, Early May, General Harmon from the Virginia White Jones Longberry, May, Michigan Amber, May (a white-kerneled wheat) about 1830 Michigan Wonder, Orange, Purdue No. (92, p. 226). This wheat has been grown 4, Red Amber, Red Republic. quite widely under the name ''Red May" since 1845. Although more commonly used, espe- cially in Indiana, the name Michigan Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Amber seems to be of a later date than season, midtall; stem faint purple, mid- Red May and for that reason the latter strong to strong; spike awnleted, oblong is preferred. The writers' samples of the to fusiform, middense, erect to inclined; variety are similar to Red May, with the glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, mid- possible exception of being a few days wide; shoulders midwide, oblique; beaks later in maturity. This might be easily wide, obtuse, wanting to 0.5 mm. long;

FIGURE 62.—Distribution of Thorne wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 3,447,661 acres. 104 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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FIGURE 63.—A, Red Chief and B, Triplet wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 105

awnlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long; kernels Rosslyn, Va., by the Division of Cereal red, midlong, soft, elliptical; germ mid- Crops and Diseases. Selection was sized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks continued at Beltsville, Md. Selection angular; brush midsized, midlong. (See Y2652, later named Anderson, was fig. 61, B.) entered in the Uniform Southern Wheat Thorne is resistant to the races of Nursery in 1947. It showed promise loose smut commonly found in Ohio. and was distributed in South Carolina It has very stiff straw and is resistant to in the fall of 1951. It was distributed mosaic. It is a high-yielding variety in North Carolina in the fall of 1952. of good soft-wheat quality, although it is somewhat low in weight per bushel. RED CHIEF History.—Thorne (C. I. 11856) (reg. 323) was bred from a cross between Description.—Plant winter habit, Portage and Fulcaster made at the Ohio early, midtall; stem white, midstrong; Agricultural Experiment Station at Co- spike awnleted, fusiform, dense, erect; lumbus, in 1917. The bulk material glumes glabrous, brown and black, was taken to the experiment station at short, midwide; shoulders narrow, Wooster, Ohio, where the selection that rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 resulted in Thorne was made in 1922. mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to 15 mm. It was carried as T. N. 1006 until 1936, long; kernels red, midlong, hard, broadly when it was reselected and increased elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, under the name '^Thorne." Seed was shallow; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, distributed to a select group of farmers midlong. (See fig. 63, A.) for increase in the fall of 1937 (128). Red Chief is somewhat similar to Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Chiefkan but has brown pigment along 3,447,661 acres (ñg. 62). It is the lead- with black in the glumes and has stronger ing soft-wheat variety. straw. The grain is also darker in color Synonym.—T. N. 1006. than Chiefkan and somewhat higher in test weight. It is poor in bread-baking quality. History.—Red Chief (C. I. 12109) re- Description.—Seneca is very similar sulted from a vigorous awnless plant to Thorne. It has a higher test weight, selected from a field of Blackhull wheat a slightly higher yield, and a slightly by Earl G. Clark, a farmer wheat breeder stiffer straw. History.—Seneca (C. I. 12529) (Ohio T. N. 1016-4) was developed at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. It is a sister selection of Thorne. After thorough testing it was increased on a few acres in 1949, and several thousand bushels were distributed from the 1950 harvest. ANDERSON Description.—Plant intermediate habit, midseason, midtall to tall; stem white, midstrong to strong; spike awnleted, oblong, lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, brown, long, midwide; shoulders narrow, rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; kernels red, midlong to long, soft, elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. Anderson is resistant to leaf rust, but it is susceptible to stem rust and moderately susceptible to mosaic. It averages less than the Atlas strains in protein content but is somewhat higher than many other varieties grown in the South. Its quality is satisfactory for the medium-strength soft wheat flour. History.—Anderson (C. I. 12536) was FIGURE 64.—Distribution of Red Chief developed from a cross between Leapland wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 1,160,893 and Fronteira made at Arlington Farm, ^[ acres. 106 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE of Sedgwick, Kans. It was increased and Super, or Super wheat, was distributed distributed by him in 1940 {101), by Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Calif., in the fall of 1917. Apparently 1,160,893 acres (fig. 64). most of his stock was purchased and Synonyms.—Deluxe Red Chief, Super- resold by the State Seed & Nursery Co., red, Super Red Chief. of Helena, Mont. The writers have found Super wheat to be identical with Jones Fife in all taxonomic characters, as well as in yield and in milling and baking Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- quality. season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; Distribution.—Elstimated area in 1949, spike awnleted, oblong to fusiform, mid- 20,064 acres, grown in Idaho, Illinois, dense, inclined; glumes pubescent, white, Kentucky, Oregon, Tennessee, and Wash- midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide, ington. oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, Synonyms.—Burbank's Super, Crail 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to Fife, Fife, Fishhead, Jones Winter Fife, 12 mm. long, sometimes incurved Silver King, Super, Velvet Chaff, Winter throughout spike; kernels red, short to Fife. midlong, semihard, ovate; germ small; crease narrow to midwide, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong. (See ñg. 63, B.) Description.—Plant spring habit, early, Triplet differs from Jones Fife in being short to midtall; stem white, midstrong slightly shorter and earlier and in having but easily crinkled at the nodes; spikes a harder kernel with a smaller germ and awnleted, fusiform, middense, erect to rounded rather than angular cheeks. inclined; glumes pubescent, white, some- History.—Triplet (C. I. 5408) (reg. 108) times black-striped, short, midwide; was originated at the Washington Agri- shoulders midwide, oblique to elevated; cultural Experiment Station, Pullman. beaks wide, acute, triangular, 0.5 to 1 Its pedigree is as follows: mm. long; awnlets several, sometimes black, 5 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, (Jones Fife X Little Club) X (Jones short to midlong, hard, ovate; germ mid- Fife X Turkey) sized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks It was first grown as a pure strain in rounding to angular; brush midsized, 1910 and was distributed for commercial short. (See fig. 65, A.) growing in 1918. Reward is very early and has a high Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, test weight and good quality for bread- 44,248 acres, grown in Washington, making. Idaho, and Montana. History.—Reward (C. I. 8182) (reg. 261) was developed from a cross between JONES FIFE Marquis and Prelude made in 1912 at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Canada. It was distributed for com- season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; mercial growing in Canada in 1928. spike awnleted, oblong to fusiform, mid- Reward was first introduced into the dense, nodding; glumes pubescent, white, United States from Canada by com- midlong, midwide to wide; shoulders mid- mercial growers in 1928 {150). wide, oblique to square; beaks wide, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets few to 98,271 acres grown in seven States, the several, lower ones often incurved, 3 to 8 largest acreages being in Montana, mm. long; kernels red, short to midlong, Colorado, and South Dakota. soft, ovate, humped; germ midsized; crease midwide to wide, middeep to deep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. GALGALOS History.—Jones Fife (C. I. 4468) (reg. 110) was originated by A. N. Jones, of Description.—Plant spring habit, Newark, Wayne County, N. Y., in 1889.ii although remaining prostrate during its According to Carleton (37, p. 221), it early growth, midseason, midtall; leaves ''descended from Fultz, Mediterranean, pubescent, glaucous; stem white, slender, and Russian Velvet." weak; spike awnleted, fusiform, lax, Crail Fife is a local name applied to inclined; glumes pubescent, light brown, Jones Fife wheat in Montana, Frank long, midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique Crail, of Bozeman, Mont., being the to square; beaks wide, acute, 1 to 2 mm. farmer who grew and distributed the long; awnlets many, 3 to 30 mm. long; variety under that name. Burbank's kernels white, midlong, soft, ovate to elliptical, slightly humped, ventral side 11 Printed stationery of A. N. Jones. rounded; germ small; crease narrow, CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 107

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FIGURE 65.—A, Reward and B, Sonora wheats: Spikes and lûmes, y 1 ; kernels, X 3. 108 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083^ U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

shallow; cheeks usually rounded; brush The variety is similar to Onas except midsized, midlong. in being awned and in having a higher History.—GalgaXos (C. I. 2398) (reg. test weight. 113) (P. I. 9872) was introduced in 1903 History.—Awned Onas (C. I. 12235) by the United States Department of was derived from Baart X Onas back- Agriculture (211) from the Erivan Gov- crossed 8 and 9 times to Onas to transfer ernment in Transcaucasian Russia. Seed the awns of Baart to Onas. The material of Galgalos was increased by E. M. was grown at Tucson, Ariz., and Aberdeen, Smith of Hay Creek, Oreg., from a Idaho, during the making of the first 6 sample sent him from the United States backcrosses. The additional backcrosses Department of Agriculture in 1904. were made at Davis, Calif., beginning in Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 1938, and the final composite of 24 F3 40,377 acres, grown in Oregon, California, lines was made at that station. The Nevada, and Utah. work was cooperative between the Divi- Synonyms.—Russian Red, Velvet Chaff. sion of Cereal Crops and Diseases and the Arizona, Idaho, and California Agri- cultural Experiment Stations (202). Bulk seed was distributed in Arizona in the Description.—Plant spring habit, early, fall of 1950. Approximately 1,000 head short to midtall; stem white, weak; rows were grown in Arizona in 1950. The spike awnleted, oblong, short, dense, offtype rows were discarded and seed of erect, easily shattered; glumes pubescent, the remainder bulked for foundation brown, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar- seed. row, usually oblique; beaks narrow, acuminate, 1 to 3 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to 8 mm. long; kernels white, short, soft, ovate to oval; germ small; Description.—Plant spring interme- crease midwide, shallow; cheeks rounded; diate habit, early, if fall-sown, late if brush small, short. (See fig. 65, B.) spring-sown, short to midtall; stem white, History.—Sonora (C. I. 3036) (reg. strong; spike awned, oblong, dense, 114) was brought to the United States erect; glumes glabrous, white, short to from Magdalena Mission, in northern midlong, narrow; shoulders narrow, want- Sonora, Mexico, where it has been grown ing to square; beaks narrow, acuminate, since about 1770.^^ j^ jg known to have 8 to 15 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 cm. long; been grown in the United States since kernels white, midlong, soft to semihard, about 1820. Several samples of wheat, ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, similar to Sonora, have been introduced middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid- by the United States Department of sized, midlong. (See fig. 66, A.) Agriculture from South Africa. Orfed is resistant to most races of bunt Sonora 37, a bunt-resistant strain, was but is susceptible to T-16 and L-8. It developed by the California Agricultural is resistant to flag smut. It has stiff Experiment Station by backcrossing bunt- straw which is rather fine and wiry. resistant lines of Sonora X Martin to Orfed is moderately hardy when sown Sonora six times. It was distributed in late in the fall, but also may be grown in 1937. some areas as a spring variety if seeded Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, early. Its milling qualities are only 2,285 acres, grown in Arizona, California, fair. Its baking qualities for cakes or New Mexico, and Utah. bread, depending on protein content, are Synonyms.—Ninety-Day, Red Chaff, good. It is a soft-textured wheat with a White Sonora. strong gluten. History.—Orfed (C. I. 11913) (reg. AWNED UNAS 339) was selected from a cross between Oro and Federation made in 1931 at the Description.—Plant spring habit, early Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station to midseason, short to midtall; stem at Moscow. The F2 was grown at the white, strong; spike awned, oblong, Washington Agricultural Experiment Sta- dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, tion at Pullman in 1933. Seed for the short to midlong, wide; shoulders mid- third generation was inoculated with wide, rounded to elevated; beaks narrow, several races of bunt. Smut-free plants acuminate, 8 to 12 mm. long; awns 3 to resistant to lodging and shattering were 6 cm. long; kernels white, short to selected in 1934. Seed of selection 80, midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; Wash. No. 3300, was named Orfed and crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; released to growers in 1943 {216). brush small, midlong. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 12 Verbal statement of W. W. Mackie, Jan. 22, 182,652 acres, grown in Washington, 1919. Oregon, and Idaho. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 109

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•I fr^ FIGURE 66.—A, Orfed and B, Baart wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. lio TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, IJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Station, which obtained its original seed from the then Office of Cereal Investiga- Description.—Plant spring habit, early tions, United States Department of to midseason, midtall to tall; stem white, Agriculture. The variety was well es- weak; spike awned, fusiform, middense, tablished in Arizona in 1914, when it inclined; glumes glabrous, white, long, was first grown in Washington from seed narrow; shoulders narrow, oblique to from Arizona; it later spread to Oregon square; beaks 3 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to and Idaho and to California about 1917. 6 cm. long; kernels white, long, semihard, Distribution.—The estimated area of ovate; germ small; crease narrow, shal- Baart in 1949 was 504,268 acres (fig. 67). low; cheeks usually rounded; brush Synonym.—Early Baart. midsized, short to midlong. (See fig. 66, B.) Baart can be distinguished from all others by the large yellowish pear-shaped Description.—This variety is very simi- ffisioV;/.—Baart (C. I. 1697) (reg. 123) lar to Baart except in being resistant to was received as Early Baart with four some races of stem rust and bunt. other varieties {211, P. I. 5078) from History.—T\A^ strain (C. I. 11907) of Australia by the United States Depart- Baart was developed in cooperative inves- ment of Agriculture in 1900. In Aus- tigations of the California Agricultural tralia it has never been a leading com- I]xperiment Station and the Division of mercial variety, although it has been Cereal Crops and Diseases at Davis, grown by some farmers for many years. Calif. A program was begun in 1922 to The variety was introduced to Australia develop, by backcrossing, strains of the from the Cape Colony, South Africa, important commercial wheat varieties in about 1880 {185). California that would be resistant to bunt, Neethling, 1932 {147, p. 33), stated liater a similar project was begun to add that '^Baard" wheat was mentioned in stem rust resistance to the most important South African literature as early as 1739 varieties. Baart 38 is the result of back- and suggests that the original stock may crossing Martin X Baart 6 times with have been introduced from western Baart to obtain a bunt-resistant Baart Europe. and backcrossing Hope X Baart 4 times In the United States the variety was with Baart to obtain a rust-resistant first distributed for commercial growing Baart {201). Each backcross was made by the Arizona Agricultural Experiment on segregates resistant to bunt or stem rust, depending on the cross. The bunt- resistant and stem-rust-resistant strains were then crossed and 157 of the F3 segre- gates resistant to both diseases were ffl bulked and increased in 1938. The if^ varietv was distributed to growers in rx^ the fall of 1939. ^ Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, X • 154,060 acres, of which 153,263 were in \~rr~ California and Arizona.

^ Description.—Baart 46 is similar to Baart in morphologic characters. As a result of rigid selection, it is more resistant than Baart 38 to stem rust. It is resistant to some races of bunt. History.—BsiSiVt 46 (C. I. 12386) was developed in the backcrossing program of the California Agricultural Experiment "¡ Station, at Davis, in cooperation with the J -^•" I- Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. Thirteen of the original 182 lines com- posited to make Baart 38 were back- crossed twice to Baart and the progenies t selected for rust resistance from F2 to F5 segregates. Forty-five F5 lines were FIGURE 67.—Distribution of Baart wheat composited in 1946 and increased and in 1949. Estimated area, 504,268 acres. distributed in the fall of 1948. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 111

BLACKHAWK Description.—Gladden is similar to Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Gypsy, but can be distinguished from it by season to late, tall; stem white, midstrong; its shorter beaks, which usually do not spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; exceed 3 mm. It also has stronger stems glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow; and is superior to Gypsy in yield and shoulders narrow, wanting; beaks narrow, quality. acuminate, 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 History.—The following history of cm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; Gladden (C. I. 5644) (reg. 126) has been germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; reported by C. G. Williams (230, p. 3), cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong. of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Blackhawk is resistant to leaf rust, Station, where the variety was originated. bunt, and flag smut, and moderately The Gladden wheat originated from resistant to stem rust and loose smut. a single head of wheat selected from a It is winter-hardy and of satisfactory soft field of Gypsy wheat in 1905, and was wheat quality. It is susceptible to first grown in 1906 under the number mosaic. 6100, along with other headrows of History.—BlackhsLwk (C. I. 12218) Gypsy, Fultz, Poole, and other varieties. (reg. 341) was developed at the Wisconsin In consulting the old notebook of 14 Agricultural Experiment Station in exper- years ago I find it described as 'Very iments cooperative with the Division of erect" in growth, the words being Cereal Crops and Diseases from a cross underscored, and given the highest between a sister selection of Wabash (Br- rank for stiffness of straw of any of the M1-4) and Minturki made in 1930. It Gypsy rows, and as high a rank as any was carried as H59-13-9-5-7-12 after its row in the test. The photographs selection in the seventh generation. It taken in 1907, 1910, and 1915 show was distributed to farmers in Wisconsin more than ordinary stiffness of straw. in the fall of 1944 and is recommended This variety passed along under the for growing in that State. number name "6100" until 1915, when Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, it seemed best to give it a real name in 71,506 acres, grown in 11 States, the order to prevent confusion, as it was largest acreage being in Wisconsin. being distributed quite a little over the State. It was named for Washington Gladden, a man not associated with agriculture particularly, but the most Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- useful citizen Ohio had for many years. season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, glumes glabrous, wählte, midlong, mid- 23 acres, grown in Ohio. wide; shoulders midwide, oblique to Synonym.—Number 6100. square; beaks 2 to 8 mm. long; awns 3 to 7 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate, humped; germ midsized; crease Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- midwide, shallow to middeep, pitted; season, midtall; stem white, strong; spike cheeks usually rounded; brush small, awned, oblong, middense to dense, in- midlong. clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, History.—The origin of Gipsy (C. I. narrow to midwide; shoulders narrow, 3436) (reg. 127) is undetermined. It was rounded to elevated; beaks midwide, grown in Missouri as early as 1877 (1) acute, 2 to 3 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 cm. and at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment long; kernels red, short to midlong, soft, Station by 1888 (69, p. 28). There is a ovate; germ midsized to large; crease mid- tradition that the name was given the wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush variety because it was first obtained from midsized to large, midlong. a gypsy. Saline has good resistance to mosaic Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, and some resistance to leaf and stem rust, 1,255 acres, grown in Ohio. but is susceptible to loose smut. Its Synonyms.—Lebanon, Niagara, Reli- grain is of good soft-wheat quality. able. History.—BaXine (C. I. 12674) was de- veloped in cooperative experiments at the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- at Urbana from a cross between Wabash season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid- and minois No. 2. Selection 40-679, strong; spike awned, fusiform to oblong, which was later named Saline, was made middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, in 1940 and distributed in the fall of 1950. white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar- 2(60503—54—8 112 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 10 83, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 68.—A, Kawvale and B, Fulcaster wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 113 row, wanting to rounded; beaks narrow, 1913. A wheat under that name was acuminate, 5 to 8 mm. long; kernels red, grown by that station as early as 1902. midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; The Everitt O. K. Seed Store advertised crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; Indiana Swamp wheat in 1899, stating brush midsized, midlong. that it was of the Mediterranean type. Royal is resistant to flag smut and is The name *'Swamp" is also used for moderately resistant to stem rust and to several other varieties. mosaic. It has satisfactory soft-wheat Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, quality. 464 acres, grown in Ohio. History.—Royal (C. I. 12558) was Synonyms.—German Amber, Indiana developed by the Illinois Agricultural Swamp, Niagara, Russian Amber. Experiment Station from resistant plants selected from Illinois No. 2 grown on a field infested with mosaic near Delavan, 111., in 1935. It was designated as D85 Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- during the testing period and was season, midtall; stem purple, strong; distributed in 1947. spike awned, fusiform, middense, erect Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, to inclined, easily shattered; glumes 85,384 acres, grown in Illinois, Indiana, glabrous, white, short, midwide; shoulders and Ohio. narrow, wanting to oblique; beaks nar- NEWCASTER row, acute, incurving, 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 3 to 6 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- semihard to hard, ovate; germ midsized; season, midtall to tall; stem white, weak; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; spike awned, fusiform, lax, inclined; brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 68, A.) glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid- This variety is more winter-hardy than wide; shoulders narrow, wanting to most soft or semihard red winter wheats. oblique; beaks narrow, acuminate, 5 to It is resistant to loose smut and is some- 7 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 cm. long; kernels what resistant to leaf and stem rust and red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ small; to hessian ñy. Flour from Kawvale is crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; more granular than from varieties of brush midsized, midlong. typical soft wheat and is not satisfactory Newcaster has a trace of purple in its for making cakes and pastries. stems, but is otherwise similar to Ful- ffisíorí/.—Kawvale (C. I. 8180) (reg. caster in plant and quality characters. 265) was developed at the Kansas Agri- It is highly resistant to mosaic and to cultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, flag smut. in cooperative experiments with the History.—Newcaster (C. I. 12528) was Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. developed as a selection from Fulcaster The selection was made in 1918 from by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Indiana Swamp, a synonym of Valley. Station. Seed of Fulcaster from several The variety was released for commercial farmers in southern Illinois was grown on growing in the fall of 1932. the Agronomy Farm at Urbana and Distribution.-—Estimated area in 1949, heads were selected for further testing. 300,594 acres (fig. 69). One of these selections resulted in New- caster. It was distributed in Illinois in 1946. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 42,814 acres, grown in Illinois.

Description.—Valley differs from Gipsy only in being taller and slightly earlier and in having slightly longer spikes, beaks, and glumes. History.—YaXley (C. I. 5923) (reg. 128) was obtained by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station from Elias Tetter, FIGURE 69.—Distribution of Kawvale wheat Pleasant Plain, Ohio, in 1883 and grown in 1949. Estimated area, 300,594 acres. by that station for the first time in 1884 (69, p. 36). It is said to have originated RED INDIAN in the Scioto Valley, Ohio {103, p. 3). ^ Indiana Swamp is a name under which Description.—Red Indian is similar to a sample of wheat very similar to Valley Fulcaster except for having shorter, was obtained from the Illinois station in stronger, and less purple stems. 114 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

History.—The history of Red Indian Fulcaster differs from Gipsy and Valley (C. I. 8382) (reg. 294) is undetermined. in having purple straw. A prominent It is a distinct strain of Fulcaster grown characteristic is the orange-colored stripes in Ohio. Seed was obtained in September on the glumes. It has long been a pop- 1927 from C. O. Pierman, Ottawa, Ohio. ular and widely grown variety. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, History.—According to Carleton (55, 91 acres, grown in Ohio. ?). 70), Fulcaster (C. I. 4862) (reg. 131) ''. . . was produced in 1886 by S. M. MAMMOTH RED Schindel, of Hagerstown, Md., and is [from] a hybrid between Fultz and Lan- Description.—Mammoth Red is similar caster . . . , the latter being the Medi- to Fulcaster except for being slightly terranean variety." later and shorter and in having a slightly Man}^ names have been used for wheat larger and harder kernel. similar to Fulcaster. The earliest record History.—Mammoth Red (C. I. 2008) is under the name ''Dietz." Dietz was (reg. 132), distributed by the David first included in the varietal experiments Hardie Seed Co., Dallas, Tex., in the of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment early nineties, was first olDtained by the Station in 1884. The same wheat, how- United States Department of Agriculture ever, apparently soon came to be called in 1904 from the 101 Ranch, Bliss, Okla. Dietz Longberry {2, p. 691) and was In experiments at the Maryland Agri- later known as Dietz Longberry Red cultural College, College Park, Md., it (54, p. 18). The true origin of Dietz was highest yielding of the many varieties Longberry and Fulcaster is somewhat tested over a period of years and was obscure. The former has the earlier distributed from that station and from published history. However, according the Arlington Experiment Farm, to N. Schmitz, formerly of the Maryland Rosslyn, Va. Agricultural Experiment Station, Mr. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Schindel claimed that Mr. Dietz merely 8,323 acres, grown in Delaware and gave the name Dietz Longberry to his Maryland. Fulcaster wheat. FULCASTER Among the other names Stoner and Miracle are most commonly used. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Stoner cannot be distinguished from season, tall; stem purple, midstrong to Fulcaster by any character and is here strong; spike awned, fusiform, middense, considered merely a synonym of that inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid- variety. The history of Stoner has long, midwide to wide; shoulders mid- been recorded by Ball and Leighty {19). wide, oblique to square; beaks 2 to 8 mm. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, long; awns 3 to 6 cm. long; kernels red, 354,137 acres (fig. 70). midlong, soft, ovate, humped; germ mid- Synonyms.—Bearded Bluestem, Cum- sized; crease midwide, middeep, some- berland Valley, Dietz, Dietz Longberry, times pitted; cheeks usually angular; Duffy, King, Lancaster, Marvelous, Mir- brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 68, acle, Peck, Red Wonder, Stoner, Winter B.) King.

FIGURE 70.—Distribution of Fulcaster wheat in 1949, Estimated area, 354,137 acres. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 115

NUDEL NITTANY (PENN. NO. 44)

Description.—Nudel is similar to Ful- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- caster, except in being more uniform and season to late, tall; stem purple, mid- in giving higher yields than Nittany and strong to strong; spike awned, oblong to Thorne in Delaware, especially on sandy fusiform, middense, erect to inclined; soils. It also seems to be damaged less glumes glabrous, white, midlong, wide; by scab. shoulders midwide, oblique to square; History.—IS^udel (C. I. 12672) resulted beaks 2 to 10 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. from a head selected by the Delaware long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate, Agricultural Experiment Station from a humped; germ midsized; crease wide, field of wheat thought to be Fulcaster middeep, sometimes pitted; cheeks angu- growing on the farm of G. Y. Carrow near lar; brush large, midlong. Dover, Del., in 1930. It was distributed This variety differs from Fulcaster in in 1947. being later and taller, in having spikes Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, more oblong and slightly longer beaks, 692 acres, grown in Delaware. and in producing higher yields in the Eastern States. The kernels are softer V. p. I. 131 than Fulcaster. History.—mttany (C. I. 6962) (reg. Description.—This selection of Fulcas- 254) was developed (161, p. 7) by the ter differs from Fulcaster only in having Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment somewhat shorter beaks and in being Station, State College. It is the result more uniform. of a plant selection from Fulcaster made History.—Y. P. I. 131 (C. I. 10047) in 1909. This variety has been grown (reg. 295) is the result of a plant selected commercially in Pennsylvania since 1918 in 1905 from Fulcaster by the Virginia as Penn. No. 44, or Nittany. Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg. It was first distributed for commercial Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, growing in 1915. 110,369 acres, grown in nine Eastern Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, States, the largest acreages being in 81,402 acres, grown in Virginia, North Maryland and Pennsylvania. Carolina, West Virginia, Maryland, and Synonym.—Penn. No. 44. Arkansas. PROGRESS Description.—Plant spring habit, early, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- midtall; stem white, midstrong; spike season, midtall; stem purple; spike awned, awned, fusiform, middense, erect to in- oblong, middense, inclined; glumes gla- clined; glumes glabrous, white, long, brous, white, midlong, narrow to midwide; narrow; shoulders narrow, rounding to shoulders narrow, rounded; beaks mid- elevated; beaks 2 to 10 mm. long; awns wide, acute, 1 to 2 mm. long; awns 5 to 2 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, 7 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, soft to semihard, ovate; germ midsized; ovate; germ midsized to large; crease mid- crease narrow to midwide, shallow; wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush cheeks rounded; brush midsized, short. midsized, midlong. Progress is resistant to powdery mildew Butler has straw strength nearly as and moderately resistant to stem rust, good as Thorne and is more winter-hardy. but its kernels are softer than those of It is resistant to mosaic, ñag smut, several the hard red spring varieties and, al- races of loose smut, and is similar to though high in protein content, the Trumbull in reaction to scab. It has protein is of poor quality and it usually good soft-wheat quality. produces bread of low loaf volume and of History.—Butler (C. I. 12527) was de- poor grain and texture. veloped at the Ohio Agricultural Experi- msior?/.—Progress (C. I. 6902) (reg. ment Station from a cross between OSU 234) was developed at the Marshfield 101-3 and Trumbull made at Columbus branch station of the Wisconsin Agricul- in 1928. OSU 101-3 is a selection from tural Experiment Station. It is the a cross between Portage and Fulcaster. result of a plant selection from a field of The selection that resulted in Butler was Java wheat made in 1916. It was dis- made at Wooster in 1933. During the tributed for commercial growing in 1921. testing period it was designated as T. N. 1151. It was distributed to farmers in Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, the fall of 1947. 1,504 acres, grown in Wisconsin and Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Minnesota. 52,160 acres, grown in Ohio, Indiana, and Synonyms.—Canadian Progress, Nord- West Virginia. hougen, Prosper. 116 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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V^7 .Mi ^B^

FIGURE 71.—A, Triumph and B, Wichita wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OP WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 117

narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 71, B.) Description.—Plant winter habit, very Wichita is a very early maturing wheat, early, short; stem white, strong; spike being about a week earlier than Black- awned, fusiform to oblong, middense, hull. Its earliness often enables it to erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, escape rust damage. It has a high test narrow to midwide; shoulders narrow, weight. Its breadbaking quality is wanting; beaks midwide, acuminate, 2 to satisfactory, being somewhat similar to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels that of Blackhull. red, short to midlong, hard, ovate; germ History.—Wichita (C. I. 11952) (reg. small; crease midwide, shallow; cheeks 337) was developed by the Kansas rounded; brush midsized, midlong. (See Agricultural Experiment Station in co- fig. 71, A.) operation with the Division of Cereal Triumph is a very early variety with Crops and Diseases from a cross between moderately strong straw. Its quality is Early Blackhull and Tenmarq made in satisfactory for family flour, but it is 1929. The selection that resulted in only fair as a baker's bread flour. Wichita was made in 1935 and was ffisior?/.—Triumph (C. I. 12132) was designated as Kansas No. 2739. Seed developed by Joseph Danne of El Reno, was increased in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Okla., and distributed by him in 1940. Texas for distribution in the fall of Its parentage is not known (181), 1944. Distribution.—Estimated area in Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 1949, 5,596,200 acres (fig. 72). 3,004,432 acres, grown in six States Synonyms.—Dane's Early Triumph, (fig. 73). Early Dain, Early Premium, Early Tri- umph, Premium.

FIGURE 73.—Distribution of Wichita wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 3,004,432 acres. FIGURE 72.—Distribution of Triumph wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 5,596,200 acres. EARLY BLACKHULL Description.—Early Blackhull differs from Blackhull principally in being about Description.—Plant winter habit, very 8 days earlier and somewhat shorter. In early, short; stem white, midstrong; comparative experiments Early í'Black- spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; hull has been less hardy and also has glumes glabrous, white with black, mid- yielded less than Blackhull. It has fair long, narrow to midwide; tjshoulders milling and baking quality but is somewhat narrow, wanting to oblique; beaks nar- short in mixing time and low in water row, acuminate, 3 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 absorption. to 8 cm. long; kernels red, short to mid- History.—EsiYly Blackhull (C. I. 8856) long, hard, ovate; germ small; crease (reg. 297) was selected from a field of 118 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 10 83, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

BlackhuU in 1921 by A. P. Haeberle, of mixing time. Its milling quality is good. Clearwater, Kans. Owing to various It is about 2 days earlier than Tenmarq. vicissitudes, seed increase was slow. In i/zsior?/.—Pawnee (C. I. 11669) (reg. 1928 Mr. Haeberle had a 40-acre field. 330) was developed in cooperative ex- In December 1933 he reported that 960 periments of the Kansas and Nebraska bushels of seed had been sold during Agricultural Experiment Stations and the the previous 3 years. Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, from a cross between Kawvale and Ten- 2,106,295 acres (fig. 74). marq made at Manhattan, Kans., in Synonyms.—Early Hardy, Early Kan- 1928 {169). In the fall of 1931, seed of sas, Early Russian, Haeberle, Haeberle's F3 plants was sent to Lincoln, Nebr. Earlv. The one designated as 4444-3 was early, resistant to hessian fly, produced a high yield in a single-rod row, and was indi- v.: cated as very promising at Lincoln in "^ 1932. It continued promising and was entered in the uniform hard red winter regional yield nursery in the fall of 1934 :"Jis» and in field plots at Lincoln, Nebr., and V Manhattan, Kans., in the fall of 1935. 9 •' It was named Pawnee in 1941 and dis- tributed in Nebraska in the fall of 1942 5*^- :•••■ ... and in Kansas in 1943. 1 M^ :../' • * Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 11,120,653 acres (fig. 76). r ^T^ M %y»/* hrf-*- • Í i'.iä'i. ^ HHk ^.ttf Description.—Ponca is very similar to IH Pawnee in observable characters. The ir^ shoulders of the glumes are somewhat wider and often square near the top of the spike, and the beaks may be slightly ^ longer. Ponca is similar to Pawnee in time of maturity, plant height, strength ' \ of straw, test weight, and resistance to loose smut. It is superior in dough- FIGURE 74.—Distribution of Early Black- liandling properties, resistance to leaf hull wheat in 1949. Estimated area, rust, hessian fly, and to shattering, but is 2,106,295 acres. not so winter-hardy and is more suscepti- PAWNEE ble to bunt than Pawnee. It has seedling as well as adult-plant resistance to leaf Description.—Plant winter habit, early, rust. It yields about the same. The short; stem white, strong; spike awned, grain does not bleach nor sprout in the fusiform, middense, erect; glumes gla- head so readily as that of Pawnee. brous, white, short, midwide; shoulders History.—Vonaa, (C. I. 12128) was narrow to wanting; beaks narrow, acumi- developed at the Kansas Agricultural nate, 3 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. Experiment Station at Manhattan in long; kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ experiments cooperative with the Bureau midsized to large; crease midwide, mid- of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural deep; cheeks rounded; brush small, mid- lOngineering and the Bureau of Ento- long. (See fig. 75, A.) mology and Plant Quarantine, United The superior characteristics of Pawnee States Department of Agriculture {129). are high yield, good test weight, short It was selected from the cross, Kawvale- stiff straw, high resistance to loose smut, Marquillo X Kawvale-Tenmarq, made and moderate resistance to some races of in 1935. Its value was determined in the leaf rust, stem rust, bunt, and hessian ñy. cooperative regional testing program, and It is somewhat susceptible to shattering about 3,000 bushels were distributed by and to Septoria tritici. Its quality for the Kansas and Oklahoma stations in the breadmaking is good, although it is fall of 1951. It is recommended for east- slightly low in water absorption and ern Kansas and Oklahoma. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 119

I

§

II* M»" FIGURE 75.—A, Pawnee and B, Coinanche wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 120 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 76.—Distribution of Pawnee wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 11,120,653 acres.

Description.—Plant winter habit, early to midseason, midtall; stem white, mid- strong; spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow; shoulders narrow, wanting; beaks narrow, acuminate, 5 to 15 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ, small; crease narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. Westar has been a high-yielding wheat in tests on the high plains of Texas and has high test weight, excellent milling and baking qualities, and resistance to some races of leaf rust. It is about 3 days earlier than Tenmarq. m'siori/.—Westar (C. I. 12110) (reg. 340) was developed by the Texas Agri- cultural Experiment Station at Dentón in cooperation with the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases from a cross between Kanred-Hard Federation (sel. 25007) and Tenmarq made in 1929. The selec- tion that resulted in Westar was made in 1934, and during the testing period it was designated as No. 25-34-116. It FIGURE 77.—Distribution of Westar wheat was increased and distributed in the fall in 1949. Estimated area, 2,169,798 acres. of 1944 from the Amarillo Station of the Soil Conservation Service. It is recom- COMANCHE mended for the Panhandle and plains Description.—Plant winter habit, early sections of Texas. to midseason, short to midtall; stem Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, white, midstrong; spike awned, oblong, 2,169,798 acres, grown in four States middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, (fig. 77). white, short to midlong, midwide; CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 121 shoulders narrow, wanting to elevated; stem white, midstrong; spike awned; beaks narrow, acuminate, 5 to 15 mm. oblong to fusiform, middense, inclined; long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow; short to midlong, hard, ovate; germ shoulders narrow, square to elevated; midsized; crease mid wide, middeep to beaks narrow, acuminate, 5 to 15 mm. deep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong. (See fig. 75, B.) short to midlong, hard, ovate; germ The superior characteristics of Co- midsized; crease midwide, middeep; manche are high yield, good test weight, cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. earliness, stiff straw, excellent milling Quanah is resistant to many races of and baking quality, resistance to many stem rust and leaf rust and bunt or races of bunt, and some resistance to stinking smut but is susceptible to loose leaf and stem rust. It is similar to smut. It is similar to Comanche in Tenmarq in winter hardiness. general appearance but is slightly shorter History.—Comsinche (C. I. 11673) and^ has stronger straw. Milling and (reg. 331) was developed by the Kansas baking qualities are good. Being some- Agricultural Experiment Station in co- what more erect in early growth than operation with the Division of Careal most hard red winter varieties, Quanah Crops and Diseases from a cross between is well adapted for winter grazing but is Oro and Tenmarq made in 1928. The less winter-hardy than Comanche. selection that resulted in Comanche was History.—Quanah (C. I. 12145) re- made in F5 and designated as Kansas sulted from a compound cross (Mediter- 2729 (169). It was included in the Uni- ranean-Hope X Comanche) X (Coman- form Hard Red Winter Wheat Regional che X Honor-Forward). It was de- Nursery in the fall of 1936. It was dis- veloped by the Texas Substation No. 6 tributed in the fall of 1942 in Kansas, at Dentón in cooperation with the Oklahoma, and Texas. Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, The last cross was made in 1939. The 5,931,718 acres (fig. 78). selection that was named Quanah and distributed in the fall of 1950 was carried as 171-43-29 during the testing • period (10). It was entered in the J Uniform Hard Red Winter Wheat Nursery in the fall of 1946. 1 Distribution.—Quanah is recommended for ^ growing in the central and roUing plains areas of Texas to replace varieties of less desirable milling and baking ^^ quality and to give protection from leaf and stem rust. About 350 bushels were \ . distributed in the fall of 1949. \ I Description.—Plant winter habit, early, midtall; stem white, slender, weak; spike awned, fusiform, middense, erect to inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid- long, narrow to midwide; shoulders nar- row to midwide, rounded; beaks narrow, acuminate, 3 to 10 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, hard, ovate to elliptical; germ small; crease narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush •Sä è ": small, midlong. Apache is intermediate between Early Blackhull and Comanche in maturity, has \ a good test weight, and good milling and breadbaking quality. It is not resistant FIGURE 78.—Distribution of Comanche to the rusts or smuts. wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 5,931,718 History.—Apache (C. I. 12122) was acres. developed from a cross between Cheyenne QUANAH and Early Blackhull made at Woodward, Okla., about 1932. Bulk seed in the third Description.—Plant winter intermedi- or fourth generation (Woodward No. ate habit, early to midseason, midtall; 1127) was sent to the Fort Hays Experi- 122 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ment Station, Hays, Kans., in the fall of midlong, semihard to hard, ovate to 1935. Apache resulted from a single elliptical; germ small; crease narrow, plant selected at Hays in 1937. By shallow; cheeks rounded to square; 1940 this line had demonstrated high brush small, midlong. productivity and good performance and Marmin is similar to Minturki in was designated as H. C. 40-95. It was winter hardiness and in resistance to tested in the cooperative regional pro- stem rust and bunt. It has a higher test gram, and 180 bushels were distributed weight, slightly harder kernels, and lower by the New Mexico Agricultural Station carotenoid content in the grain. in the fall of 1949. Apache was developed History.—Mdivmin (C. I. 11502) (reg. cooperatively by the Division of Cereal 328) was developed in cooperative experi- Crops and Diseases and the Kansas, ments of the Minnesota Agricultural Oklahoma, and New Mexico Agricultural l^]xperiment Station and the Division of Experiment Stations. It is recommended Cereal Crops and Diseases. It is the for growing in northeastern New Mexico. result of a cross between Minturki (winter) and Marquis (spring) made at St. Paul in 1922. During the testing period it was designated as 11-22-38, Description.—Plant winter habit, early, Minn, No. 2614. midtall; stem white, strong; spike awned, The variety was named, and about fusiform to oblong, middense, inclined; 1,300 bushels of seed were distributed to glumes glabrous, white to black, mid- farmers in the fall of 1940. long, midwide; shoulders wanting to Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, narrow, oblique; beaks narrow, acumi- 21,356 acres, grown in Minnesota, Mon- nate, 2 to 3 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. tana, Illinois, and North Dakota. long, black; kernels red, midlong, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angular; brush mid- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- sized, midlong. season, midtall; stem white, weak; spike The superior characteristics of Kiowa awned, fusiform, middense to lax, nod- are resistance to lodging, high yield, and ding; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, some resistance to shattering and to bunt. narrow; shoulders wanting to narrow, It has tolerance to stem rust but is sus- rounding to oblique; beaks 1 to 2 mm. ceptible to loose smut, leaf rust, and hes- long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, sian fly. Grain of Kiowa is about 1 midlong, semihard to hard, ovate to pound heavier in test weight than that of elliptical ; germ small ; crease narrow, mid- Comanche and does not bleach easily. deep; cheeks rounded; brush small, Milling and baking qualities are some- midlong. what better than those of Pawnee. Yogo is the most winter-hardy variety ffisior?/.—Kiowa (C. I. 12133) was grown in the United States. It is resist- developed from a cross between Chiefkan ant to some races of bunt, and high yield- and Oro-Tenmarq, the latter a sister of ing in Montana mountain valleys and in Comanche, at the Kansas Agricultural some sections of the northern Great Experiment Station in cooperation with Plains. It is easily distinguished from the Division of Cereal Crops and Dis- Turkey wheat by its lax, nodding spikes. eases. The cross was made at Man- hattan in 1938 while the selection and early testing was done at the Fort Hays Branch Experiment Station, Hays. About 1,700 bushels were distributed through the Kansas Crop Improvement Association in the fall of 1950.

Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- season, midtall to tall; stem white, weak; spike awned, fusiform, middense to lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, yellowish white, midlong, narrow; shoulders want- ing to narrow, oblique; beaks 1 to 2 mm. FIGURE 79.—Distribution of Yogo wheat long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, in 1949. Estimated area, 562,186 acres. CLASSIFICATION OF WHP]AT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 123

History.—Yogo (C. I. 8033) (reg. 272) narrow, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush was produced from a cross (Minturki X small, midlong. Beloglina) X Buffum made in 1919 at Minter is winter-hardy and is moder-- the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Sta- ately resistant to stem rust and bunt. tion, Manhattan, in a winter-hardiness It has a higher test weight, higher water breeding program, in cooperation with absorption, lower carotenoid content, the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. and whiter crumb color than Minturki Head selections from bulk progenies of and Marmin. the cross grown at the Judith Basin History.—Miniç^v (C. I. 12138) was Branch Station, Moccasin, Mont., in developed by the Minnesota Agricultural 1923, resulted in Yogo. The variety was Experiment Station at St. Paul in co- first grown on farms in Montana in the operation with the Division of Cereal fall of 1932. Crops and Diseases from a cross between Distribution.—E^imated area in 1949, Minturki and Hope made in 1931 fol- 562,186 acres (fig. 79). lowed by one backcross to Minturki. MINTURKI It was designated as Minnesota No. 2713 during the testing period. The South Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station season, midtall; stem white, weak; spike cooperated in testing some of the selec- awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; tions from this cross. On the basis of glumes glabrous, yellowish white, mid- these tests Minter was named and dis- long, narrow; shoulders wanting to nar- tributed to growers in each of the two row, oblique; beaks 2 to 5 mm. long; awns States in the fall of 1948. 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, semihard, ovate to elliptical; germ small; 14,429 acres, grown in South Dakota, crease narrow, shallow to middeep; cheeks Minnesota, Montana, and Iowa. rounded; brush small, midlong. This variety is very winter-hardy and is moderately resistant to stem rust, bunt, and ñag smut. It resembles Turkey but Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- differs from Turkey principally in having eeason, midtall to tall; stem white, weak; softer kernels and in being more winter- spike awned, fusiform, middense to lax, hardy. incHned to nodding; glumes glabrous, History.—Mintmki (C. I. 6155) (reg. white, midlong, midwide; shoulders want- 139) is the result of a cross between Odessa ing to narrow, obhque to elevated; beaks and Turkey, made at the Minnesota Agri- 2 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; cultural Experiment Station, University kernels red, midlong, hard, ovate to Farm, St. Paul, in 1902. Of the many elliptical; germ small; crease midwide, selections made from the progeny of this middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, cross, two have shown sufficient value to midlong. be named and distributed by the Minne- Rehef differs from Turkey in being sota station. This selection was first taller, in having a longer and laxer spike, known as Minnesota No. 1507 but was darker glumes, shorter beaks, a slightly named Minturki in 1919 (97, pp. 17-28) longer kernel, and in being resistant to when it was first distributed. some races of bunt including dwarf bunt. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 32,591 acres, grown in Minnesota, Wis- History.—'Relief (C. I. 10082) (reg. consin, Montana, and Iowa. 274) was developed from a cross between Synonym.—Minnesota No. 1507. Hussar and a selection from Turkey (Utah No. 26) made in 1925 at the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan. The selection that resulted in EeHef was Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- made in 1928. It was tested at several season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; stations in the western United States in spike awned, fusiform, middense, in- 1932 and 1933 under the designation clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, 43e21. It showed a high degree of re- narrow; shoulders narrow, wanting; beaks sistance to the races of bunt that were narrow, acuminate, 3 to 5 mm. long; causing heavy losses in the Cache Valley awns 8 to 10 cm. long; kernels red, mid- of Utah. It also yielded well in limited long, hard, ovate; germ small; crease trials and was distributed to a few farmers 124 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE for further trial in the fall of 1932. In bunt and is also resistant to the races of 1934 the variety was named and released ordinary bunt present in the West. for general distribution (207). Wasatch was distributed for growing in Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, in the dwarf-bunt-infested areas of Utah 5,056 acres, grown in southern Idaho and of western Montana in 1942. About and Utah. 14,000 bushels of certified seed were distributed in Utah in 1944. When WASATCH dwarf bunt became prevalent in Douglas Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- County, Wash., seed of Wasatch was season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; shipped in for planting in the fall of spike awned, fusiform, lax, inclined; 1947. glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow; Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, shoulders narrow, wanting; beaks narrow, 393,788 acres (fig. 80). acuminate, 3 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, hard, CHEYENNE ovate; germ midsized to large; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- midsized, midlong. season, short to midtall; stem white, Wasatch is resistant to dwarf bunt and slender, midstrong; spike awned, oblong to most of the present known races of to fusiform, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, ordinary bunt. It is moderately winter- white, midlong, midwide; shoulders mid- hardy, has good straw, and is satisfactory wide to wide, oblique to elevated; in qualitv. beaks 2 to 5 mm. long; kernels red, mid- ffisior^.—Wasatch (C. I. 11925) was long, hard, ovate to elliptical; germ selected at the Utah Agricultural Experi- small; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks ment Station at Logan, from a cross rounding to angular; brush midsized, between Relief and Ridit, both hard red midlong. (See fig. 81, A.) winter wheats. It was carried during the This variety differs from Turkey testing period as Utah No. 122a327-l. principally in having shorter and stronger It was selected for resistance to dwarf stems, denser, and more erect spikes, wider shoulders, and shorter beaks, and in being more susceptible to stem rust. The breadbaking characteristics also are slightly different, a longer mixing time being required for Cheyenne. History.—Cheyenne (C. I. 8885) (reg. 269) is the result of a plant selected from Crimean (C. I. 1435) in 1922 at the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Lincoln. The new variety was included in plot tests at Lincoln in the fall of 1927 and distributed to farmers in 1930 as Nebraska No. 50. The seed originally distributed became mixed, and a purified seed supply was named Cheyenne and made available in 1933. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 1,940,510 acres, grown in eight States FIGURE 80.—Distribution of Wasatch wheat (fig. 82). in 1949. Estimated area, 393,788 acres. /S?/non?/m.-^Nebraska No. 50. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 125

Fttti yy: ■■.■%■ ^

\\^ \

"ÑM

ß III FIGURE 81.—A, Cheyenne and B, Turkey wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3 126 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

erine. One hundred years later their descendants, desiring further advan- tages to be obtained in America, r emigrated to the middle Great Plains and settled principally in Kansas. The greater number w^ere from the Molochna colonies in northern Taurida, but some were from the Crimea proper and others from Ekaterinoslav. The ■ 1 * .•••#*'' ... first settlements in Kansas.were made in 1873 near Newton, Halstead, and Moundridge. Each family brought over a bushel or more of Crimean wheat for seed, and from this seed was /1 grown the first crop of Kansas hard win- FIGURE 82.—Distribution of Cheyenne ter wheat. Bernard Warkentin, a wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 1,940,510 miller, who erected mills at Newton and Halstead, was chiefly instrumental in introducing the Turkey wheat, but in this pioneer movement of the Men- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- nonites two other men were associ- season, midtall; stem white, slender, ated—Christian Krehbiel, first a farm- weak; spike awned, fusiform, middense, er, but who later, in 1886, erected a inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mill at Moundridge, and C. B. Schmidt, mid wide; shoulders wanting to narrow, acting as immigration agent for the oblique; beaks 2 to 8 mm. long; awns 3 to Santa Fe Railroad. 8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, hard, ovate to elliptical; germ small; crease Crimean is the name properly used for narrow to midwide, middeep; cheeks this whole group of hard red winter rounded; brush small, midlong. (See wheats. It also has been used as a fig. 81, B.) varietal name for separate introductions. This variety is winter-hardy and The first introduction of the wheat under drought resistant. The first leaves are this name is thought to have been made narrow and of a dark-green color. by Carleton in 1900 {211, P. I. 5635) iJis^or?/.—Turkey (C. I. 1558) (reg. from Kurman-Kemelchi, Central Crimea, 143) is the name most commonly used for Russia. Many other names have been the Crimean group of hard winter wheats used for wheat similar to Turkey. grown in the United States. Many his- Kharkof, for the most part, is a wheat tories of this wheat have been written. morphologically identical with Turkey. That recorded by Carleton (36, pp. Several introductions were made which 398-399) is given here, however, as he came from a region much farther north, introduced many strains and spent much and it was therefore thought to be a time in an attempt to determine accu- much more winter-hardy wheat than rately the history of the wheat. Turkey. The Kharkof wheat was first introduced into the United States by The original home of hard winter M. A. Carleton in 1900, from Starobelsk, wheat is in the area of Russia just north and east of the Black Sea and north of Kharkof, Russia {211, P. I. 5641, C. L 1442). Two other strains (P. I. 7467, the Caucasus Mountains. The area C. I. 1583; and P. I. 7786, C. I. 2193, or includes chiefly the governments of C. I. 6206) were obtained in 1901 through Taurida (including the Crimea), Ekate- A. Boenicke, president of the Kharkof rinoslav, Kharkof, and Stavropol, and Agricultural Society. The latter of these the Don and Kuban territories. In two introductions contained a consider- that region the wheat is generally able portion of long-beaked strains more called simply winter wheat, but is similar to Beloglina than the true known locally by various names as Kharkof. A fourth lot of Kharkof Krimka (Crimean), Kharkof, Beloglina, (P. I. 9125, C. I. 2208), consisting of Ulta, Torgova, etc. * * * 450 bushels, was received in 1902 from The history of hard winter wheat [in the Starobelsk district through E. A. the United States] is closely associated Bessey. For several years these strains with the movement of Russian Men- of Kharkof wheat gave slightly better re- nonite immigrants to the middle Great Plains. These people originally went sults than the ordinary Turkey wheat of from west Prussia to southern Russia Kansas and became quite widely dis- about 1770 because of certain land tributed in that State, as well as in grants and civil privileges offered by Wyoming and Montana. In recent the Government under Empress Cath- years, however, little difference in hardi- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 127

FIGURE 83.—Distribution of Turkey wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 3,311,617 acres. ness or yield has been observed, except Turkey. It is a hardy, high-yielding in northern Wyoming and in Montana, strain, grown largely in Montana. where it still consistently yields better History.—KsiTmont (C. I. 6700) (reg. than Turkey. 244) was developed in cooperative ex- Malakof is a name under which many periments of the Montana Agricultural strains of Crimean wheat have been intro- Experiment Station and the Division of duced and grown. Wheat of this name Cereal Crops and Diseases, at the Judith is thought to have been first distributed Basin Branch Station, Moccasin. It by the Ratekin Seed Co., Shenandoah, is the result of a head selection made Iowa, in the early nineties from seed that from Kharkof (C. I. 1583) in 1911. was said to have come from Russia. Karmont was grown commercially in Distribution.—The acreage of Turkey Montana for the first time in 1921. wheat in 1949, including that grown Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, under the name Kharkof and many other 511,371 acres (fig. 84). synonyms, is shown in figure 83. Turkey is still a widely grown variety, occupying 3,311,617 acres in 1949. In 1919 it occupied 21,598,200 acres, comprising 26.93 percent of all wheat. Synonyms.—Alberta Red, Argentine, Bulgarian, Crimean, Hundred-and-One, Hungarian, Improved Turkey, Kharkof, Malakof, Minnesota Reliable, Pioneer Turkey, Red Russian, Romanella, Rus- sian, Taruanian, Theiss, Turkey Red, Turkish Red, Ulta, Zuni. FIGURE 84.—Distribution of Karmont KARMONT wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 511, 371 Description.—Karmont is similar to 260503—54 9 128 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

MONTANA NO. 36 périment Station and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. The original Description.—This variety cannot be selection was made in 1924 from a plot distinguished from Turkey and Kharkof, of Turkey (S. Dak. 144, C. I. 3684) at but it proved superior in winter hardiness Lincoln. Seed for the plot had been and yield in experiments in Montana. inoculated with bunt, and an epidemic ííísíorz/.—Montana No. 36 (C. I. 5549) of stem rust also was created in the spring. (reg. 146) is the result of a plant selected Heads were selected from plants that from Kharkof at the Montana Agricul- were free of bunt and that showed the tural Experiment Station, Bozeman, and lowest infection of rust. In succeeding distributed in the fall of 1915. years these selections were inoculated Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, with bunt, and only the resistant ones 15,952 acres, grown in Montana. were continued. Nebred (Nebraska No. 1063) was named in the fall of 1938 when NEBRASKA NO. 60 about 1,100 bushels were distributed. Description.—Nebraska No. 60 is nearly Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, identical with Turkey in all taxonomic 1,457,375 acres, grown in nine States characters but will produce heads when (fig. 85). seeded later in the spring than Turkey. SIOUX History.—Nebrsiska. No. 60 (C. I. 6250) Description.—Sioux is similar to Nebred (reg. 147) is a selection of Turkey wheat in winter hardiness, bunt resistance, yield, developed at the Nebraska Agricultural and quality. Experiment Station. It was distributed History.—^ioux (C. I. 12142) was for commercial growing in the fall of selected at the North Platte (Nebraska) 1918 because of its relatively high Substation in 1939 from a cross between yields. Cheyenne and Turkey (170). The cross Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, was made at Lincoln. Sioux was devel- 39,717 acres, grown in Nebraska, Okla- oped in experiments cooperative between homa, and Iowa. the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. It was distributed in the fall of 1951 and recommended for growing Description.—Plants of Nebred differ in central and western Nebraska. from those of Turkey in being slightly earlier, shorter, and stronger and in hav- ing a glaucous color. Nebred is resistant to the races of bunt known to be present Description.—Rio differs from Turkey in Nebraska and is winter-hardy. It is only in having slightly shorter stems and susceptible to stem and leaf rust but in being resistant to many races of bunt. seems to be able to produce a better crop History.—Uio (C. I. 10061) (reg. 275) when infected than many other varieties. is the result of a head selected from History.—Nebred (C. I. 10094) (reg. Argentine (C. I. 1569), a Crimean wheat 321) was developed in cooperative experi- obtained from the Marseille (France) ments of the Nebraska Agricultural Ex- grain exchange by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1900. The selection was made in 1920 at Moro, Oreg., in cooperative investigations be- • • •^•/ i tween the Oregon Agricultural Experi- ■ ( ment Station and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. It is resistant to many races of bunt and gives high yields of a good quality of grain. Rio was first distributed to farmers in Sherman County, Oreg., in 1931. -—liEis \ ■ Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, I^JML^ 114,948 acres, grown in Washington, . Oregon, and California. Probably much of the acreage grown as Turkey in the Pacific Northwest is really Rio.

Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- r^ ■■ season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; FIGURE 85.—Distribution of Nebred wheat spike awned, fusiform, middense, in- in 1949. Estimated area, 1,457,375 acres. clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 19 49 129

III ^ff B

FIGURE 86.—A, Temnarq and B, Blackhiill wheats; Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 130 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE narrow to midwide; shoulders narrow, kernels red, short to midlong, hard, wanting; beaks narrow, acuminate, 5 ovate; germ small to midsized; crease to 8 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded to kernels red, midlong, hard, ovate; germ angular; brush midsized, midlong. (See midsized; crease midwide, middeep; fig. 86 A.) cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong. Tenmarq differs from Kanred in being Reliant has some resistance to leaf earlier and less winter-hardy and in rust. Its milling and breadbaking quality having stronger stems and shorter kernels, is poor. as well as resistance to some races of History.—'ReWsint (C. I. 12144) was stem and leaf rust. selected ifrom a cross Kanred X BlackhuU History.—Tenmarq (C. I. 6936) (reg. made in 1924 by Joseph Danne of El 264) was produced from a hybrid between Reno, Okla., and distributed by him Marquis and P-1066, the latter a sister in 1940. selection of Kanred made from Crimean Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, (C. I. 1435). The cross was made in 2,430 acres, grown in Oklahoma. 1917 at Manhattan, Kans., in cooperative experiments between the Kansas Agri- lOTURK cultural Experiment Station and the Description.—loturk is similar to Tur- Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. key, except for being slightly later and in Tenmarq is the result of a plant selection being resistant to some races of bunt. made in 1921. It was released for com- History.—loturk (C. I. 11388) (reg. mercial growing in 1932. 266) is a selection from Turkey made by Distrihution.—Estimated area in 1949, the Farm-Crop Section of the Iowa Agri- 2,902,645 acres (fig. 87). cultural Experiment Station, Ames. It SHERMAN was distributed for commercial growing about 1926. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Distrihution.—Estimated area in 1949, season, midtall; stem white, weak to 4,762 acres, grown in Iowa and Nebraska. midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid- dense to lax, inclined, easily shattered; TENMARQ glumes glabrous, yellowish white, mid- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- long, narrow; shoulders wanting to season, midtall; stem white, slender, narrow, oblique to square; beaks 3 to midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid- 30 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, kernels red, midlong, semihard, ovate to midlong, midwide; shoulders wanting to elliptical; germ small; crease narrow, midwide, oblique to elevated; beaks 3 to shallow; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, 30 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; midlong. Sherman differs from Turkey chiefly in having stronger stems, more easily shattered glumes, longer beaks, and «.*•* f\ softer kernels, and in being resistant to -A. some races of bunt. History.—Sherman (C. I. 4430) (reg. \ 249) was developed in cooperative ex- IT < periments between the Oregon Agri- cultural Experiment Station and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases at 7-' UJ the Sherman Branch Experiment Station at Moro. It is the result of a double r cross between Budapest X Turkey and Zimmerman X Turkey made about 1908. Í5 The selection resulting in Sherman was made in 1915 at Moccasin, Mont. It M was distributed in southern Idaho by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station } ••• ^ ^Ël in 1928. V——_ FCi/'i^Aa*,^^^ Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, r «; \^^ / v,.r^I^*'"^ 39,490 acres, grown in southern Idaho. V"~-^ ^;» .. \\ \ Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- FIGURE 87.—Distribution of Tenmarq season, midtall; stem white, weak; wheat in 1949.' Estimated area, 2,902,645 spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 131

wide; shoulders narrow, oblique to ele- UTAH KANRED vated; beaks 3 to 25 mm. long; awns 3 to 18 cm. long; kernels dark red, mid- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- long, hard, ovate to elliptical; germ season, midtall; stem white, weak; spike small; crease narrow to midwide, mid- awned, fusiform, middense to lax, nod- deep; cheeks rounded; brush small, ding; glumes glabrous, yellowish with midlong. brown stripes, midlong, narrow to mid- wide; shoulders narrow to midwide, Kanred is very similar to Turkey, but oblique to slightly elevated; beaks vari- it is slightly more winter-hardy and able, 3 to 20 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. slightly earlier and can be distinguished long; kernels red, midlong, hard, ovate from that variety by its longer beaks to elliptical; germ small; crease narrow on the outer glumes and its resistance to to midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; some races of both leaf and stem rust. brush small, midlong. It is equal to Turkey in miUing and Utah Kanred differs from Kanred in breadmaking value. having longer, laxer, and more nodding History.—Kanred (C. I. 5146) (reg. spikes, darker glumes, and more variable 149) is the product of a single head and shorter beaks, and in being less selected from Crimean (C. I. 1435), winter-hardy. which had been introduced into the History.—In experiments at the Nephi United States from Russia by the Dry-Farm Substation, Nephi, Utah, this United States Department of Agriculture. wheat proved to be a high-yielding variety The head from which it descended was and was distributed in 1922. The original one of 554 selected in 1906 by the botany source of this variety is not known. department of the Kansas Agricultural When distributed, it was thought to be Experiment Station {175), In 1911 the Kanred and, having been commercially more promising strains were included in grown as Kanred for many years, is now experiments by the agronomy department designated as Utah Kanred (C. I. 11608) of the Kansas station, and several of (reg. 302). them, including Kanred, were grown in Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, field plots. In 1916 it was discovered to 42,962 acres, grown in Utah. be rust-resistant. During these years of Synonym.—Kanred. preliminary testing it was known by the number P-762. In 1917 it was named WISCONSIN PEDIGREE NO. 2 Kanred (a contraction of Kansas Red). Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- About 4,000 acres were seeded to this season, midtall; stem faintly purple, variety in the fall of 1917. slender, weak; spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow to midwide; shoulders wanting to narrow, oblique; beaks 2 to 8 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm, ~~~^ 1 long; kernels red, midlong, semihard to s ? hard, ovate to elliptical; germ small; crease narrow to midwide, middeep; -r~~~~~il ^ cheeks rounded; brush midlong. \ Vs YM The variety differs from Turkey in sometimes having faintly purple stems and slightly softer kernels. History.—Wisconsin Pedigree No. 2 (C. I. 6683) (reg. 148) is a selection of Turkey developed by the Wisconsin Y Agricultural Experiment Station and distributed by it in 1918. ^WÇJ Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, n 615 acres, grown in Illinois. ~~V~~^ / SIBLEY 81 FIGURE 88.—Distribution of Kanred wheat Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- in 1949. Estimated area, 252,049 acres. season, midtall; stem purple, weak to midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid- dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, Distribution.—The estimated area of midlong, narrow to midwide; shoulders Kanred in 1919 was 100,300 acres and in midwide, wanting to oblique to square; 1924, 4,314,962 acres. In 1949 the beaks 2 to 25 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. estimated area was 252,049 acres (fig. 88). long, sometimes purple; kernels red, Synonym.—P-762. midlong, semihard to hard, elliptical; 132 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE germ small to midsized; crease midwide, stripes on the surface or sometimes are middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midwide, almost entirely black. middeep. The variety shatters easily. History.—Bls^ckhnW (C. I. 6251) (reg. It is resistant to some races of bunt. 142) was originated by Earl G. Clark {39), History.—Several hundred heads were of Sedgwick, Kans., as a selection from a selected from a field of Sibley at the field of Turkey. He states: Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Sta- The Clark's Black Hull wheat is a tion in 1921. In 1927 a number of wheats wonderful hardy variety of wheat that including selection 81 from Sibley were I have developed from three black tested on the farm of Earl Estil at heads found in 1912. It has proven Carrier, Okla. This selection showed up superior to all other varieties of winter well and was distributed in 1930 as wheat. Sibley 81 (C. I. 10084). Blackhull was first distributed by Mr. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Clark in the fall of 1917. A selected strain 7,000 acres, grown in Oklahoma and was distributed as Superhard Blackhull Texas. in 1925. As it usually is not possible to tell this strain from Blackhull, it is con- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- sidered a synonym of that variety. season to late, midtall to tall; stem purple Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, and white, mostly purple, weak to mid- 1,786,492 acres (fig. 89). strong; spike awned,. fusiform, middense, Synonyms.—Black Chaff, Clark's Black nodding; glumes glabrous, white, mid- Hull, Superhard, Superhard Blackhull. long, midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique to elevated; beaks 5 to 25 mm. long; awns 5 to 9 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, semihard to hard, elliptical; germ small; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. lowin differs from Turkey in being taller and later, in having longer beaks, purple stems, and slightly softer kernels, and in being moderately resistant to stem rust. History.—lowin (C. I. 10017) (reg. 267) was developed by the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. It is the result of a plant selection from Theiss wheat and was first commercially grown in 1930. The advantages of lowin are stem rust resist- ance and high yield under Iowa condi- tions. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 94,873 acres, grown in six States, the largest acreages being in Iowa and Kansas. FIGURE 89.—Distribution of Blackhull BLACKHULL wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 1,786,492 Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- acres. season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; BLUE JACKET spike awned, fusiform, middense, in- Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- clined; glumes glabrous, white, usually season, midtall; stem white, strong; spikes with black stripes, midlong, midwide; awned, fusiform, middense, erect; glumes shoulders wanting to narrow, oblique; glabrous, white with black, midlong, nar- beaks 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. row; shoulders narrow, wanting; beaks long, sometimes black; kernels red, mid- narrow, acuminate, 2 to 3 mm. long; long, semihard to hard, usually elliptical; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, mid- germ small to midsized; crease narrow, long, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease shallow; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midwide, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush midlong. (See fig. 86, B.) midsized, midlong. Blackhull is a few days earlier than Blue Jacket is about a day earlier, has Turkey and has a softer kernel. It is dis- stiffer straw, and is slightly taller than tinctly less hardy than Turkey. Except Blackhull. It also develops a more in- under certain unfavorable weather condi- tense black coloring in the glumes. It tions, the glumes of Blackhull have black has a higher test weight than Blackhull. CLASSIFICATION OF "WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 133

Its baking quality is fair, being between Approximately 1,000 bushels of seed were Early Blackhull and Blackhull. sold by Mr. Blackburn in the fall of 1949. History.—Blue Jacket (C. I. 12502) was selected from a field of Superhard SPINKCOTA Blackhull by Earl G. Clark, farmer-wheat breeder, of Sedgwick, Kans. It was first Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- distributed in 1946. Limited tests on season, tall; stem white, midstrong; Clark's 40-H-lO. called ^'Improved Blue spike awned, fusiform, very lax, inclined; Jacket," indicate that it has somewhat glumes glabrous, white, long, narrow; better quality than the original strain. shoulders narrow, wanting to square; Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm. long; 124,015 acres, grown in Kansas, Okla- awns 3 to 6 cm. long; kernels red, mid- homa, Texas, New Mexico, and Iowa. long, hard, elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush small, short. Spinkcota has a long lax speltoid type Description.—Plant winter habit, late, of head, especially during the early tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned, heading sfcage. It is susceptible to the fusiform, lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, rusts. This variety has poor bread- white, midlong, narrow to midwide; making properties. shoulders narrow to wanting; beaks nar- History.—Spinkcota (C. I. 12375) was row, acuminate, 2 to 3 mm. long; awns developed by T. G. Overly of Redfield, 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, S. Dak., and distributed by him in 1944. semihard to hard, ovate to elliptical, back The parentage is reported as (Preston flat to swayed; germ midsized; crease sel. X red durum) X Preston sel. narrow, middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, short to midlong. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Orienta is a day or two earlier than 15,197 acres, grown in South Dakota Turkey and has some resistance to leaf and Minnesota, rust. It has a short dough-mixing time and its bread-baking quality is poor. STURGEON History.—Orienta (C. I. 12522) was Description.—Plant spring habit, early developed by the farmer-wheat breeder, to midseason, short to midtall ; stem white, Joseph Danne, of El Reno, Okla. Its midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid- parentage has not been divulged by its dense to lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, originator. It was designated as C 29- white, midlong, narrow; shoulders narrow, 5-12 until 1948, when it was named rounded to elevated; beaks 1 to 3 mm. Orienta and released for commercial long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, growing. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, short, semihard to hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; 810 acres, grown in Oklahoma. cheeks rounded; brush small to mid- sized, midlong. STAFFORD Sturgeon is resistant to powdery Description.—Plant winter habit, late, mildew. tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned, History.—Sturgeon (C. I. 11703) (reg. fusiform, lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, 278) was produced by the Wisconsin white, midlong to long, midwide; shoul- Agricultural Experiment Station (Penin- ders wanting to oblique; beaks midwide, sular Branch) at Sturgeon Bay, Wis. acuminate, 2 to 3 mm. long; awns 3 to It is the result of a cross between Progress 8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong to long, and Marquis made in 1924. The plant semihard, ovate to elliptical; germ mid- selection that resulted in Sturgeon was sized to large; crease midwide, middeep; made in 1927, It was included in field cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. plots in 1931 and was distributed for Stafford has some resistance to stem commercial growing in 1934. rust and a good test weight. Its bread- Sturgeon was distributed to replace baking quality is questionable. It has a Progress, which makes flour of poor very short mixing time and is low in water breadbaking quality. Sturgeon kernels absorption and in loaf volume. more nearly resemble those of Marquis History.—StsiñoTd (C. I. 12706) re- than those of the Progress parent. Flour sulted from a single plant selected from from Sturgeon is superior to that from a field of Blackhull wheat by S. E. Black- Progress, but does not equal that from burn, of Stafford County, Kans. The Marquis in quality for bread. single plant appeared not to be affected Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, by rust, while the rest of the field was 1,071 acres, grown in Minnesota and heavily infested and was badly lodged. Wisconsin. 134 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE.

B

FIGURE 90.—^, Ceres and B,^Henry wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 135

KOMAR inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid- long, midwide; shoulders midwide, Description.—Komar differs from Ceres rounded to elevated; beaks 2 to 10 mm. in having shorter beaks (1 to 3 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, long), weaker stems, slightly greater midlong, hard, ovate; germ small; crease resistance to stem rust, and slightly midwide, shallow to middeep; cheeks harder kernels. usually angular; brush midsized, short. History.—KomsiT (C. I. 8004) (reg. (See fig. 90, A.) 270) was produced (221) from the same Ceres is moderately resistant to some cross between Marquis and Kota from races of stem rust and to drought. which Ceres was selected. The cross was History.—Ceres (C. I. 6900) (reg. 241) made in 1918 at the North Dakota was developed (221) at the North Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo. Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station The selection designated as 1656.84, from a cross between Marquis and Kota which resulted in Komar, was made in made in 1918. It was distributed in 1923. North Dakota in 1926 and was widely Komar was distributed by the Iowa grown because of its resistance to stem Agricultural Experiment Station in 1930 rust and drought, early maturity, high and by the Colorado Agricultural Ex- yield, and good quality. It is, however, periment Station in 1931, but it is no susceptible to bunt and loose smut. longer recommended in Colorado be- When races of stem rust to which Ceres cause of its grain quality, which is was susceptible became prevalent, be- objectionable to the grain trade. ginning about 1935, the acreage of Ceres Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, was rapidly replaced by Thatcher. 59,991 acres, grown in six States, the Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, largest acreage being in Idaho. 1,184,625 acres (fig. 91). Synonyms.—No. 1656, N. D. Ns. No. 1656.84. ___^___ Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- season, midtall; stem white, midstrong ** . \ to strong; spike awned, fusiform, mid- dense, erect to inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar- row, elevated; beaks midwide, acute, *■ V 5 to 10 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, short to midlong, hard, •sjM « ovate to elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. Canus is resistant to foot rots and to bunt or stinking smut, but it is sus- —..'{'''-1 ceptible to rusts. It is among the spring wheat varieties more resistant to low temperatures in the seedling stage. It has satisfactory milling and breadmaking ■ properties. —-—, History.—CsLUUs (C. I. 11637) (C. A. N. 1260) was developed from a cross between ^^=-=7~ Marquis and Kanred made in 1918. FIGURE 91.—Distribution of Ceres wheat in Selections made at the University of 1949. Estimated area, 1,184,625 acres. Minnesota were taken to Canada and a further selection that resulted in Canus was made at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, in 1929 (150). It was Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- named and distributed in that province season, tall; stem white, weak; spike in 1934. It was brought from Alberta awned, fusiform, lax, inclined; glumes into Montana about 1940. glabrous, white, midlong to long, narrow to midwide; shoulders wanting; beaks Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, narrow, acuminate, 5 to 20 mm. long; 13,104 acres in Montana. awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, mid- long, hard, ovate; germ small; crease narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- small, midlong. season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; Vesta is resistant to stem rust (except spike awned, fusiform, middense, erect to race 15B) but is susceptible to leaf rust. 136 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

It is resistant to shattering but has weak middense, erect to inclined, very resistant straw. Its breadbaking quahty is ac- to shattering; glumes glabrous, white, ceptable but is not equal to that of the midlong, midwide to wide ; shoulders mid- better hard red spring varieties. wide, rounded to elevated; beaks 2 to 10 History.—Vesta (C. I. 11712) was de- mm. long; awns 2 to 6 cm. long; kernels veloped by the North Dakota Agricul- red, midlong, hard, ovate; germ small; tural Experiment Station in cooperation crease wide, middeep; cheeks angular; with the Division of Cereal Crops and brush large, long. Diseases from a cross between Ceres and Under field conditions in the United a selection from a Hope-Florence cross States Hope is nearly immune from stem made in 1929 (222). It was designated rust (except race 15B), flag smut, and as Ns. 2592 during the testing period and loose smut, and is resistant to some races was first included in the Uniform Re- of leaf rust and powdery mildew. From gional Hard Red Spring Wheat Nursery in spring seeding it also is very resistant to 1935. It was distributed in North Da- bunt. It is susceptible to frost and kota in 1942. heat injury and to the black chaff disease. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, History.—Hope (C. I. 8178) (reg. 240) 106,062 acres, grown in North Dakota, was developed by E. S. McFadden (138) Montana, South Dakota, and Minnesota. from a cross made in 1916 between Yaroslav emmer and Marquis wheat. The cross was made at Brookings, S. Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- Dak., while Mr. McFadden was employed season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong; by the South Dakota Agricultural Experi- spike awned, fusiform, lax, inclined; ment Station. Because of the wide glumes glabrous, white, midlong, narrow; cross, much sterility and shriveled grain shoulders narrow, wanting to oblique; were encountered in the early generations. beaks narrow, acuminate, 1 to 5 mm. Mechanical separation was employed, and long; awns 5 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, only the plumpest grain saved. For midlong to long, semihard to hard, ovate; several years the hybrid material was germ small to midsized; crease midwide, carried in bulk at the Highmore Sub- middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid- station, Highmore, S. Dak., where Mr. sized, midlong. (See fig. 90, B.) McFadden was conducting experiments Henry is resistant to stem rust (except in cooperation with the Division of Cereal race 15B), bunt, and is moderately resist- Crops and Diseases. However, the selec- ant to leaf rust but is moderately sus- tion that resulted in Hope was made in ceptible to loose smut. It is about 3 1923 by Mr. McFadden on his farm near days later than Thatcher and is a high- Webster, S. Dak., where it was increased yielding variety. The variety sometimes and distributed in 1927. Hope was the shows the false black chaff or brown first variety of hard red spring wheat to necrosis often encountered in Hope de- have the stem-rust reaction of emmer rivatives. Because of its soft-wheat and has been used widely as a parent in characteristics, it must be specially breeding to transfer this reaction to other handled to obtain satisfactory milling varieties of hard red spring wheat. and baking results. When specially Distribution.—Not reported grown in handled it produces bread of good loaf 1949. volume and texture. History.—Henry (C. I. 12265) was developed by the Wisconsin Agricultural Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- Experiment Station in cooperation with season, midtall; leaves pubescent; stem the Division of Cereal Crops and Dis- purple, weak; spike awned, fusiform, mid- eases from a cross made in 1933 between dense to lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, a selection from Illinois 1 X Hope and a white, midlong, midwide; shoulders mid- selection from Webster X Resaca. It wide, rounded to elevated; beaks 2 to 8 was designated as H157a-4-12-8 during mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels the testing period and was released to red, midlong, hard, ovate; germ small; farmers in Wisconsin in 1944. crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angular; Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 92, A.) 168,679 acres, grown in 12 States, the Pilot is resistant to stem rust (except largest acreages being in Wisconsin, race 15B) and to some races of leaf rust, bunt, and powdery mildew. It has good Minnesota, and North Dakota. milling and breadmaking quality. History.—Filot (C. I. 11428) (reg. 322) was developed by the Division of Cereal Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- Crops and Diseases and the North season, midtall; leaves pubescent; stem Dakota and other State agricultural purple, midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, experiment stations cooperating in the CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 137

i 1 I; d ^F V ß fi

FIGURE 92.—A, Pilot and B, Rival wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 138 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Regional Hard Red Spring-Wheat Im- experiments of the North Dakota Agri- provement Program. It is the result of a cultural Experiment Station and the Divi- cross between Hope and Ceres made at sion of Cereal Crops and Diseases. Strain Mandan, N. Dak., in 1926. The selection 9.54.2.13, given as Ns. No. 2634, was one (N. No. 1098) was made in F3 in 1928. of the best of many selections tested from Reselections were made in 1933 at Lang- this cross and named Rival. About 725 don,vN. Dak. Eighty of the 100 head bushels were distributed in the spring of selections grown in 1934 were composited 1939. for increase as N. No. 1098A. Nine of Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, the stem-rust-resistant, high-yielding 2,930,903 acres (fig. 94). selections grown during the rust epidemics of 1935 were composited for increase as N. No. 1098B. Approximately 1,500 bushels of seed of a bulk of N. No. 1098 and N. No. 1098A and 80 bushels of N. No. 1098B were distributed in North Dakota for seeding in 1939. Selection N. No. 1098-13 (C. I. 11945), pure for resistance to leaf rust and mildew, was distributed about 1941 to replace the original variety. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 570,675 acres (fig. 93).

-—^—-^~-___ FIGURE 94.—Distribution of Rival wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 2,930,903 acres.

Mida Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong to strong; spike awned, fusiform, lax to "I %C!c middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, '""^ white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar- row, elevated; beaks narrow, acuminate, \ 5 to 15 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, midlong to long, hard, ovate; 1 germ midsized to large; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid- sized, midlong. (See fig. 95, A.) J -^ Mida sometimes has blackish awns, FIGURE 93.—Distribution of Pilot wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 570,675 acres. strong straw, large kernels, and high test weight. It is resistant to stem rust (except race 15B), to some races of leaf rust, and to bunt. It is susceptible to Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- loose smut and shattering. Its quality season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong; for breadbaking is good. leaves pubescent; spike awned, fusiform, History.—Midsi (C. I. 12008) (reg. 338) middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, was developed by the North Dakota Agri- white, midlong, midwide; shoulders mid- cultural Experiment Station in coopera- wide, rounded to elevated; beaks 5 to 20 tion with the Division of Cereal Crops mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels and Diseases from a cross between Mer- red, midlong, hard, ovate; germ midsized; cury and Ceres-Double Cross (R. L. 625) crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angular; {223). Mercury was developed at the brush midsized to large, midlong. (See North Dakota Agricultural Experiment fig. 92, B.) Station from a cross between Ceres and Rival is resistant to stem rust (except a selection from Hope-Florence. Double race 15B) and to some races of leaf rust Cross was a selection from the Marquis- and to several races of bunt. It has good lumillo X Marquis-Kanred hybrid from quality but is somewhat susceptible to which Thatcher was selected. The cross shattering and to sprouting during a wet that resulted in Mida was made in the harvest. greenhouse at Fargo in December 1933. History.—mval (C. I. 11708) (reg. 329) An F5 selection Ns. No. 2829 made in is a selection from a cross made in 1929 1936 was named Mida in 1944 and 15,000 between Ceres and a Hope X Florence bushels distributed to farmers in North hybrid. It was developed in cooperative Dakota in that year. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 139

6

0

HI« •##

FIGURE 95.—A, Mida and B, Lee wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 140 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Crops and Diseases from a cross between Hope and Timstein made in 1939. The

■■"^ Timstein parent is a leaf- and stem-rust- / resistant selection from a cross between 7\ timopheevi and Steinwedel made by J. T. Pridham of New South Wales, u^-Y—■- —i-' JBr^B H|st.... Australia, and was brought to this (, country by S. L. Macindoe, his associate. Lee was named in 1950 and distributed ^'• in the spring of 1951. It was licensed ~~i in Canada in 1950. \ FIGURE 96.—Distribution of Mida wheat in Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- 1949. Estimated area, 5,554,156 acres. season, midtall to tall; stem purple, mid- strong to strong; spike awned, fusiform, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, 5,554,156 acres (fig. 96). white, long, wide; shoulders midwide, oblique to square; beaks 1 to 2 mm. long; awns 3 to 9 cm. long; kernels red, long, ¡soft, ovate to elliptical, slightly humped; Description.—Premier is very similar germ midsized; crease midwide, deep, to Mida except in being resistant to pitted; cheeks rounded to angular; loose smut and in being somewhat less brush midsized, midlong. susceptible to shattering and less desir- Nigger differs from Rudy chiefly in able in breadbaking quality. having shorter beaks. History,—Premier (C. I. 11940) (Ns. History.—mgger (C. I. 5366) (reg. 157) 2772) was developed at the North Dakota wheat is ''said to have been first dis- Agricultural Experiment Station from tributed from the farm of a colored man the same cross as Mida. A 2-pound in Darke County, Ohio" (103, p. 4). sample of Ns. 2772 was sent from Fargo It was grown in experiments by the to El Centro, Calif., in the fall of 1937, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station as and the seed was returned to North early as 1884. Dakota to plant 7 acres in 1938. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 116,191 acres, grown in six States. 165,614 acres, grown in North Dakota, Synonym.—Winter King. Minnesota, Montana, and Idaho.

Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Description.—Plant spring habit, early, season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong short; stem white, midstrong; spike to strong; spike awned, fusiform, mid- awned, oblong to fusiform, middense, dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, long, midwide; shoulders wanting to midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique; narrow, rounded to square; beaks 1 to 3 beaks 5 to 15 mm. long; awns 2 to 6 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels cm. long; kernels red, midlong, hard, red, midlong to long, soft, elliptical; ovate; germ midsized to large; crease germ midsized; crease midwide, deep; midwide, middeep; cheeks angular; brush cheeks angular; brush midsized, long. midsized, midlong. (See fig. 95, B.) History.—^abob (C. I. 8869) (reg. Lee is resistant to leaf rust and to 262) was developed at the Ohio Agri- the races of stem rust present in North cultural Experiment Station. It is the America except race 15B. It is sus- result of a selection from Nigger made in ceptible to loose smut, bunt, scab, mildew, 1918. It was distributed for commercial and bacterial black chaff. It is the first growing in 1928. commercial variety resistant under field Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, conditions to the races of leaf rust now 681 acres, grown in Ohio. prevalent in the spring-wheat region. The grain of Lee is slightly higher in test weight than Thatcher. It has a high protein content and good milling Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- and breadbaking properties. season to late, midtall to tall; stem purple, History.—Lee (C. I. 12488) (Minn. midstrong; spike awned, linear-fusiform, 2776) was developed at the Minnesota lax, inclined to nodding; glumes glabrous, Agricultural Experiment Station in co- yellowish white with black-striped mar- operation with the Division of Cereal gins, midlong, wide; shoulders midwide, CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN EST 1949 141 usually oblique; beaks 1 to 5 mm. long; to 6 cm. long; kernels white, midlong, awns 3 to 8 cm, long; kernels red, long, hard, ovate, humped; germ midsized; soft, usually elliptical; germ small; crease midwide, shallow; cheeks angular; crease wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. brush midsized, midlong. Sevier is not pure as commercially Rudy is distinct in having long, soft grown. It is very distinct and peculiar, kernels and black stripes on the glumes. as it represents an almost intermediate History.—The origin of Rudy (C. I. form between common and durum wheat, 4873) (reg. 155) has been recorded by and for that reason it also somewhat re- Carleton {35^ p. 65) as follows: sembles poulard wheat. It has the One of the best of the more recently laterally compressed spike, sharply keeled produced varieties is the Rudy, which glumes, and large hard kernels of durum was originated at Troy, Ohio, in 1871, and the short, hollow stem, short awns, by M. Rudy, through a careful prop- and midlong brush of common wheat. agation of the seed from a superior History.—The origin of Sevier (C. I. and distinct stool of wheat found in a 6247) (reg. 168) is undetermined. It may large field. be the result of a natural field hybrid between common and durum wheat. It Rudy wheat was not included in the was first recorded as commercially grown varietal experiments of the Ohio Agri- in Utah by Stewart {199, p. 885) in the cultural Experiment Station until 1892. summer of 1918 and first listed as Ku- Distribution,—Estimated area in 1949, banka durum wheat. It was found not 163,777 acres, grown in Indiana, Illinois, to be Kubanka and was also determined and Ohio. to be more nearly a common than a Synonym.—Black Mediterranean. durum wheat. As the variety had been grown in Sevier County, Utah, for 25 REQUA years or more, it was named Sevier by Stewart {198, p. 25). Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, season, midtall; stems purple and white, 1,002 acres, grown in Utah. very weak; spike awned, oblong-fusiform, lax, nodding; glumes glabrous, brown, long, narrow to midwide; shoulders nar- row, rounded to oblique; beaks 2 to 10 Description.—Plant winter habit, early mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels to midseason, midtall; stem faintly white, midlong, soft, ovate to elliptical; purple, strong; spike awned, fusiform, germ small; crease narrow, middeep; middense, inclined, easily shattered; cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong. glumes glabrous, brown, midlong to long, History.—Requa (C. I. 11554) was midwide; shoulders narrow, usually developed from heads selected in 1926 oblique; beaks 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 2 from a field of Turkey by E. Requa, a to 7 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, farmer living near Pomeroy, Wash. The ovate; germ midsized to large; crease original increase that was distributed midwide, middeep to deep, sometimes about 1931 consisted of a mixture of pitted; cheeks usually rounded; brush red and white kernels. Mr. Requa midsized, midlong. selected, increased, and distributed a History.—Goens (C. I. 4857) (reg. 172), white-grain type about 1935. Char- under the names ''Red Chaff" and "Red acteristics of the selection and the fact Chaff Bearded," has long been known in that Mr. Requa grew Goldcoin in the the United States. According to Klip- hay strip around his fields suggest that part {124, V' ^^39), this wheat was "culti- Requa was from a natural cross between vated in Clermont county [Ohio] for up- Turkey and Goldcoin. ward of 50 years." In his report, which Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, was written in 1857, he further states 112,060 acres, grown in Washington, that the origin of the name Goens is Oregon, and Idaho. undetermined. It "was introduced into Muskingum County [Ohio] by John Dent, in 1808." The Red Chaff wheat men- Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- tioned above, however, may be only the season, midtall; stem white, slender, weak Mediterranean variety, as Goens has to midstrong; spike awned, somewhat been said to be a cross between Mediter- laterally compressed, oblong, dense, erect ranean and Gipsy made by a man named to inclined; glumes glabrous, light brown, Goens in Ohio and afterward developed midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide, by his son. Concerning the introduction oblique; beaks 1 to 3 mm. long; awns 2 of the variety into Shelby County, Ind., 142 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

l^pl A B

FIGURE 97.—A, Goens and B, Mediterranean wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 143

Russell G. East, county agent, Shelby- midlong, narrow to midwide; shoulders ville, Ind., has written as followsi^^ narrow to midwide, rounded to elevated; beaks 2 to 10 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. Answering your inquiry regarding long; kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ Shelby Red Chaff wheat. The year midsized; crease midwide, middeep; brush 1887 a man named Hall, living at midsized, midlong. Fountaintown, in this county, pur- lobred is moderately resistant to leaf chased a carload of wheat in Paulding and stem rust, but is susceptible to County, Ohio. From this start this shattering. variety has become the common vari- History.—lohred (C. I. 6934) (reg. 236) ety grown throughout the county and was produced at the Iowa Agricultural has been known locally as Hall, Red Experiment Station, Ames, in cooperation Hall, Red Chaff, and Red Chaff with the Division of Cereal Crops and Bearded. Diseases. It is a selection of Banat (Iowa Distribution,—Estimated area in 1949, No. 1661) made in 1915. It was first 110,470 acres, grown in Ohio, Indiana, distributed for commercial growing in Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky. 1923. Synonyms.—Baldwin, Cummings, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Dunlap, Early Red, Early Ripe, Going, 68,427 acres, grown in seven States, the Hall, Owen, Red Chaff, Red Chaff largest acreages being in Kansas, Iowa, Bearded, Red Hau, Red Rudy, Shelby and Nebraska. Red Chaff. Synonyms.—Hyhred, Iowa Bred, Red PRAIRIE Russian. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- season, midtall; stem white, strong; spike Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, narrow spike awned, fusiform, middense, in- to midwide; shoulders narrow to wanting; clined; glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, beaks narrow, 5 to 8 mm. long; awns 5 to midwide; shoulders wanting to oblique; 10 cm. long; kernels red, short to midlong, beaks 8 to 15 mm. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid- long; kernels red, short to midlong, hard, wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, midsized, midlong. middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, Prairie is resistant to mosaic and mod- midlong. erately resistant to stem rust but is sus- lohardi is more winter-hardy than ceptible to loose smut. It is winter- lobred and has the stiff straw and stem- hardy and has good straw and good soft- rust resistance of that parent. It is simi- wheat quahty. lar to Turkey in date of maturity. It History.—Vrsiirie (C. I. 12371) was gives good yields and has a good test developed from one of 250 mosaic- weight and acceptable milling and bread- resistant plants selected in 1935 from a baking quality. field of lUinois No. 2 on the farm of History.—lohardi (C. I. 12510) was Ralph Allen, Delavan, 111. The selection developed at the Iowa Agricultural Ex- that resulted in Prairie was designated as periment Station in cooperation with the D47. In 1940, 400 head rows from 1)47 Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases were grown and found to differ in resist- from a cross made in 1935 between ance to stem rust, strength of straw, and lobred and Minhardi (30). During the other characters. Seven outstanding testing period it was designated as strains were bulked for planting in the I-M516. It was distributed in the fall fall of 1942, and foundation seed increased of 1948. from these was distributed in the fall of Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 1943 (23). 449 acres, grown in Iowa. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 44,945 acres, grown in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. lOBRED Description.—Plant winter habit, early to midseason, short to midtall; stem white Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- and purple, weak; spike awned, fusiform, season to late, midtall to tall; stem white, middense, inclined to nodding; glumes midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid- glabrous, yellowish brown, midlong, nar- dense, erect to inclined, easily shattered; row; shoulders wanting to rounded; glumes glabrous, brown, sometimes black, beaks 1 to 5 mm. long; awns 3 to 6 cm. long; kernels red, midlong, hard, ellip- 13 Correspondence of the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. March 1, 1922. tical; germ midsized; crease midwide, 260503—54 10 144 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE shallow to middeep; cheeks rounded; wheat. The predominating type is awned brush midsized, midlong. and has brown glumes with black stripes. Brill is somewhat resistant to yellow History.—Redhull (C. I. 11534) (reg. berry, scab, leaf rust, stem rust, flag 304) is reported to have been developed smut, and winter injury. It is susceptible from a brown-glumed selection from a to mosaic. field of Blackhull at Haven, Kans., by History.—Brill (C. I. 11853) was the F. E. Tonn in 1921.i* Seed was increased best of 6,000 selections made from and sold by R. M. Woodruff, of Pratt, Turkey in 1922 in cooperative investiga- Kans. tions between the Illinois Agricultural Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Experiment Station and the Division of 15,285 acres, grown in Oklahoma, Colo- Cereal Crops and Diseases at Urbana. rado, and Wyoming. The selections were made as part of a Synonyms.—Bartels Best, Bronze Tur- search for strains resistant to scab. key, Cleathers Red, Conoway, Ironclad Brill was designated as Illinois No. 131 Blackhull, Nick Special, Red Chaff, Rupp. until it was named and distributed in the fall of 1936. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Description.—Dentón differs from Med- 71,396 acres, grown in nine States, the iterranean principally in having white largest acreage being in Illinois. stems. It is taller, has stiff er stems and RED JACKET a denser spike, and is resistant to some races of leaf rust. Description.—Red Jacket is similar to History.—Benton (C. I. 8265) (reg. Blue Jacket, except that its glumes are 255) was developed (132) by the Texas brown with black instead of white with Agricultural Experiment Station at Sub- the black. Limited tests indicate that station No. 6, from a plant selected from its breadbaking quality is poor compared Mediterranean in 1918. The variety was with fair or acceptable for Blue Jacket. distributed for commercial growing in It is low in water absorption and short 1926. in doughmixing time. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, History.—lied Jacket (C. I. 12713) was 2,100 acres, grown in Colorado, Texas, developed by the farmer-wheat breeder, and Oklahoma. E. G. Clark of Sedgwick, Kans., as Clark sel. 44-13. It was distributed by him MEDITERRANEAN in 1950. Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- REDHULL season, tall; stem purple, weak to mid- Description.—As commercially grown, 1* Woodruff, R. M., 23-page pamphlet on wheat Redhull is a mixed type of hard red winter varieties. No date. Pratt, Kans.

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FIGURE 98.—Distribution of Mediterranean wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 252,145 acres. CLASSIFICATION OP WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 145 strong, coarse; spike awned, fusiform, experiment station to as many farmers, middense to lax, erect to inclined, easily 1 bushel being furnished each farmer shattered; glumes glabrous, brown, long, {195). midwide; shoulders wanting to narrow, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, rounded to oblique; beaks 1 to 8 mm. 14,266 acres, grown in Michigan. long; awns 3 to 8 cm. long; kernels red, long, soft, elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; Description.—Plant intermediate habit, brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 97, midseason to late, tall; stem white, B.) midstrong; spike awned, fusiform, mid- History.—Reference to the Mediterra- dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, brown, nean (C. I. 5303) (reg. 180) variety in midlong, narrow to midwide; shoulders American literature begins in 1842, when wanting to narrow; beaks narrow, acu- the variety was widely grown, with the minate, 5 to 8 mm. long; awns 5 to 8 cm. statement that it had been introduced long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; some years before. One writer says {92, germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; p. 228) it was introduced into Maryland cheeks rounded; brush midsized to large, from the Mediterranean Sea region in midlong. 1837. In 1863 it was recorded {136, p. Austin is resistant to many races of 501) that it was introduced in 1819 from stem rust and loose smut and to some Genoa, Italy, by John Gordon, of Wil- races of leaf rust. It has a semi-erect- mington, Del. It came into prominence growth habit and is not winter-hardy in New York between 1845 and 1855, north of Texas. It is similar to Medi- from which time its culture spread rapidly terranean in quality. westward. Its early popularity appar- History.—ku^iin (C. I. 12346) (reg. ently was gained because it was more 342) was developed from a cross between resistant to hessian fly damage than other Mediterranean and Hope made in 1928 varieties. It was found also to be several at the Texas Agricultural Experiment days earlier than the winter wheats com- Station at College Station, in cooperation monly grown at that time, such as Blue- with the Division of Cereal Crops and stem, Red Bluestem, and Golden Straw. Diseases. Bulk hybrid populations were It was called rust resistant and was rec- grown at Texas substations for several ommended as being a high yielder of generations and at the Kansas and especially heavy grain and adapted to Nebraska stations in 1934 and 1935 in poorer soils than most varieties. White order to ehminate the more winter- wheats being the standard, it was vigor- tender types before selections were made. ously criticized, especially by millers be- A selection, designated as 41-16-3-3 cause its red kernels yielded a dark flour during the testing period, was named and because of the thickness of the bran. Austin and distributed to Texas wheat This disapproval persisted for at least 25 growers in 1942. It reached its largest years, but after the introduction of roller acreage in 1946 when an estimated 750,000 mills it became recognized as a good milling wheat. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 252,145 acres (fig. 98). Synonyms.—Acme, Bluestem, Farmers Trust, Key's ProUfic, Lancaster Red, Lehigh, Miller, Missouri Bluestem, Mort- gage Lifter, Red Chaff, Red Mediterra- nean, Red Sea, Red Top, Standby, Swamp. RED ROCK Description.—Red Rock is similar to Mediterranean except for having stronger stems; a shghtly longer, wider, and laxer spike; and a harder kernel with a wider and deeper crease. It is resistant to flag smut. History.—RQá Rock (C. I. 5597) (reg. 181) was originated at the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station from an individual kernel picked out of a white wheat called Plymouth Rock. The selection was first sown in the fall of 1908. FIGURE 99.—^Distribution of Austin wheat In 1914, 60 bushels were sent out by the in 1949. Estimated area, 218,211 acres. 146 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

acres were grown. It was recommended that they were not harvested. Beginning for growing in the area south of Dallas with the summer crop of 1952, Kentana and Fort Worth, Tex. Its value in the constituted a major part of the wheat control of the rusts has decreased since crop in Mexico and should greatly re- the appearance of new races to which duce the amount of inoculum of race 15B it is susceptible. that may overwinter in Mexico and Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, southern Texas. This will greatly reduce 218,211 acres, grown in Texas and the danger of epidemics of race 15B in Oklahoma (fig. 99). the wheat-growing areas of the United States and Canada. Kentana was estimated grown on Description.—Plant spring habit, early 40,000 acres in Mexico in the winter to midseason, midtall; stem white, mid- crop of 1951-52. A few bushels were strong to strong; spike awned, fusiform to brought to southern Texas and planted oblong, middense, inclined; glumes gla- in the fall of 1951. brous, brown, long, midwide; shoulder narrow, wanting to elevated; beak nar- SUPREMO row, acuminate, 3 mm. long; kernels red, Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- midlong, soft to semihard, ovate to season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, spike awned, fusiform to oblong, mid- middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid- dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, brown, sized, midlong. midlong to long, midwide; shoulders Kentana is a high-yielding variety in wanting to narrow; beaks narrow, acumi- Mexico, especially from fall seeding. nate, 3 to 5 mm. long; awns 2 to 6 cm. It is highly resistant to the races of stem long; kernels red, midlong to long, soft to rust prevalent in the Western Hemisphere, semihard, elliptical; germ midsized; crease including race 15B, and is moderately midwide, middeep; cheeks angular; brush resistant to stripe rust, but is sus- midsized, midlong. ceptible to leaf rust. It is a true spring Supremo is very resistant to stem rust variety and is not winter-hardy. (except race 15B), leaf rust, stripe rust, History.—Kentana was developed in and loose smut. It has produced well in the wheat-improvement program of the central and northern Mexico and in Oficina de Estudios Especiales of the southern Texas. It is not winter-hardy Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganadería of and should not be grown north of Temple, Mexico in collaboration with the Rocke- Tex. The variety is somewhat susceptible feller Foundation. It resulted from a to shattering in dry windy areas. cross between Kenya C9906, P. I. History.—Supremo (C. I. 12531) (Roca- 118896, R. F. 324, and Mentana, made at mex 211) was developed from the cross Chapingo, M'exico, in the spring of 1945. Surpresa X (Hope-Mediterranean) made By growing two generations each year and at College Station, Tex,, in 1936 in work selecting only stem-rust-resistant plants, cooperative between the Division of Fs lines pure for resistance to stem rust Cereal Crops and Diseases and the Texas were grown during the summer of 1947. Agricultural Experiment Station. The The best of these were entered in yield Rockefeller Foundation, in cooperation trials in four regional nurseries in the with the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, fall of 1947. Yield trials from both fall obtained several lines from College Sta- and spring plantings were made each tion in 1944 for testing in Mexico. year. The first field increase was made in Selection 3651-29-1 from the above cross the winter crop of 1948-49. Following was very promising and after being fur- further testing for rust reaction and ther purified was distributed in Mexico adaptation, Kentana was increased under in 1948 as Supremo (24). Fifty bushels control in the summer of 1949. It was of seed were returned to southern Texas released for seeding in commercial in- for seeding in the fall of 1949. It is esti- crease fields in the four major wheat-grow- mated that 250,000 acres were grown in ing regions of Mexico for the winter Mexico in 1950. crop of 1949-50. Thus the variety was growing on commercial increase fields in CLUB WHEAT the Fio generation just 5 years after the cross was made. The plants of club wheat may be of Kentana, grown in commercial fields in either winter or spring habit and either the sunnier of 1951, showed only tall or short. The stems usually are stiff subepidermal pustules of stem rust when and strong. The spikes usually are awn- adjacent fields of Supremo, which had less but may be awned, and are elliptical, been resistant to all races of stem rust oblong, or sometimes clávate or club- prevalent in North America except race shaped, short, usually less than 2]4 inches 15B, were so badly damaged by rust in length, very compact, and laterally CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 147 compressed. The spikelets usually con- tain five fertile florets and spread at nearly a right angle to the rachis. The kernels of club wheat are small and laterally compressed or ''pinched" be- cause of crowding in the compact spikes. Most club wheat kernels have a small, short brush and a narrow, very shallow crease. The grain may be either white or red and that of most varieties is of rather poor quality for breadmaking and is used largely for cake and pastry flours. The club wheats are distinguished from common wheats by the shorter and denser, laterally compressed spikes. The varieties of wheat grown in the eastern part of the United States often referred to as club because of having clávate spikes do not belong to this group, but are common wheats. Distribution of club wheats in the United States in 1949 is shown in figure FIGURE 100.—Distribution of club wheats 100. in 1949. Estimated area, 1,256,544 acres. KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF CLUB WHEAT la. Spike awnleted. 2a. Glumes glabrous. 3a. Glumes white. 4a. Kernels white {T. compactum humboldtii (Koern.) * StoL). Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Awnlets 1 to 5 mm. long; plant short. Stem white and purple; susceptible to Page bunt AHcel 148 Stem white. Susceptible to bunt Elgin 149 Resistant to bunt Elmar 149 Awnlets 2 to 10 mm. long; plant midtall to tall Hybrid 128_ 149 Awnlets 3 to 15 mm. long; plant midtall to tall Hymar. 149 Albit-__ 150 Spring habit. Plant short, early; spike oblong to clávate._ Poso 48 150 Plant midtall to tall, midseason; spike el- liptical to clávate Big Club 43_ 150 Kernels semihard to hard. Spring intermediate habit. Spike elliptical to oblong Hybrid 63__. 150 3b. Glumes brown. 4a. Kernels white (T. compactum rufulum (Koern.) Stol.). Kernels soft to semihard. Spring habit. Spike oblong to fusiform; glumes dark brown Jenkin 151 Spike elliptical to clávate. Glumes light brown Redchaff- 151 lb. Spike awned. 2a. Glumes glabrous. 3a. Glumes white. 4a. Kernels white {T. compactum erinaceum (Hornem.) Koern.). Kernels semihard to hard. Spring intermediate habit Utac_ 151 148 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, %Mf- -^^^^^ AND SYNONYMY OF CLUB WHEAT r VARIETIES ALICE!, Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- season, short; stem white and purple, very strong; spike awnleted, elliptical, very dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, short, narrow to midwide; shoulders k' wanting to narrow, oblique; beaks mid- wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlcts M*.ir~ wanting to few, 1 to 5 mm. long; kernels white, short, soft, ovate, irregular, humped, flattened; germ small to mid- sized; crease narrow, shallow; cheeks • rounded to angular; brush midsized, ^'V midlong. Alicel is very susceptible to bunt. History.—Ahce\ (C. I. 11700) was developed in cooperative investigations of the Division of Cereal Crops and -X_ Diseases and the Oregon Agricultural FIGURE 101.—Dislribution of Alicel and Experiment Station, from a cross between Elgin wheats in 1949. Estimated area, Goldcoin and Hybrid 128 made at the 830,096 acres.

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FIGURE 102.—A, Elgin and B, Hybrid 128 wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 149

Sherman Branch Experiment Station in humped; germ midsized; crease midwide, 1919. Selection 1998A5-1-1 made in shallow; cheeks angular; brush small, 1924 was distributed in the Grande Ronde midlong. (See fig. 102, B.) Valley in eastern Oregon in the fall of Hybrid 128 is very susceptible to bunt. 1932. History.—Hybrid 128 (C. I. 4512) (reg. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 190) was originated at the Washington 233,803 acres (fig. 101). Since Alicel Agricultural Experiment Station, Pull- and Elgin are so similar and Elgin is man. Its history has been recorded by replacing Alicel, the acreage of the two Schäfer and Gaines (178, p. 8) as follows: varieties is combined. Hybrid 128 is a cross between Jones Winter Fife and Little Club. It was originated in 1899 by Prof. W. J. Description.—Elgin is very similar to Spillman. After being selected and Alicel except in being more uniform and tested for 8 years, it was distributed in having white stems. It is a very to ranchers for further testing. productive club wheat with short, stiff Professor Spillman started his work in straw and excellent milling and soft- wheat breeding at the Washington Agri- wheat baking quality. It is very sus- cultural Experiment Station in 1899. ceptible to bunt. (See fig. 102, A.) Valuable results were obtained. Hybrid History.—Elgin (C. I. 11755), a selec- 128 being only one of the varieties that tion made from Alicel in 1932 at the resulted from the first crosses. The Pendleton Branch Experiment Station, work was hardly commenced before he Pendleton, Oreg., is more uniform in left the station, and the important task plant height and color of straw than of making the selections, testing the many Alicel and has largely replaced that strains, and distributing the new varieties variety. was left to other workers. His work with Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, wheat, however, resulted in some of the 596,293 acres, grown in four States very earliest discoveries of the funda- (fig. 101). mental principles of heredity in plant ELMAR breeding. He left Pullman in June 1902, Description.—Elmar is practically and it was not until 1909 that he published identical with Elgin in plant character- the results of his studies in hybridization istics and in yield. It has the bunt re- (193). In the same year he pubHshed sistance of Hymar, which includes that a more popular bulletin from the Wash- to dwarf bunt and to several races of ington Agricultural Experiment Station, common bunt. It is similar to Elgin in which gave some of the results of his milling behavior but slightly inferior in early experiments (194)- baking qualitv. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, History.^FAmar (C. I. 12392) was 77,899 acres, grown in Washington, developed from a cross of Hymar-Elgin Oregon, and Idaho. backcrossed twice to Elgin. The first cross was made in 1942 and the back- crosses were made in 1943 and in 1944 at Description.—Hymar is very similar Pullman, Wash. The most bunt-re- to Hybrid 128 except in having slightly sistant F3 progeny was thereafter in- more and longer awnlets and in being creased and distributed in the fall of 1949 slightly later. It is resistant to several by the Washington Agricultural Experi- races of bunt. ment Station in cooperation with the History.—nymar (C. I. 11605) (reg. United States Department of Agriculture. 314) was developed in cooperative ex- (217). Approximately 400 bushels were distributed in Washington, 50 bushels in Idaho by the Idaho Agricultural Experi- ment Station, and 50 bushels in Oregon by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. HYBRID 128 Description.—Plant winter habit, mid- season, midtall to tall; stem white, strong; spike awnleted, elliptical, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, short, wide; shoulders narrow, usually rounded; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 10 mm. long; kernels white, FiGURE 103.—Distribution of Hymar wheat short, soft, ovate to oval, irregular, in 1949. Estimated area, 269,880 acres. 150 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 108 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

periments of the Washington Agricultural rived from Martin-White Federation^ Experiment Station and the Division of X Poso^, and Poso 42 from Dawson X Cereal Crops and Diseases. It is the Poso^. Poso 44 distributed in the fall of result of a cross between Hybrid 128 and 1945 is no longer grown on a significant Martin made in 1923. The plant selec- acreage. It was a composite of 67 F3 tion that resulted in Hymar was made in lines derived from (Dawson X Poso^) X 1930. It was distributed for commercial (Hope-Baarf* X Poso^) grown in 1944. production in the fall of 1935. Poso 48 was distributed in the fall of 1948 Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, and comprises most of the Poso acreage 269,880 acres, grown in Washington, now grown. Idaho, Montana, and Oregon (fig. 103). Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 14,984 acres, grown in California and Utah. This acreage includes all strains of Poso. Description.—Albit differs from Hybrid BIG CLUB 43 128 in having slightly longer spikes, less harsh glumes, slightly longer awn- Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- lets (3 to 15 mm. long), and sometimes season, midtall to tall; stem white, strong; lighter green leaves. It is resistant to peduncle curved; spike awnleted, ellipti- some races of bunt but has a slightly cal to clávate, dense, erect; glumes gla- lower test weight and is more susceptible brous, white, midlong, midwide; shoulders to shattering than is Hybrid 128. midwide, usually rounded; beaks wide, Histonj.--Albit (C. Í. 8275) (reg. 258) obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 5 was developed by the Washington Agri- mm. long; kernels white, short, soft, cultural Experiment Station in experi- nearly oval, humped; germ small; crease ments cooperative with the Division of narrow, shallow; cheeks usually angular; Cereal Crops and Diseases, from a cross brush small, midlong. Big Club 43 is made in 1920 between Hybrid 128 and very similar to Big Club except in being White Odessa (C. I. 4655). The selection, resistant to some races of bunt, stem later named Albit, was made in 1923 and rust, and hessian fly. It has replaced released for commercial production in the Big Club and Big Club 37. fall of 1926. History.—Big Club 43 (C. I. 12244) Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, was developed in the backcrossing pro- 5,943 acres, grown in Washington, Idaho, gram of the California Agricultural and Oregon. Experiment Station at Davis in coopera- POSO 48 tion with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, and Description.—Plant spring habit, early, the Bureau of Entomology and Plant short; stem white, strong; spike awnleted, Quarantine. [(Hope X Baart ^) X Big dense, oblong to clávate; glumes glabrous, Club 2] X (Martin X Big Club 0 2 ^as white (sometimes light brown striped), crossed on (Dawson X Big Club ^) X midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide, (Martin X Big Club 7) 2, A composite rounded; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. of 144 F3 lines selected for resistance to long; awnlets few, 3 to 15 mm. long; bunt, stem rust, and hessian fly was kernels white, short, soft, ovate, humped, increased for distribution in 1944. truncate; germ midlarge to large; crease Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush 40,048 acres, grown in California and large, short. Utah. Poso 48 is resistant to several races of HYBRID 63 bunt and stem rust and is mixed for resist- ance to hessian fly but is otherwise sim- Description.—Plant spring intermedi- ilar to Poso. It has largely replaced the ate habit, midseason to late, midtall; original Poso and other improved strains stem white, strong; spike awnleted, ellip- of that variety. tical to oblong, dense, erect; glumes gla- History.—Voso 48 (C. I. 12691) was brous, white, midlong, narrow to mid- developed in the backcrossing program wide; shoulders midwide, usually rounded; of the California Agricultural Experiment beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets Station at Davis in cooperation with the few, 3 to 20 mm. long; kernels white, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, short, semihard to hard, ovate to ellipti- Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and cal, humped; germ small; crease narrow, Agricultural Engineering, and Division of shallow; cheeks rounded to angular; brush Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations, small, midlong. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- Hybrid 63 is winter-hardy and is dis- tine. It is a composite of 197 F7 lines tinguished by its rather long narrow derived from [(Hope-Baart^ X Poso^) X glumes and semihard to hard kernels. Poso 412] X Poso 42. Poso 41 was de- //¿s¿or2/.—Hybrid 63 (C. I. 4510) (reg. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 151

195) was originated at the Washington UTAC Agricultural Experiment Station. It is Description.—Plant spring intermedi- of hybrid origin, being selected from a ate habit, midseason to late, midtall to cross made by W. J. Spillman in 1899 tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned, between Turkey and Little Club. The elliptical, dense, erect to inclined; glumes variety was distributed to farmers in 1907 glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; by the Washington station. Although it shoulders narrow, wanting to oblique; is a spring wheat, it usually has been beaks 1 to 5 mm. long; awns 2 to 5 cm. grown from fall sowing. long; kernels white, midlong, semihard Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, to hard, ovate, humped; germ midsized; 242 acres, grown in Oregon. crease wide, middeep to deep; cheeks Synonym,—Turkey Hybrid. angular; brush midsized, short to midlong. JENKIN History.—\]t2iC (C. I. 10045) was de- veloped by the Utah Agricultural Experi- Description.—Plant spring habit, late, ment Station at Logan, Utah. It is the tall; stem white, strong: spike awnleted, result of a cross between Dicklow and oblong to fusiform, dense, erect; glumes Sevier made about 1923. It was dis- glabrous, brown, midlong, midwide; shoul- tributed to farmers in Utah about 1928. ders mid wide, usually rounded; beaks Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, broad, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 501 acres, grown in Utah. 2 to 10 mm. long; kernels white, short, soft, broadly ovate, humped; germ small; DURUM WHEAT crease midwide, middeep to deep, some- The plants of durum wheat are of times pitted; cheeks angular to rounded; spring habit. The peduncle is pithy, at brush small, midlong. History.—The origin of Jenkin (C. I. 5177) (reg. 198) is undetermined. It is known to have been grown in the vicinity of Wilbur, Lincoln County, Wash., about 1895 {113). By 1900 it was grown around Walla Walla, Wash., and Pendle- ton, Oreg., and during the next decade it largely replaced other varieties in those sections, being grown from both fall and spring sowing. In this area Jenkin has now largely been replaced by Federation, Rex, and Elgin. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 16,887 acres, grown in Idaho, Washing- ton, and Oregon. REDCHAFF Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- season to late, midtall; stem white, strong; spike awnleted, elliptical to clávate, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, light brown, mid- long, midwide; shoulders midwide, usually oblique; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 10 mm. long; kernels white, short, soft, ovate, humped; germ small, abrupt; crease midwide, shallow; cheeks usually angular; brush small, midlong. Redchaff differs from Jenkin in being shorter and earlier and in having a more clávate spike and lighter brown glumes. History.—The origin of Redchaff (C. I. 4241) (reg. 199) is undetermined. Ac- cording to Hunter {112), it was an im- portant variety of club wheat in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washing- ton in 1907. Distribution.—Not reported grown in 1949. Synonyms.—Oregon Red Chaff, Red FIGURE 104.—Distribution of durum wheat Chaff Club. in 1949. Estimated area, 3,579,196 acres. 152 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, tJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE least in the upper part. The spikes are is in northeastern North Dakota at the compact and laterally compressed, and present time. The area grown outside of hence are narrower when seen in a face North Dakota has been greatly reduced view. The glumes are sharply keeled, since 1920. Most of the varieties of and the lemmas are awned except in a durum wheat were introduced from few awnless forms originated by hybridiza- southern Russia and the Mediterranean tion and which are not in commercial produc- region, where, exclusive of North Amer- tion. The awns are long and coarse and are ica, the largest acreage of this class of white, yellow, brown, or black. The wheat is grown. Certain introductions, kernels are white or red and usually including Kubanka, made by the United rather long and pointed; they are very States Department of Agriculture about hard and translucent, making the white- 1900, became popular with farmers in kerneled forms appear amber-colored. the northern Great Plains and prairie The kernels always have a short brush sections, and production increased rap- and angular cheeks and are the hardest idly. The distribution of durum wheat of all known wheats. in 1949 is shown in figure 104. The The durum wheats, as already stated, durums furnish the great bulk of the are sometimes very similar to certain world's supply of wheat for the manu- poulard varieties. The spikes, however, facture of semolina, which is made into usually are much thinner, the glumes are macaroni, spaghetti, and similar prod- longer, and the kernels are longer, more ucts. The production of durum wheat slender, and usually much harder. in the United States has made possible a Durum wheat has been widely grown large macaroni industry. in the United States only since about The varieties that are commercially 1900. The durum wheat area has moved grown are distinguished by the accom- northward until the center of production panying key.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF DURUM WHEAT la. Spike awned. 2a. Glumes glabrous. 3a. Glumes white. 4a. Awns white. 5a. Kernels red {Triticum durum affine (Koern.) StoL). Page Kernels short to midlong Pentad- 152 4b. Awns black. 5a. Kernels white (amber) (T. durum leucomelan Diam.). Kernels very long Peliss _ 154 3b. Glumes yellow. 4a. Awns white. 5a. Kernels white (amber) {T. durum hordeiforme (Host.) StoL). Kernels midlong. Beaks 1 to 2 mm. long. Plant very early Nugget 154 Plant early Vernum 154 Plant late. Spike oblong to fusiform, middense Stewart-_ 155 Spike oblong, dense Carleton _. 155 Kubanka_ 156 Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long. Plant late. Spike oblong fusiform, middense. Arnautka_ 156 Mindum_. 158

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, AND SYNONYMY OF DURUM WHEAT midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique to elevated; beaks 1 to 2 mm. long; awns VARIETIES white, 5 to 15 cm. long; kernels red, short to midlong, hard, ovate, truncate tip, PENTAD (D-5) humped; germ midsized; crease midwide, shallow^; cheeks angular; brush midsized, Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- short. (See fig. 105, A). season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; Pentad is distinct from all other com- spike awned, fusiform, middense, in- mercial varieties of durum wheat grown CLASSIFICATION OP WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 153

• i , \ ' / I ( ; \

I

d

FIGURE 105.—A, Peiuad and B, Slewarl wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 154 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 10 83, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

in the United States because of its red (P. I. 5380) was introduced from Mus- kernels. The kernels are smaller, more tapha, Algiers, Algeria, by the United nearly square at the brush end and more States Department of Agriculture, in pointed at the germ end than kernels of 1900. The variety was widely dis- the other durum varieties. Prior to the tributed throughout northern Africa. development of Carleton and Stewart it According to Scofield (183, p. 38), the was the most rust-resistant variety of the original seed was obtained from a man durum wheats grown in the United States, named Pelissier, who lived near Ponts and therefore it yielded well under con- des Issers in the western part of the ditions favoring rust. Its quality is in- Province of Oran and who improved the ferior, however, to that of the amber yield of this variety by selection. In the durum varieties. It is used largely for United States the variety was first called feed. Pelissier, but the shorter and simpler History.—Fentaá (C. I. 3322) (reg. form Peliss was substituted in 1920. 209) was introduced from Russia in 1903 Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, by the North Dakota Agricultural Ex- 13,478 acres, grown in Montana and periment Station. It was distributed in South Dakota. North Dakota in 1911. Because of its Synonyms.—Black-Bearded Durum, rust resistance it gained popularity and Pelissier. has been widely grown in the spring- wheat area from late seeding. Because of its poor quality its production has been Description.—Plant spring habit, very opposed by many agencies. The name early, short to midtall; stem white, weak; Pentad was first recorded in 1920 (153, spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; P- 17). glumes glabrous, yellow, midlong, mid- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, wide; shoulders narrow, rounded; beaks 288,762 acres, grown in five States wide, acute, 1 mm. long; awns white, (fig. 106), 8 to 16 cm. long; kernels white (amber), Synonyms.—D-5, D-fife, Durum No. midlong, hard, elliptical; germ midsized; 5, I.add Durum, Red Durum. crease narrow to midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush small, midlong. Nugget is an early durum wheat of high quaUty for making macaroni prod- ucts. It is not a high-yielding durum varietv. History.—nugget (C. I. 12620) (Ld. 303) is a result of a cross between Ld. 216 and Ld. 240 developed in cooperative experiments between the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases at the Langdon and Fargo, N. Dak., stations. The Ld. 216 parent is a selection from Heiti X Stewart and Ld. 240 is a selection from Mindum X Carleton. The earliness and shortness FIGURE 106.—Distribution of Pentad wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 288,762 acres. of Nugget come from the Heiti parent. Distributed to a few durum-wheat growers by the North Dakota Agricul- tural Experiment Station in the spring of Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- 1950. season, tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned, broadly fusiform, middense, in- clined; glumes glabrous, white, long, Description.—Plant spring habit, early, wide; shoulders narrow to midwide, tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned, oblique to elevated; beaks 1 to 5 mm. oblong, middense, inclined; glumes gla- long; awns black, 6 to 18 cm. long; brous, yellow, midlong, midwide; shoul- kernels white (amber), very long, hard, ders narrow to wanting; beaks midwide, elliptical, curved, humped; germ mid- acute, 1 mm. long; awns white, 12 to 18 sized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks cm. long; kernels white (amber), midlong, angular; brush small, short. hard, elliptical; germ midsized to large; Peliss is distinct from Kubanka in crease wide, middeep; cheeks angular; having white rather than yellowish brush small, short. glumes, black awns, and very long kernels Vernum is about 2 or 3 days earlier that are somewhat curved. and has shorter, slightly weaker straw History.—Feliss (C. I. 1584) (reg. 210) than Mindum. It is resistant to leaf CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 155 rust and to stem rust except race 15B, 334) resulted from the same backcrossing which became prevalent in 1950. Its program as Carleton but from a re- quaUty is satisfactory for the making of ciprocal cross. The original cross be- macaroni. tween Mindum and Vernal emmer was History.—Vernum (C. I. 12255) was made in 1930. A selected F4 progeny was developed in a backcrossing program in- backcrossed to Mindum in 1933, from volving Mindum durum and the rust- which an F4 progeny was again back- resistant Vernal emmer at the North crossed to Mindum in 1936. An F4 Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station selection of this second backcross, or in cooperation with the Division of Cereal Mindum ^ X Vernal, grown in 1938, Crops and Diseases. It is the result of was tested as Ld. Ill and later increased backcrossing early stem-rust-resistant and named Stewart. It was developed selections four times to Mindum to at the Langdon Substation of the North recover the grain quality of Mindum. Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station It was designated as Mindum ^ X Vernal, in cooperative experiments with the Ld. 153, during the testing period and Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases was named Vernum and distributed from and was distributed in 1943 (191). the Edgeley Substation in 1947 for grow- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, ing in the southern part of the region 1,344,158 acres (fig. 107). where durum wheat is grown. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, CARLETON 13,392 acres, grown in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota. Description.—Plant spring habit, late, tall; stem white, strong; spike awned, STEWART oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, yellow, long, midwide; shoulders narrow to Description.—Plant spring habit, late, wanting, rounded; beaks wide, acute, 1 tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awned, mm. long; awns white, 10 to 18 cm. long; oblong to fusiform, middense, inclined; kernels white (amber), midlong, hard, glumes glabrous, yellow, long, midwide; elliptical; germ midsized to large; crease shoulders narrow to wanting, rounded; midwide, middeep; cheeks angular; brush beaks wide, acute, 1 mm. long; awns small, short. white, 10 to 18 cm. long; kernels white Carleton is resistant to stem rust (amber), midlong, hard, elliptical; germ (except race 15B, which became prevalent midsized; crease midwide, middeep; in 1950) and to many races of leaf rust. cheeks angular; brush small, short. It has stiff coarse straw, erect heads, and (See fig. 105, B.) is 1 or 2 days later in maturity than Stewart is resistant to stem rust Mindum. It has excellent macaroni except race 15B, which became prevalent quality, and the kernels are shorter than in 1950. It is resistant to leaf rust and those of Mindum. Its awns break off has some resistance to bunt. It is easily at maturity, causing the spikes to similar to Mindum in strength of straw have an irregular appearance. and like Mindum has excellent macaroni History.—CsLTleton (C. I. 12064) (reg. quality. It is about 1 day later than 333) resulted from a cross between Mindum and more resistant to shattering. Vernal emmer and Mindum durum back- Its awns are easily broken off at maturity, crossed twice to Mindum. The cross giving the spikes an irregular appearance. ffisíorí/.—Stewart (C. I. 12066) (reg. T '!jw.i., n [_j«^^ •'..-57 • t.X, • • r ^—^ Î 1 FIGURE 108.—Distribution of Carleton FIGURE 107.—Distribution lof Stewart wheat wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 563,762 in 1949. Estimated area, 1,344,158 acres. 156 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 10 83, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 109.—A, Kubanka and B, Mindum wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 157

Vernal X Mindum was made in 1930. A States Department of Agriculture, from selected F3 progeny was backcrossed to Uralsk Territory, Russia (^11, P. I. 5639). Mindum in 1932, from which an F4 The original seed of this introduction progeny was again backcrossed to Min- was grown under contract in New Mexico dum in 1936. An F4 progeny of this and South Dakota in 1901, and the fol- second backcross or Vernal X Mindum ^ lowing year 200 bushels of seed were grown in 1938 was increased as Ld. distrijbuted to many growers. The dis- 104 and later named Carleton. It was tribution was continued by the Depart- developed at the North Dakota Agri- ment up to 1909. Aside from the dis- cultural Experiment Station in coopera- tribution made by the United States tion with the Division of Cereal Crops Department of Agriculture, both the and Diseases and distributed in 1943 North Dakota and South Dakota Ex- (191). periment Stations distributed large quan- Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, tities to growers. 563,762 acres, grown in North Dakota, Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, Minnesota, and South Dakota (fig. 108). 280,438 acres (fig. 110). Much of the acreage reported only as durum also is KUBANKA Kubanka. Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- Synonyms.—Beloturka, Gharnovka, season, tall; stem white, midstrong; spike Pererodka, Taganrog, Yellow Gharnovka. awned, broadly oblong, very dense, in- clined to nodding; glumes glabrous, yel- ARNAUTKA lowish, midlong, wide; shoulders mid- wide, usually rounded; beaks wide, 1 to Description.—Plant spring habit, mid- 2 mm. long; awns white, 6 to 15 cm. long; season to late, tall; stem white, mid- kernels white (amber), midlong, hard, strong; spike awned, oblong to fusiform, elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, middense, nodding; glumes glabrous, shallow; cheeks angular; brush midsized, yellowish, midlong, midwide; shoulders short. (See fig. 109, A.) narrow, usually oblique; beaks wide, 1 Kubanka is more resistant to stem to 5 mm. long; awns white, 6 to 18 cm. rust than is Arnautka. It differs from long; kernels white (amber), midlong, Arnautka in having shorter, denser, and hard, elliptical; germ midsized; crease more erect spikes and shorter beaks and midwide, shallow; cheeks angular; brush kernels. It also has better quality than midsized, short. Arnautka. Arnautka differs from Kubanka in History.—Kubanka (C. I. 1440) (reg. having a longer, narrower, and laxer 215) is of Russian origin. More than a spike, which usually is more nodding dozen importations into the United when ripe. States have been made. The principal introduction of the variety was made in History.—Arnautka (C. I. 1494) (reg. 1900 by M. A. Carleton, of the United 213) was first introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1864 (167, p. 27). It was grown in 1865 with other varieties of wheat on what are now the grounds of the Department of Agriculture, near Fourteenth Street, Washington, D. C. {17, p. 3). It was distributed to several sections of the United States, but as far as known never became commercially established. The basis for the present commercial stock is thought to have been brought by early immigrants from Russia to North Da- kota {35, p. 40), where it was called Wild Goose. Distribution from this source by the Department of Agricul- ture dates from 1900, when seed (C. I. 1494) was obtained from T. N. Oium, of Lisbon, N. Dak. This seed was dis- tributed with that of Kubanka and other varieties. The variety had previously become established, however, in south- eastern North Dakota, where it early FIGURE 110.—Distribution of Kubanka proved to be well adapted. A more com- wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 280,438 plete history is given in Technical Bulle- acres. tin 459 {43), 158 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, (5) ANONYMOUS. 4,046 acres, grown in North Dakota. 1920. NEW WHEAT VARIETIES: Synonyms.—Goose, Johnson, Nicara- A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE gua, Pierson, Wild Goose. WORK OF THE STATE EX- PERIMENT STATIONS IN BREEDING AND INTRODUC- ING NEW WHEAT STRAINS. Description.—Mindiim is similar to Amer. Miller 48 (11): Arnautka, except for being slightly earlier, 1197-1198. in having slightly weaker straw, narrower (6) AlCHER, L. C. glumes, longer awns, and a shorter or 1920. GROWING IRRIGATED GRAIN nearly absent brush, and in being slightly IN SOUTHERN IDAHO. U. more resistant to stem rust. (See fig. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' 109, B.) Bui. 1103, 28 pp., illus. History.—Mindum (C. I. 5296) (reg. (7) ALEFELD, F. 214) was first grown in 1896 in a nursery 1866. LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHE at University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., as FLORA ODER DIE NUTZ- a head selection from a field of common BAREN KULTIVIERTEN GAR- wheat called Hedgerow. It proved to be TEN- UND FELDGEWACHSE a rust-resistant strain of durum wheat MITTELEUROPA'S. 363 pp. and was distributed to farmers in 1917 Berlin. and named Mindum in 1918 (97, p. 33). (8) ALLEN, R. L. Distribution.—Estimated area in 1949, 1885. NEW AMERICAN FARM 980,677 acres, grown in four States (fig. BOOK. New ed., rev. and 111). enl. by L. F. Allen. 539 pp. New York. (9) APPLETON, F. G. 1855. [WHEAT. LETTER FROM SAN

JOSé, SANTA CLARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.] U. S. Commr. Patents Rpt. 1854 (Agr.) : 138. (10) ATKINS, I. M. 1951. QUANAH WHEAT. TeX. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 734, 10 pp., illus. (11) AusEMus, E. R., STAKMAN, E. C., HANSON, E. W., AND OTHERS. 1944. NEWTHATCH WHEAT. Minn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 166, 20 pp., illus. AUSTRALIA, INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE FIGURE 111.—Distribution of Mindum (12) wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 980,677 AND INDUSTRY. 1920. A CLASSIFICATION AND DE- TAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE WHEATS OF LITERATURE CITED AUSTRALIA. Austral. Inst. Sei. and Indus. Bui. 18, (1) ANONYMOUS. 48 pp., illus. 1879. A GOOD VARIETY OF WHEAT, (13) [AUSTRALIA] SPECIAL COMMITTEE [GYPSY.] Rural New ON SEED IMPROVEMENT. Yorker 38: 687, illus. 1923. A CLASSIFICATION AND DE- (2) TAILED DESCRIPTION OF 1883. NEW (?) WHEATS. Rural THE MORE IMPORTANT New Yorker 47: 591, WHEATS OF AUSTRALIA. illus. Austral. Inst. Sei. and (3) Indus. Bui. 26, 72 pp., 1902. ''PROSPERITY" WHEAT. illus. Country Gent. 67: 450. (14) BALL, C. R., AND CLARK, J. A. (4) 1915. VARIETIES OF HARD SPRING 1914. ''HARD FEDERATION" WHEAT. U. S. Dept. Agr. [WHEAT]. Agr. Gaz. N. Farmers' Bui. 680, 20 pp., S. Wales 25: 664. illus. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 159

(15) BALL, C. R., AND CLARK, J. A. (25) BOSHNAKIAN, S. 1916. EXPERIMENTS WITH MAR- 1917. THE COMPARATIVE EFFI- QUIS WHEAT. U. S. Dept. CIENCY OF INDEXES OF Agr. Dept. Bui. 400, 40 DENSITY, AND A NEW CO- pp., illus. EFFICIENT FOR MEASUR- (16) AND CLARK, J. A. ING SQUAREHEADEDNESS 1916. MARQUIS WHEAT. U. S. IN WHEAT. Amer. Soc. Dept. Agr. Farmers' BiiL Agron. Jour. 9: 231-247, 732, 8 pp., illus. illus. (17) AND CLARK, J. A. (26) 1918. EXPERIMENTS WITH DURUM 1918. THE MECHANICAL FACTORS WHEAT. U. S. Dept. Agr. DETERMINING THE SHAPE Dept. Bui. 618, 64 pp., OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. illus. Amer. Soc. Agron. Jour. 10: 205-209, illus. (18) AND CLARK, J. A. (27) BROEKEMA, L. 1918. NAMING WHEAT VARIETIES. 1899. DE DUI VEND A ALT AR WE EN Amer. Soc. Agron. Jour. 10: 89-94. DE SPIJKTARWE NOGMAALS MET SQUAREHEAD GEKRU- (19) AND LEIGHTY, C. E. isT. [Netherlands] Or- 1916. ALASKA AND STONER, OR gaan van der Ver. van "MIRACLE" WHEATS: TWO Oud-Leerlingen der Rijks- VARIETIES MUCH MISREP- Landbouwschool No. 128, RESENTED. U. S. Dept. pp. 34-37, illus. Agr. Dept. Bui. 357, 28 (28) BuLLER, A. H. R. pp., illus. 1919. ESSAYS ON WHEAT. 339 (20) BARBACKI, S., LEWICKI, S., MIC- pp., illus. New York. ZYÑSKI, K., AND SLABOÑSKI, A. (29) BURBANK, L. 1937. PSZENICE POLSKIE (OPIS 1918. NEW STANDARD GRAINS. 3 ODMIAN Z KLUCZEM DO pp., illus. Santa Rosa, OZNACZANIA) [POLISH Calif. WHEATS * * *]. Bibljot. (30) BURNETT, L. C. Pulawska, Paiist. Inst. Nauk. Gosp. Wiejsk. Pu- 1948. A NEW WINTER W^HEAT lawach (Biblioth. Inst. FOR IOWA. Iowa Farm Nati. Polon. Econ. Rurale Sei. 3 (3) : 3, illus. Pulawy) No. 15, 163 pp., (31) BURNS, W. N. illus. 1919. HOW WHEELER SELECTED (21) BLEDSOE, R. P. RED BOBS [wheat]. Nati. Alfalfa Jour. 5 (6): 5, 1932. ANEW WHEAT FOR GEORGIA illus. WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTURE. Ga. Expt. Sta. (32) CABELL, N. F. Bui. 171, 16 pp., illus. 1859. EARLY HISTORY OF AGRI- (22) BLOUNT, A. E. CULTURE IN VIRGINIA. 41 pp. Washington, D. C. 1892. EXPERIMENTS WITH (33) CALDWELL, R. M., AND COMPTON, WHEAT. N. Mex. Agr. L. E. Expt. sta. Bui. 8, 25 pp. 1947. viGo: A NEW DISEASE-RE- (23) BONNETT, O. T., WOODWORTH, SISTANT WHEAT. Purdue C. M., DUNGAN, G. H., AND Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. KOEHLER, B. Bui. 521, 11 pp., illus. 1945. PRAIRIE: A NEW SOFT WIN- (34) CALDWELL, W. H. TER WHEAT FOR ILLINOIS. 111. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 1890. TESTS OF VARIETIES, I8S9. 513, pp. 595-600, illus. Pa. Agr. Expt. Sta. Rpt. (24) BoRLAUG, N. E., RUPERT, J. A., 1889, pt. 2, pp. 18-41, illus. AND HARRAR, J. G. (35) CARLETON, M. A. 1949. [NEW WHEATS FOR MEX- 1900. THE BASIS FOR THE IM- ICO.] [Mex.] Ofic. de PROVEMENT OF AMERICAN Estud. Esp. Sec. de Agr. WHEATS. U. S. Dept. y Ganadería. Fol. de Agr., Div. Veg. Phvsiol. Divulgación No. 5, 29 and Path. Bui. 24, 87 pp., illus. pp., illus. 2 G 0 5 0 3—5 4 11 160 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(36) CARLETON, M. A. (46) CLARK, J. A., LOVE, H. H., AND 1915. HARD WHEATS WINNIN(i GAINES, E. F. THEIR WAY. U. S. Dept. 1926. REGISTRATION OF STAND- Agr. Yearbook 1914: 391- ARD WHEAT VARIETIES. 420, illus. Amer. Soc. Agron. Jour. (37) 18: 920-922. 1916. THE SMALL GRAINS. 699 (47) LOVE, H. H., AND PARKER, pp., illus. New York. J. H. (38) [CHILE] DEPARTMENT DE GENéTICA 1926. REGISTRATION OF IM- FiTOTECNICA. PROVED WHEAT VARIETIES. [1941.] VARIEDADES DE TRIGOS Amer. Soc. Agron. Jour. GENÉTICOS DEL MINIS- 18: 922-935. TERIO DE AGRICULTURA. (48) MARTIN, J. H., AND BALL, [Chile] Mili, de Agr. Dept. C. R. de Genet. Fitotecnica. 16 pp., illus. Santiago, Chile. 1922. CLASSIFICATION OF AMERI- CAN WHEAT VARIETIES. (39) CLARK, E. G. U. S. Dept. Agr. Dept. [1919.] CLARK'S BLACK HULL SEED Bui. 1074, 238 pp., illus. WHEAT. [1] p. Sedgwick, Kan s. (49) —— MARTIN, J. H., QUISEN- (40) BERRY, K. S., AND OTHERS. 1936. CLARK'S BLACKHULL SEED 1929. DISTRIBUTION OF THE FARM, THREE NEW BEARD- CLASSES AND VARIETIES LESS WHEATS. 1 p. Sedg- OF WHEAT IN THE UNITED wick, Kans. STATES. U. S. Dept. Agr. (41) CLARK, J. A. Dept. Bui. M98, 68 pp., 1930-50. REGISTRATION OF IM- illus. PROVED WHEAT VARIE- (50) MARTIN, J. H., AND SMITH, TIES, v-xviii. Amer. R. W. Soc. Agron. Jour. 22: 1041-1042, 1930; 23: 1920. VARIETAL EXPERIMENTS 1010-1012, 1931; 24: WITH SPRING WHEAT ON 975-978, 1932; 27:71- THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. U. S. Dept. 75, 1935; 28: 66-68, Agr. Dept. Bui. 878, 48 1017-1018, 1936; 29: pp., illus. 1031-1032, 1937; 30: 1037-1042, 1938; 32: (51) PARKER, J. H., AND WAL- 72-75, 1940; 33: 255- DRON, L. R. 256, 1941; 35: 245- 1927-29. REGISTRATION OF IM- 248, 1943; 36: 447- PROVED WHEAT VARIE- 452,1944;37:314-318, TIES, ii-iv. Amer. Soc. 1945; 42: 408-409, Agron. Jour. 19: 1037- 1950. 1040, 1927; 20: 1318- (42) 1322, 1928; 21: 1172- 1936. REGISTRATION OF STAND- 1174,1929. ARD WHEAT VARIETIES, II. (52) AND QuiSENBERRY, K. S. Amer. Soc. Agron. Jour. 28: 64-65. 1933. DISTRIBUTION OF THE VA- RIETIES AND CLASSES OF AND BAYLES, B. B. (43) WHEAT IN THE UNITED 1935. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT STATES IN 1929. U. S. VARIETIES GROWN IN THE Dept. Agr. Cir. 283, 76 UNITED STATES. U. S. pp., illus. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 459, 164 pp., illus. (53) AND QuiSENBERRY, K. S. (44) AND BAYLES, B. B. 1937. DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARI- 1942. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT ETIES AND CLASSES OF VARIETIES GROWN IN THE WHEAT IN THE UNITED UNITED STATES IN 1939. STATES IN 1934. U. S. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Dept. Agr. Cir. 424, 68 Bui. 795, 146 pp., illus. pp., illus. (45) AND BAYLES, B. B. (54) AND QuiSENBERRY, K. S. 1951. DISTRIBUTION OF THE VA- 1942. DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARI- RIETIES AND CLASSES OF ETIES AND CLASSES OF WHEAT IN THE UNITED WHEAT IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1949. U. S. STATES IN 1939. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 861, 71 Dept. Agr. Cir. 634, 75 pp., illus. pp., illus. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 161

(55) CLARK J. A. AND QUISENBERRY, K. S. (65) CUTLER G. H. AND BRINSON, G. A. 1948. DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARI- 1935. THE GRANUALTION OF ETIES AND CLASSES OF WHOLE WHEAT MEAL AND A WHEAT IN THE UNITED METHOD OF EXPRESSING STATES IN 1944. U. S. IT NUMERICALLY. Cereal Dept. Agr. Cir. 761, 80 Chem. 12: 120-129, illus. pp., illus. (66) DEMAREE, F. H. (56) STEPHENS, D. E., AND 1910. WHEAT GROWING IN MIS- FLORELL, V. H. SOURI. Mo. Agr. Expt. 1920. AUSTRALIAN WHEAT VARI- Sta. Cir. 43, pp. 65-68, ETIES IN THE PACIFIC illus. COAST AREA. U. S. Dept. (67) DESFONTAINES, R. Agr. Dept. Bui. 877, 25 [1798] FLORA ATLÁNTICA ... t. pp., illus. 1. Parisiis. (68) DEVOL, W. S. (57) COBB, N. A. 1896. NOTES ON THE COLOUR OF 1887. REPORT OF SUPERINTEND- THE GRAIN IN DIFFERENT ENT OF FIELD EXPERI- VARIETIES OF WHEAT. Agr. MENTS, EXPERIMENTS Gaz. N. S. Wales 7: WITH WHEAT. Ohio Agr. 517-520. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1886) 5: 11-64. (58) (69) 1901. THE CALIFORNIA WHEAT INDUSTRY. N. S. Wales 1888. REPORT OF SUPERINTEND- Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. ENT OF FIELD EXPERI- 519, 32 pp., illus. MENTS. EXPERIMENTS WITH WHEAT. Ohio Agr. (59) Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1902. COMPARATIVE OBSERVA- (1887) 6: 11-99. TIONS ON THE BRUSH OF (70) [DINES, F. T.] ABOUT FIFTY VARIETIES OF 1948. KERNEL CHARACTERISTICS WHEAT. Agr. Gaz. N. S. OF HARD RED WINTEB.- Wales 13: 647-649, illus. WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN aui) IN THE SOUTHWEST. [24j 1905. UNIVERSAL NOMENCLA- pp., illus. Tex-0-Kan TURE OF WHEAT. N. S. Flour Mills Co., Amarillo, Wales Dept. Agr. Misc. Tex. Pub. 539, 75 pp., illus. (71) DOWN, E. E., AND BROWN, H. M. (f^>i) COLLINS, E. H. 1932. BALD ROCK WHEAT. Micb. 1898. THE RED RUSSIAN WHEAT. Agr. Expt. Sta. Spec. Bui. Ind. Farmer 33 (34): 7. 223, 19 pp., illus. (72) DUCELLIER, L. (62) COLUMELLA, L. J. M. 1920. LES BLÉS DU SAHARA. 56 1745. OF HUSBANDRY . . . TRANSL. pp., illus. Alger. INTO ENGLISH WITH SEVER- (73) DUNN, H. D. AL ILLUSTRATIONS FROM 1867. CALIFORNIA HER AGRI- PLINY, CATO, VARRO, PAL- LADIUS, AND OTHER AN- CULTURAL RESOURCES. U. S. Commr. Agr. Rpt. CIENT AND MODERN AU- 1866: 581-610. THORS. [608] pp. Lon- don. (74) ERIKSSON, J. (63) CRAWFORD, W. N. 1895. BEITRÄGE ZUR SYSTEMA- TIK DES KULTIVIERTEN 1947. DESCRIPTION AND GEO- WEIZEN. Landw. Vers. GRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Sta. 45: 37-135. OF THE MAJOR WHEAT (75) ETHERIDGE, W. C, and HELM C. VARIETIES OF THE PACIFIC A. NORTHWEST WHEAT AREA IN 1946. Pacific North- 1938. WHEAT IN MISSOURI. Mo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 398, west Crop Impr. Assoc. 41 pp., illus. Bui. 2, 45 pp., illus. (76) EVERITT, J. A. (64) CUTLER, G. H. [1899 ?] sow EVERITT'S IM- 1942. FAIRFIELD WHEAT. Pur- PROVED SEED WHEAT due Univ. Agr. Expt. AND IMPROVE YOUR Sta. Cir. 276, ^ » pp., CROPS. 16 pp. In- illus. dianapolis, Ind. 1(52 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(77) FLAKSBERGER, C. [A.] (87) GOUDY, W. H. 1915. DETERMINATION OF 1856. [WHEAT: LETTER FROM WHEATS. Trudy Prikl. BUTEVILLE, MARION Bot. i Selek. (Bul. AppL COUNTY, OREGON TERRI- Bot.) 8: [9-210], illus. TORY.] U. S. Commr. [In Russian. English Patents Rpt. 1855: 196. summary, pp. [175]-209.] (88) GRAFIUS, J. E., AND DIRKS, V. A. (78) 1949. RUSHMORE SPRING WHEAT. 1935. WHEATS. [Leningrad] S. Dak. Agr. Expt. Sta. Inst. Zashch. Rast. Bui. 394, 7 pp., illus. (Lenin Acad. Agr. Sei, (89) GRANTHAM, A. E. U. S. S. R., Inst. Plant 1918. WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS Protect.) Monog. 1, [262] VARIETIES. Del. Agr. pp., illus. [In Russian.] Expt. Sta. Bui. 121, 49 (79) pp., illus. 1935. [CEREALS. WHEAT.] (00) GURNEY, H. C. In Flora of Cultivated 1932. A CLASSIFICATION OF Plants. Lenin Acad. Agr. SOUTH AUSTRALIAN WHEAT Sei. U. S. S. R., Inst. VARIETIES. So. Austral. Plant Indus. 434 pp., Dept. Agr. Jour. 35: 1178- illus. Moscow and Lenin- 1196, illus. grad. [In Russian.] (01) HACKEL, E. (80) ANTROPOV, V. I., AND V. F., 1890. THE TRUE GRASSES. AND OTHERS. Transi, from Die Natür- 1939. KEY TO TRUE CEREALS, lichen Pflanzenfamilien by WHEAT, RYE, BARLEY, F. Lamson-Seribner and OATS. People's Commis- Effie A. Southworth. 228 ariat of Agriculture of the pp., illus. New York. U. S. S. R. Lenin Mem. AU-Union Acad. Agr. Sei. (02) HARMON, R. 1844. REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS Inst. Plant Cult., [416] ON THE VARIETIES OF pp., illus. W HEAT CULTIVATED IN THE (81) FRäSER, J. G. C. STATE OF NEW YORK. N. 1947. TWO NEW SPRING WHEATS. Y. State Agr. Soc. Trans. Sei. Agr. 27: 396. (1843) 3: 217-231. (82) FREEMAN, G. F. 1918. PRODUCING BREADMAKING (03) HARMON, R., JR. WHEATS FOR WARM CLI- 1847. WHEAT EXPERIMENTS. MATES. Jour. Hered. 9: Amer. Agr. 6 (9): 285- 211-226, illus. 286. (83) FRIWIRTH, C, PROSKOWETZ, E. R. (04) HARZ, C. D. VON, ScHERMAK, E. VON, and 1885. LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHE SA- BRIEM, H. MENKUNDE . . . Bd. 1. 1907. DIE ZÜCHTUNG DER VIER Berlin. HAUPTGETREIDEARTEN (05) HAYES, H. K., AUSEMUS, E. R., UND DER ZUCKERRÜBE. STAKMAN, E. C. AND OTHERS. 380 pp., illus. Berlin. 1936. THATCHER WHEAT. Minn. In Zucht, der Landw. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 325, Kulturpflanzen, Bd. 4. [39] pp., illus. (84) GAINES, E. F. (06) BAILEY, C. H., ARNY, A. C, 1919. TWO IMPORTANT VARIETIES AND OLSON, P. J. OF WINTER WHEAT: A COM- 1917. THE COLOR CLASSIFICA- PARISON OF RED RUSSIAN TION OF W^HEAT. Amer. AND HYBRID 123. Wash. Soc. Agron. Jour. 9: 281- Agr. Expt. Sta. Pop. Bui. 284. 116, 7 pp., illus. (07;) AND GARBER, R. J. AND SCHäFER, E. G. (85) 1919. BREEDING SMALL GRAINS 1931. WHEAT VARIETIES OF IN MINNESOTA. PT. 1. WASHINGTON IN 1929. Wash. Agr. Expt. Sta. TECHNIC AXND RESULTS WITH WHEAT AND OATS. Bui. 256, 23 pp., illus. Minn. Agr. Expt. Sta. (8(5) — AND SCHäFER, E. G. Bui. 182, 44 pp., illus. 1936. WHEAT VARIETIES IN WASHINGTON IN 1934. (98) HENDERSON, PETER,* & Co. Wash. Agr. Expt. Sta. 1890-1910. [SEED CATALOGUE.] Bui. 338, 24 pp., illus. New York. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 163

(99)1HEUZé, G. (Ill) HUME, A. N., CENTER, O. D., AND [1872.] LES PLANTES ALIMEN- HEGNAUER, L, TAIRES, t. 1. 57ö pp. 1908. VARIETY TESTS OF WHEAT. Paris. 111. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. (100) 121, pp. [70]-92, illus. 1896. LES PLANTES CEREALES. \^^^) HUNTER, B. Ed. 2, t. 1, illus. Paris. 1907. FARM PRACTICE IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN UPLANDS. (101) HEYNE, E. G., AND REITZ, L. P. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' 1944. CHARACTERISTICS AND Bui. 294, 30 pp., illus. ORIGIN OF BLACKHULL WHEATS. Amer. Soc. (113) Agron. Jour. 36: 768- 1909. SELECTION OF WHEAT 778, illus. SEED. Northwest Hort. 22 (8): 178-179. (102) HiCKMAN, J. F. 1889. REPORT OF THE AGRICUL- (114) JENSEN, N. F. TURIST: I. EXPERIMENTS 1951. CORNELL DEVELOPS NEW WITH WHEAT. Ohio Agr. WHEAT VARIETY. N. Y. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. State Agr. Expt. Sta. (1888) 7: 20-58. Farm Res. 17 (3): 14, illus. (103) 1889. SEED WHEAT. Ohio Agr. (115) JONARD, P. Expt. Sta. Cir. 3, pp. 1936. ESSAI DE CLASSIFICATION 3-5. [Reprint.] DES BLÉS TENDRES CUL- TIVÉS EN FRANCE. . . . (104) HILL, D. D. [France] Min. de l'Agr. 1930. A CEREAL VARIETY SURVEY Centr. Nati. Rech. Agron. OF OREGON. Oreg. Agr. Monog. 3, 264 pp., illus. Expt sta. Cir. 97, 16 pp., illus. (116) 1951. LES BLÉS TENDRES (TRITI- (105) HOFFMAN, W. C. CUM VULGÄRE VILL.) CUL- 1853. THE ZIMMERMAN WHEAT. TIVÉS EN FRANCE. . . . Country Gent. 1: 35. [France] Min. de l'Agr. (106) HoROViTZ, N. Inst. Nati, de la Rech. 1945. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIN- Agron. 491 pp., illus. CIPAL AGRICULTURAL VARI- Paris. ETIES OF WHEAT CULTI- (117) JONES, J. W. VATED IN THE REPUBLIC 1916. CEREAL EXPERIMENTS ON

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gentina Min. de Agr. MENT FARM, ARCHER, WYO. Pergamino Expt. Sta. U. S. Dept. Agr. Dept. Pub. 20, pp. 19-138, illus. Bul. 430, 40 pp., illus. [In Spanish. English KALT, B. summary, p. 136.] (118) 1934. VARIEDADES DE TRIGOS (107) HOST, N. T. CULTIVADAS EN CHILE. 1805, 1809. ICONES ET DESCRIP- [Chile] Min. de Agr. Bol. TIONES GRAMINUM AUS- 3: [7]-42, illus. TRIACORUM. V. 3, V. 4, (119) KlHARA, H. illus. Vindobonae. 1919. tJBER CYTOLOGISCHE (108) HOWARD, A., AND HOWARD, G. L. STUDIEN BEI EINIGEN C GETREIDEARTEN. I. (SPE- 1909. THE VARIETAL CHARACTERS ZIES-BASTARDE DES WEIZ- OF INDIAN WHEATS. India ENS UND WEIZENROGGEN- Dept. Agr. Mem., Bot. BASTARD.) Bot. Mag. Ser. 2 (7) : 1-65. [Tokyo] 33: 17-38, illus. (109) AND HOWARD, G. L. C. (120) 1909. WHEAT IN INDIA 1921. tJBER CYTOLOGISCHE STU- DIEN BEI EINIGEN GE- 288 pp., illus. Calcutta. TREIDEARTEN. III. ÜBER (110) HUDSON, P. S. DIE SCHWANKUNGEN DER 1933, 1934. ENGLISH WHEAT VA- CHROMOSOMENZAHLEN BEI RIETIES. Ztschr. f. Zucht. DEN SPEZIESBASTARDEN Reihe A, Pflanzenzüch- DER TRITICUM-ARTEN. tung 18: [504]-525, illus.; Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 35* 19: [57]-108, illus. [19]-44, illus. 164 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(121) KlHARA, H. (133) LEIGHTY, C. E. 1924. CYTOLOGISCHE UND GENE- 1914. WINTER-WHEAT VARIETIES TISCHE STUDIEN BEI WICH- FOR THE EASTERN UNITED TIGEN GETREIDEARTEN MIT STATES. U. S. Dept. Agr. BESONDERER RÜCKSICHT Farmers' Bui. 616, 14 AUF DAS VERHALTEN DER pp., illus. CHROMOSOMEN UND DIE (134) LiNNAEi [LINNAEUS], C. STERILITÄT IN DEN 1753. SPECIES PLANTARUM. t. 1. BASTARDEN. Mem. Col. Holmiae. Sei. Kyoto Imp. Univ. (135) Ser. B 1: 1-200, illus. 1762. SPECIES PLANTARUM. Ed. (122) 2, t. 1. Holmiae. 1934. A NEW FOURTH GENOM (136) LiPPINCOTT, J. S. IN WHEAT. Fifth Pacific 1863. GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS Sei. Cong. Proc, Canada . . . WITH REMARKS ON (1933) 4: 2573-2577. THE PRODUCTION OF NEW (123) KiLLEBREW, J. B. VARIETIES OF WHEAT . . . 1877. WHEAT CULTURE IN TEN- U. S. Commr. Agr. Rpt. NESSEE. 253 pp., illus. 1863: 464-525. Nashville, Tenn. (137) LOVE, H. H., AND CRAIG, W. T. (124) KLIPPART, J. H. 1946. BETTER WHEAT FOR NEW 1858. AN ESSAY ON THE ORIGIN, YORK. Cornell Univ. Agr. GROWTH, DISEASES, VARI- Expt. Sta. Bui. 828, 27 ETIES, ETC., OF THE WHEAT pp., illus. PLANT. Ohio State Bd. (138) MCFADDEN, E. S. Agr. Ann. Rpt. (1857) 12: 1930. A SUCCESSFUL TRANSFER [5621-816, illus. OF EMMER CHARACTERS TO (125) KÖRNICKE, F. VULGÄRE WHEAT. Amcr. 1873. SYSTEMATISCHE UEBER- Soc. Agron. Jour. 22: SICHT DER CEREALIEN UND 1020-1034. MONOCARPISCHEN LEGU- (139) MCMILLAN, J. R. A. MINOSEN IN AEHREN, RI- 1933. VARIETIES OF WHEAT IN SPEN, FRtJCHTEN UND SA- AUSTRALIA. A CATALOGUE, MEN . . . [56] pp. Bonn. WITH PEDIGREE OR (126) AND WERNER, H. SOURCE, AND A GENEA- 1885. HANDBUCH DES GETREI- LOGICAL CHART, SHOWING DEBAUES. 2 V. Berlin. THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE (127) LAMARCK, C. DE. MORE IMPORTANT VARI- 1778. FLORE FRANçOISE. 3. ETIES. Austral. Council Paris. Sei. and Indus. Res. Bui. (128) LAMB, C. A. 72, 28 pp. 1938. THORNE WHEAT. OhÍO (140) MAUGINI, A. Agr. Expt. Sta. Spec. 1939. I CERE ALI DELL'AFRICA C'ir. 55, [4] pp., illus. ITALIANA: II. FRUMENTI (129) LAUDE, H. H., SCHLEHUBER, A. DELL'AFRICA ORIENTALE M., AND OTHERS. ITALIANA STUDIATI SU MA- 1952. PONCA WINTER WHEAT. TERIALI ORIGINALI. Regio Kans. Agr. Expt. Sta. 1st. Agr. per L'Africa Bul. 354 and Okla. Agr. Ital. V. 17, [299] pp. illus. Expt. Sta. Bul. B-380, (141) METZGER, J. 14 pp., illus. [1824]. EUROPAEISCHE CEREA- (130) LAZENBY, W. R. LIEN. 74 pp., illus. 1885. WHEAT EXPERIMENTS. Mannheim. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. (142) Ann. Rpt. (1884)3: 12-62. 1841. DIE GETREIDEARTEN UND (131) LEAP, J. S. WIESENGRÄSER IN BOTA- 1918. ORIGIN OF LEAP'S PRO- NISCHER UND ÖKONOMI- LIFIC WHEAT. South. SCHER HINSICHT BEARBEI- Planter 79(1): 44. TET. 256 pp. Heidelberg. (132) LEIDIGH, A. H., MANGELSDORF, P. [Not seen.] C, AND DUNKLE, P. B. (143) MiDDLETON, G. K., AND HEBERT, 1928. DENTÓN WHEAT, A NEW T. T. VARIETY FOR NORTH 1949. ATLAS WHEAT, STRAINS 50 TEXAS. Tex. Agr. Expt. AND 66. N. C. Agr. Expt. sta. Bui. 388, 20 pp., Sta. Spec. Cir. 8, 8 pp., illus. illus. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 165

(144) MiÈGE, E. (154) NORTHWEST CROP IMPROVEMENT 1930. LES PRINCIPALES VARIÉTÉS ASSOCIATION. DE BLÉS CULTIVÉES AU 1933. DICTIONARY OF SPRING MAROC. [Morocco] Dir. WHEAT VARIETIES 1933. 74 Gén. de l'Agr. Com. et pp., illus. Minneapolis. Colon., Serv. Agr. et (155) Amélior. Agr., 38 pp., 1941. DICTIONARY OF SPRING illus. Casablanca. WHEAT VARIETIES 1941. 92 (145) MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL EXPERI- pp., illus. Minneapolis. MENT STATION. (156) 1912. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1949. DICTIONARY OF SPRING FOR THE YEAR ENDING WHEAT VARIETIES 1949. 94 JUNE 30, 1911. Mo. Agr. pp., illus. Minneapolis. Expt. Sta. Bui. 101: 203- (157) P., M. F. 236, illus. 1883. NEW VARIETIES OF WHEAT. (146) NEERGAARD, T. VON. [Letter.] Cult. and 1887. NORMALSYSTEM FOR BEDö- Country Gent. 48 (1594): MANDE AF AXETS MORFO- 657. LOGISKA SAMNIANSÄTTNING (158) PAPADAKIS, J. S. HOS VERASÄDESSLAG. All. 1929. FORMES GRECQUES DE BLé. Svenska Utsädesfor. Ar- Min. Agr. Sta. de'Amélior. berattelse 1887: 37. [Not des Plantes [Salonique] seen.] Bul. Sei. [1], 61 pp., illus. (159) PARERA, M. F., AND PALAU, A. (147) NEETHLING, J. H. 1939. DIFERENCIACIóN DE LAS 1932. WHEAT VARIETIES IN VARIEDADES DE TRIGO POR SOUTH AFRICA, THEIR HIS- sus CARACTERÍSTICAS DE TORY AND DEVELOPMENT GLUMA Y GRANO. Argen- UNTIL 1912. So. Africa Dept. Agr. Sei. Bul. 108, tina Comisión Nac. de 41 pp. Granos y Elevadores Pub. 42, 198 pp., illus. (148) NELSON, M., AND OSBORN, L. W. (160) PATRóN, R. R. 1915. REPORT OF CULTURAL AND 1940. DESCRIPCIóN DE 35 VARIE- VARIETY TESTS WITH DADES DE TRIGO DEL PAíS WHEAT. Ark. Agr. Expt. ... La Plata Univ. Sta. Bui. 121, [32] pp. Nac, Facultad de Agron. (149) NEWMAN, L. H. Rev. 24: [57]-233, illus. 1928. CLASSIFICATION OF CANA- (161) PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURAL EX- DIAN SPRING WHEAT VA- PERIMENT STATION. RIETIES. Canad. Seed 1922. TWO YEARS OF RESEARCH Growers' Assoc. Plant . . . VARIETY TESTS AND Breeders' Ser. 1, 29 pp., IMPROVEMENT OF SMALi^ illus. GRAINS. Pa. Agr. Expt. (150) FRASER, J. G. C, AND sta. Bui. 170, 32 pp., illus. WHITESIDE, A. G. O. (162) PERCIVAL, J. 1936. HANDBOOK OF CANADIAN 1921. THE WHEAT PLANT; A SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES. MONOGRAPH. 463 pp., Canada Dept. Agr. Pub. illus. London. 538 (Farmers' Bui. 18), (163) PLUMB, C. S. 51 pp., illus. (Also rev. 1889. THE WHEATS OF THE 1939, 54 pp., illus.; rev. WORLD. N. Y. State Agr. 1946, 57 pp., illus.) Soc. Trans. (1883-86) 34: (151) AND WHITESIDE, A. G. O. 308-314. 1927. GARNET WHEAT. Canada (164) POWERS, L. Dept. Agr. Bui. 83 (n. s.), 1932. CYTOLOGIC AND GENETIC 76 pp., illus. STUDIES OF VARIABILITY (152) NOLL, C. F. OF STRAINS OF WHEAT 1913. VARIETY TESTS OF WHEAT. DERIVED FROM INTERSPE- Pa. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. CIFIC CROSSES. Jour. Agr. 125, pp. 43-56, illus. Res. 44: 797-831, illus. (153) NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL (165) PRIDHAM, J. T. EXPERIMENT STATION. 1916. THE PROPORTION OF GRAIN 1920. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. TO STRAW IN VARIETIES OF N. Dak. Agr. Expt. Sta. WHEAT. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Bui. 136, 23 pp., illus. Wales 27: 229-231. 166 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 10 83, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(166) PRIDHAM, J. T. (176) SAUNDERS, C. E. 1927. VARIETIES OF WHEAT IN 1912. REPORT OF THE DOMINION NEW SOUTH WALES. N. S. CEREALisT. Canada Expt. Wales Dept. Agr. Farm- Farms Rpt. 1911-12: ers' BuL 158, 41 pp., illus. 113-137. (167) REíD, G. (177) SAX, K. 1866. SPRING WHEATS. U. S. 1921. CHROMOSOME RELATION- Commr. Agr. Rpt. 1865: SHIPS IN WHEAT. Science 27. (n. S.) 54: 413-415. (168) REITZ, L. P. (178) SCHäFER, E. G., AND GAINES, E. F. 1945. KERNEL CHARACTERISTICS 1915. WASHINGTON WHEATS. OF KANSAS WINTER WHEAT Wash. Agr. Expt. Sta. VARIETIES. Kans. Agr. Bul. 121, 16 pp., illus. Expt. Sta. Rpt. 2, 24 pp., (179) GAINES, E. F., AND BARBEE, illus. O. E. (169) AND LAUDE, H. H. 1926. WHEAT VARIETIES IN 1943. COMANCHE AND PAWNEE: WASHINGTON. Wash. Agr. NEW VARIETIES OF HARD Expt. Sta. Bui. 207, 31 RED WINTER WHEAT FOR pp., illus. KANSAS. Kans. Agr. (180) SCHERFFIUS, W. H., AND WOOSLEY, Expt. Sta. Bui. 319, 16 H. pp., illus. 1908. WHEAT. I. TEST OF (170) AND WEBSTER, O. J. VARIETIES. 2. CHEMICAL 1952. FOUR NEW FALL GRAINS STUDY OF VARIETIES. Ky, FOR NEBRASKA. Nebr. Agr. Expt. sta. Bui. 135, Agr. Expt. Sta. Quart. pp. 325-340, illus. 1 (1): 6-7, 16, illus. (181) SCHLEHUBER, A. M,, HUBBARD, (171) RICHARDSON, A. E. V. V. C., OSBORN, W. M., AND 1912-13. WHEAT AND ITS CULTIVA- OTHERS. TION. Victoria Dept. Agr. Jour. 10:91-101, 181-191, 1946. WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES 201-208, 265-274, 329- FOR OKLAHOMA. Okla. 338, 457-465, 543-552, Agr. Expt. sta. Bui. B- 694-707, 1912; 11: 38-56, 297, 36 pp., illus. 65-83, 129-141, 193-205, (182) SCHRANK, F. VON P. 414-431, illus, 1913. [Re- 1789. BAIERSCHE FLORA. V. 1, printed as Victoria Dept. 753 pp., illus. München. Agr. Bui. 22 (n. s.), 160 (183) SCOFIELD, C. S. pp., illus. 1913.] 1902. THE ALGERIAN DURUM (172) ROBERTS, H. F. WHEATS: A CLASSIFIED 1910. A QUANTITATIVE METHOD LIST, WITH DESCRIPTIONS. FOR THE DETERMINATION U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. OF HARDNESS IN WHEAT. Plant Indus. Bui. 7, 48 Kans. Agr. Expt. Sta. pp., illus. Bui. 167, pp. 371-390, (184) illus, 1903, THE DESCRIPTION OF (173) RUFFIN, E. WHEAT VARIETIES. U. S. 1851. MANAGEMENT OF WHEAT Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant HARVEST. Amer. Farmer Indus. Bui. 47, 18 pp., 6 (12): 453-460. [Re- illus. printed in U. S. Commr. Patents Rpt. 1850 (pt. (185) SCOTT, R. C. 2, Agr.): 102-113.] 1932. WHEAT VARIETIES IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. So. (174) SAKAMURA, T. 1918. KURZE MITTEILUNG üBER Austral, Dept. Agr. Bui. 272, 11 pp. DIE CHROMOSOMENZAHLEN UND DIE VERWANDTSCH- (186) SEARLE GRAIN COMPANY, LIMITED. AFTSVERHäLTNISSE DER 1949. DISTRIBUTION OF THE IM- TRITICUM-ARTEN. Bot. PORTANT VARIETIES OF Mag. [Tokyo] 32: [150]- WHEAT SEEDED IN WEST- 153. ERN CANADA IN 1949. In (175) SALMON, S. C. Grain Market Features 1919. ESTABLISHING KANRED with Wheat Varieties Sup. WHEAT IN KANSAS. KaUS. V. 19, No. 24 [6] pp., Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 74, illus. Winnipeg, Mani- 16 pp., illus. toba. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 167

(187)ISERINGE, N. C. (198) STEWART, G. 1818. MONOGRAPHIE DES CERE- 1920. A VARIETY SURVEY AND ALES DE LA SUISSE. lïl DESCRIPTIVE KEY OF SMALL his Mélanges Botaniques, GRAINS IN UTAH. Utah ou Recueil d'Observations, Agr. Expt. sta. Bui. 174, Mémoires, et Notices sur 35 pp., illus. la Botanique. V. 1, No. (199) 2, pp. [65]-244, illus. 1923. SEviER WHEAT. Amcr. Berne. Soc. Agron. Jour. 15: (188) 385-392. 1841-42. DESCRIPTIONS ET FIG- (200) [STRAMPELLI.] URES DES CÉRÉALES 1932. TAVOLE A COLORí DI FRU- EUROPÉENNES. Ann. MENTI, GRANOTURCHI E Sei. Phys. et Nati. ORZi STRAMPELLI. In Ori- Soc. Roy. Agr. Lyon gini, Sviluppi, Lavori e 4: 321-384, illus., 1841; 5 (2): 103-196, Risultati. 1st. Naz. di illus., 1842. Genética per la Cereali- coltura in Roma, Ap- (189) SHAW, T., AND ZAVITZ, C. A. pendix, [pp. 209-295.] 1892. EXPERIMENTS WITH WIN- (201) SUNESON, C. A. TER WHEAT. Ontario Agr. 1947. AN EVALUATION OF NINE Col. Expt. Sta. Bui. 79, BACK CROSS-DERIVED 11pp. WHEATS. Hilgardia 17: (190) SHOWRDS, T. [501]-510. 1853. [WHEAT. LETTER FROM (202) AND BAYLES, B. B. LOWER ALLOWAY'S CREEK, 1948. EFFECTS OF AWNS ON SALEM COUNTY, N. J.] YIELD AND MARKET QUAL- U. S. Commr. Patents ITIES OF WHEAT. U. S. Rpt. 1852 (pt. 2, Agr.): Dept. Agr. Cir. 783, 8 pp. 175-178. (203) SUTTON, G. L. (191) SMITH, G. S. 1910. VARIETIES OF WHEAT REC- 1943. TWO NEW DURUM WHEAT OMMENDED BY THE DE- VARIETIES. N. Dak. Agr. PARTMENT OF AGRI- Expt. Sta. Bimo. Bui. 5 CULTURE. Agr. Gaz. N. S. (4) : 2-3, illus. Wales 21: 183-193; 282- (192) SOUTH AFRICA, DEPARTMENT OF 288; 593-598, illus. AGRICULTURE. (204) TAYLOR, J. W., BAYLES, B. B., 1919. NOMENCLATURE OF AND FiFIELD, C. C. WHEATS GROWN IN SOUTH 1939. A SIMPLE MEASURE OF AFRICA. Union So. Africa KERNEL HARDNESS IN Dept. Agr. Bui. 1, 15 pp. WHEAT. Amer. Soc. Agron. (193) SPILLMAN, W. J. Jour. 31: 775-784, illus. 1909. APPLICATION OF SOME OF (205) THATCHER, L. E. THE PRINCIPLES OF HERED- 1923. BETTER WHEAT FOR OHIO ITY TO PLANT BREEDING. FARMS. Ohio Agr. Expt. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. sta. Monthly Bui. 8: Plant Indus. Bui. 165, 74 110-116, illus. (194) pp., illus. (206) THEOPHRASTUS. 1909. THE HYBRID WHEATS. 1916. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS . . . Wash. Agr. Expt. Sta. WITH AN ENGLISH TRANS- Bui. 89, 27 pp., illus. LATION BY SIR ARTHUR (195) SPRAGG, F. A., AND CLARK, A. J. HORT. V. 2. 499 pp. 1916. RED ROCK WHEAT. Mich. London, New York. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 31, 7 (207) TiNGEY, D. C., AND WOODWARD, pp., illus. R. W. (196) STANTON, T. R. 1935. RELIEF WHEAT. Utah Agr. 1916. CEREAL EXPERIMENTS IN MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. Expt. Sta. Bui. 264, 12 pp., illus. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 336, 52 pp., illus. (208) TODD, S. E. (197) STARLING, T. M., WINGARD, S. A., 1868. THE AMERICAN WHEAT AND McVlCKAR, M. H. cuLTURiST. 432 pp., illus. 1946. VAHART WHEAT, A NEW New York. VARIETY FOR VIRGINIA. (209) TOURNEFORT, J. P. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 1719. INSTITUTIONS REI HERBA- 386, 4 pp., illus. RIAS, t. 1. 695 pp. Parisiis. 168 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(210) TRACY, S. M. (219) Voss, J. 1881. VARIETIES OF WHEAT. MO. 1933. MORPHOLOGIE UND GRUP- State Bd. Agr. Ann. Rpt. PIERUNG DER DEUTSCHEN (1880-81) 15: [391]-426. WEIZENSORTEN. Biol. (211) LTxiTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF Reichsanst. f. Land u. AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF Forstw. Mitt. 45, 112 pp., PLANT INDUSTRY. illus. 1900-1922. INVENTORY OF SEEDS (220) [WAGONER, J. L] AND PLANTS IMPORTED BY 1938. GREESON WHEAT. In THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN Guilford County Agricul- SEED AND PLANT INTRO- ture Past-Present-Future. DUCTION . . . [l89S]-DEC. Bd. County Commrs. and 31, 1918. Nos. 1-57. [S. Bd. Agr. Guilford County, P. I.] Nos. 1-46950. N. Car., 27 pp., illus. (221) WALDRON, L. R. VASCONCE:LOS, J. DE C. E. (212) 1926. HYBRID SELECTIONS OF 1933. [PORTUGUESE WHEATS.] MARQUIS AND KOTA, A Bol. de Agr. [Portugal] COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH 1 (1 and 2): [151], illus. REGARD TO DISEASE RE- (213) VAVILOV, N. I., FORTUNATOVA, SISTANCE, YIELD AND BAK- O. K., JACUBZINER, M. M., ING QUALITY. N. Dak. AND OTHERS. Agr. Expt. sta. Bui. 200, 1931. [THE WHEATS OF ABYSSINIA 64 pp., illus. AND THEIR PLACE IN THE (222) GENERAL SYSTEMS OF 1942. A NEW WHEAT VARIETY WHEATS, A CONTRIBUTION FOR WESTERN NORTH DA- TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF KOTA. N. Dak. Agr. THE 28 CHROMOSOMES Expt. Sta. Bimo. Bui. GROUP OF CULTIVATED 4 (4): 10. WHEATS.] Trudy Prikl. (223) HARRIS, R. H., STOA, T. Bot., Genet, i Selek. (Bui. E., AND SiBBITT, L. H. Appl. Bot., Genet, and 1944. MIDA WHEAT. N. Dak. Plant Breeding Sup. 51.) Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 68, 236 pp., illus. Leningrad. 16 pp., illus. (214) ViLLARS, D. (224) WATKINS, A. E. 1787. HISTOIRE DES PLANTES DE 1924. GENETIC AND CYTOLOGI- DAUPHINÉ. t. 2. 690 pp., CAL STUDIES IN WHEAT. illus. Grenoble, Lyon, I. Jour. Genet. 14: 129- and Paris. 171, illus. WENHOLZ, H., PRIDHAM, J. T., (215) VILMORIN, H. L. DE. (225) VEARS, C. K., AND CURTEIS, 1889. CATALOGUE MéTHODIQUE ET SYNONYMIQUE DES FRO- W. M. MENTS ... 76 pp., illus. 1938-41. WHEAT VARIETIES IN Paris. AUSTRALIA. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 49: 583-586, (216) VOGEL, O. A., SWENSON, S. P., 649-652, 1938; 50: 13-17, AND HOLTON, C. S. 71-74, 86, 131-135, 181- 1944. ORFED WHEAT. Wash. 184, 236-238, 284, 308- Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 451, 311, 361-365, 417-420, 10 pp., illus. 539-543, 1939; 51: 11-14, (217) SwENSON, s. p., AND 30, 65-68, 133-137, 195- HoLTON, C. S. 198, 242-244, 312-314, 1951. BREVOR AND ELMAR TWO 347, 371-373, 397, 485- NEW WINTER WHEATS FOR 488, 605-610, 1940; 52: WASHINGTON. Wash. Agr. 205-209, 260-264, 305- Expt. sta. Bui. 525, 8 pp., 308, 355-358, 1941, illus. illus. (226) WHEELER, S. (218) SWENSON, S. P., JACQUOT, 1916. IMPROVING CROPS BY SEED H. D., AND HoLTON, C. S. SELECTION . . . Grain 1947. MARFED WHEAT. Wash. Growers' Guide [Winni- Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 485, peg] 9 (7): 8-9, 24-26. 8 pp., illus. illus. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194 9 169

(227) WiANCKO, A. T. Where two or more page numbers 1923. MICHIKOFF WHEAT, A HARD RED WINTER WHEAT FOR are given, therefore, the name is a INDIANA. Purdue Univ. synonym of more than one variety. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 112, 4 pp., illus. Name Page (228) WILLIAMS, C. G. Acme 145 1905. EXPERIMENTS WITH WIN- Alabama Bluestem 76 TER WHEAT. Ohio Agr. Alabama Bluestem 89 73 Expt. Sta. Bui. 165, pp. Alberta Red 127 37-65, illus. ALBIT 147, 150 (229) ALICEL 147, 148 1916. WHEAT EXPERIMENTS. American Banner 95 Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. American Bronze 69 298, pp. 447-484, illus. ANDERSON 46,103 (230) APACHE 47, 121 1920. THE GLADDEN AND OTHER APEX 45,90 VARIETIES OF WHEAT. Argentine 127 Ohio Farmer 146(6): 3. ARNAUTKA 152,156 (231) WOODWARD, R. W., AND TINGEY, ASHLAND 44, 73 D. C. ATLAS 50 44, 76 [1944.] CACHE, A BEARDLESS, ATLAS 66 44,74 SMUT-RESISTANT WINTER AUSTIN 50, 145 WHEAT. Utah Agr. Expt. Australian 59 sta. Bui. 312, 10 pp., AWNED ONAS 46,108 illus. BAART 47, 110 (232) ZAVITZ, C. A. BAART 38 47, 110 1894. EXPERIMENTS WITH WIN- BAART 46 47, 110 TER WHEAT. Ontario Agr. BALDROCK 46,99 Col. Expt. Sta. Bui. 97, Baldwin 143 15 pp., illus. Bartels Best 144 (233) ZHUKOVSKY, P. M. Bearded Bluestem 114 1928. A NEW SPECIES OF WHEAT. Beardless Turkey 79, 82 Trudy Prikl. Bot., Genet., Beechwood 101, 103 i Selek. (Bui. Appl. Bot., Beloturka 157 Genet., and Plant Breed- BIG CLUB 43 147,150 ing) 19(2): [59J-66, illus. Bishop's Pride 52 [In Russian. English Black-Bearded Durum 154 summary, pp. 65-66.] Black Chaff 132 (234) BLACKHAWK 47,111 1933. LA TURQUIE AGRICOLE BLACKHULL 48, 132 (PARTIE ASIATIQUE ANA- Black Mediterranean 141 TOLIE). Pp. 155-224, illus. Black Sea 69 Moscow and Leningrad. BLUEJACKET 48,132 [In Russian. French sum- Bluestem 59, 72, 76, 145 mary, pp. 800-820.] Bluestem Fultz 72 BREVOR 42, 52 BRILL 49, 143 INDEX TO VARIETIES AND Bronze Turkey 144 SYNONYIVIS Bulgarian 72, 127 BUNYIP 42, 57 Recognized varieties are in cap- Burbank's Quality 60 Burbank's Super 106 itals; varietal synonyms are in BUTLER 47, 115 capitals and lower case, and com- CACHE.. 44,80 mon names of species are in italic CADET 45,90 capitals. Of the two page refer- Canadian Progress 115 CANUS 49, 135 ences given for recognized varieties, CARALA 44, 73 the first refers to the key and the CARLEEDS 45, 86 second to the description, history, CARLETON 152, 155 distribution, and synonymy. Each CASCADE 42, 57 page reference given for a synonym CERES 49, 135 CHANCELLOR 44, 76 is to the recognized variety for CHEYENNE 48,124 which the name is a synonym. CHIEFKAN 44, 80 17ü TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name Page Name Page Chiefton 81 Fortvfold 97 CLAREAN 43, 67 FORWARD 43, 69 Clark's Black Hull 132 FULCASTER 47, 114 Clark's No. 40 67 FULHIO 44, 70 Cleathers Red 144 FULTZ 44,70 CLUB WHEAT 146 FULTZO-MEDITERRANEAN._ 44, 73 COASTAL 44, 77 GALGALOS 46, 106 COKER 47-27 44,74 GARNET 45, 82 Columbia 73 GASTA 44,76 COMANCHE 47, 120 GENESEE 45, 95 COMET 45,84 Georgia Bluestem 76 COMMON WHEAT 40 Georgia Red 76 Conoway 144 German Amber 113 CORNELL 595 45,94 German Red 70 Crail Fife 106 Gharnovka 158 Crimean 127 Gill 99 Cumberland Valley 114 GIPSY 47, 111 Cummings 143 GLADDEN 47, 111 CURRELL 46, 99 Gleason 52 Currell's Prolific 99 GOENS 49, 141 D-5 154 Going 143 D-fife 154 GOLDCOIN 45, 95 Dane's Early Triumph 117 GOLDEN 45, 97 DAWSON 45, 95 Golden Bronze 95 Dawson Golden Chaff 95 Golden Chaff 95, 99 DEFIANCE 42, 53 Golden Van 69 Deluxe Red Chief 106 Goose 158 DENTÓN 50, 144 Greensboro 52 DICKLOW 42, 59 GREESON 42, 52 Dietz 114 Haeberle 118 Dietz Longberrv 114 Haeberle's Earlv 118 Duffv ___^^ 114 Hall I 143 Dunbar 99 flARD FEDERATION 45,98 Dunlap 143 HARD FEDERATION 31 45,98 Durum No. 5 154 HARDIRED 74 DURUM WHEAT. 151 Hastings Prolific 64 Earlv Baart 110 Harvest King 101 EARLY BLACKHULL 47,117 HARVEST QUEEN 43,69 Earlv Dain 117 Hedge Prolific 101 Early Hardy 118 HENRY 49, 136 Earlv Kansas 118 Hickman 72 Early May 64,77, 101 Holland 53 Earlv Premium 117 HOPE 49, 136 EARLY PREMIUM 43,64 Hundred-and-One 127 Earlv Purplestraw 76 Hundred Mark 101 Earlv Red 143 Hungarian 127 Earlv Rice 64 HUSTON 44,77 Early Ripe 143 Hvbred 143 Earlv Russian 118 HYBRID 63 I 147,150 Early Triumph 82, 117 HYBRID 128 147,149 Earlv Wonder 77 HYMAR 147, 149 EINKORN 40 IDAED 42, 53 ELGIN 147, 149 Improved Turkey 127 ELMAR 147, 149 Indiana Red Wave 99 EMMER 37 Indiana Swamp 113 FAIRFIELD 43,67 lOBRED 49, 143 Farmers Trust 145 lOHARDI 49, 143 FEDERATION 45, 97 lOTURK 48, 130 FEDERATION 41 45,98 Iowa Bred 143 Fife 106 lOWIN 48, 132 Fishhead 106 Ironclad Blackhull 144 Flat Top 73 Irwin Dicklow 60 FLINT 44, 77 JENKIN 147, 151 FLORENCE 43, 60 Jim Holly 60 CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 171

Name Page Name Page Johnson 158 MOSIDA 44, 80 JONES FIFE 46, 106 Mountain Purplestraw 76 Jones Longberry 103 NABOB 49, 140 Jones Red Wave 99 N. D. Ns. No. 1656.84 135 Jones Winter Fife— 106 Nebraska No. 50 124 Junior No. 6 97 NEBRASKA NO. 60 48,128 Kanhull 81 NEBRED 48,128 KANQUEEN 43, 64 NEWCASTER 47, 113 Kanred 131 Newchief 81 KANRED 48, 130 New Columbia 73 Kansas Queen 69 NEWTHATCH 45,86 KARMONT 48,127 NEWTURK 44, 79 KAWVALE 47, 113 New Victory 53 KENTANA 50, 146 Niagara 111, 113 Key's Prolific 145 Nicaragua 158 Kharkof 127 Nick Special 144 King 114 NIGGER 49, 140 KIOWA 47, 122 Ninety-Day 77, 108 KITCHENER 45,94 Nissley 101 Klondike 97 NITTANY 47, 115 KOMAR 49, 135 No. 1656 135 KUBANKA 152, 156 Nordhougen 87, 115 Ladd Durum 154 NUDEL 47, 115 Lancaster 114 NUGGET 152, 154 Lancaster Red 145 Number 6100 111 LEAP 43,64 NURED 44, 70 LEAPLAND 43, 64 Ohio No. 127 72 Leap's Prolific 64 ONAS 42, 55 Lebanon 111 ONAS 41 42, 55 LEE 49, 140 Orange 103 Lehigh 145 Oregon Red Chaff 151 LEMHI 42, 55 OREGON ZIMMERMAN 42,55 Little May 64, 77 ORFED 46, 108 Little Red 77 ORIENTA 48, 133 Little Red May 77 Owen 143 LOFTHOUSE 43, 66 P-762 131 MAJOR 42, 59 PACIFIC BLUESTEM 42,57 Malakof 127 PACIFIC BLUESTEM 37 42,59 MAMMOTH RED 47,114 Palouse Bluestem 59 MARFED 42, 57 PAWNEE 47, 118 MARMIN 48, 122 Pearl Prolific 99 MARQUILLO 45,86 Peck 114 MARQUIS 45, 87 PELISS 152, 154 Marvelous 114 Pelissier. ^ 154 May 64, 77, 103 Penn. No. 44 ___ 115 Mav Queen 69 PENNOLL 43,69 MEDITERRANEAN 50,144 PENTAD 152 Michigan Amber 103 Pererodka 157 Michigan Wonder 103 Perfection 99 MICHIKOF 44, 80 Pierson_ 158 MIDA 49, 138 PILCRAW 43,60 Miller 145 Pilcraw Enormous 62 MINDUM 152, 158 PILOT 49, 136 Minnesota No. 1507 123 Pioneer Turkey 127 Minnesota No. 2202 86 POLISH WHEAT 40 Minnesota Reliable 127 PONCA 47, 118 MINTER 48, 123 POOLE 46, 101 MINTURKI 48, 123 Posev 72 Miracle 114 Poso 44 _ 150 Missouri Bluestem 145 POSO 48 147,150 Missouri Early Premium 64 POULARD WHEAT 37 MOKING 46,99 PRAIRIE 49, 143 Montana Deal 70 PREMIER 49, 140 MONTANA NO. 36 48,128 Premium 117 Mortgage Lifter 101, 145 Pringle's Defiance 53 172 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 10 83, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name Page Name Page PROGRESS 47, 115 Rupp 144 Prolific 99 RUSHMORE 45,90 Prosper 115 Russian 127 PROSPERITY 43, 69 Russian Amber 113 PURCAM 46, 101 Russian Red 108 PURDUE NO. 1 46,99 RUSSIAN RED 46,101 Purdue No. 4 103 SALINE 47, 111 PURKOF 44, 79 Sanett 77 PURPLESTRAW 44,76 SANFORD 44, 76 Quality 60 SAUNDERS 45,92 QUANAH 47, 121 SEABREEZE 44, 79 Queen Wilhelmina 53 Selection C 79 RAMONA 44 45,98 SENECA 46, 103 Rappahannock 77 SEVIER 49, 141 Red Amber 101, 103 Shelby Red Chaff 143 RED BOBS 45,82 SHERMAN 48, 130 REDCHAFF 147, 151 SIBLEY 81 48,131 Red Chaff 101, 108, 143, 144, 145 Silyer King 106 Red Chaff Bearded____ 143 SIOUX 48, 128 Red Chaff Club 151 Slickhead 72 RED CHIEF 46,103 Smutless 79 Red Cross 69 Snow 72 Red Durum 154 SONORA 46, 108 Red Fultz 101 SPELT 37 Red Gill 99 SPINKCOTA 49, 133 Red Hall 143 Squarehead 70 REDHART 44, 73 Square Head 73 REDHULL 49, 144 STAFFORD 47, 133 RED INDIAN 47,113 Standby 145 RED JACKET 49,144 STEWART 152, 155 Red King 101 Stoner 114 REDMAN 45,82 STURGEON 49, 133 Red Mav 64, 77 Super 106 RED MAY 46,101 Superhard 132 Red Mediterranean, 145 Superhard Blackhull _ 132 Red Prolific 99 Superred 106 Red Republic 103 Super Red Chief 106 RED ROCK 50,145 SUPREME 45,82 Red Rudy 143 SUPREMO 50, 146 Red Russell 101 Swamp 145 Red Russian 127, 143 Taganrog 157 RED RUSSIAN 43,70 Taruanian 127 Red Sea 145 TAYLOR 44,73 Red Top 145 TENMARQ 48, 130 Red Walla 70 Tennessee Prolific-. 99 RED WAVE 46,99 THATCHER 45, 84 Red Wonder 114 Theiss 127 REGENT 45, 92 Thompson 62 Reliable 111 Thompson Club 62 RELIANT - 48, 128 THORNE 46, 103 RELIEF 48, 123 riMOPHEEVI 40 RENOWN 45, 92 T. N. 1006 105 REQUA 49, 141 TRIPLET 46, 106 RESCUE 45, 82 TRIUMPH 47, 117 REWARD 46, 106 TRUMBULL 44, 70 REX 45,94 TURKEY 48, 126 RICE 43,60 Turkey Hybrid 151 RIDIT 44, 79 Turkey Red 127 RINK 42,53 Turkish Red 127 RIO 48, 128 Ulta 127 Ripley 76 UTAC 147, 151 RIVAL 49, 138 UTAH KANRED 48,131 Romanella 127 VAHART 43,64 ROYAL 47, 111 VALLEY 47, 113 RUDY 49, 140 VALPRIZE 43,70 CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 173

Name Page Name Page Velvet Chaff 106, 108 WHITE WINTER 42,52 VERNUM 152, 154 WICHITA 47, 117 VESTA 49, 135 Wild Goose 158 Victory 53 WILHELMINA 42,53 VIGO 43,66 Winter Fife 106 V. P. I. 131 47, 115 Winter King 101, 114, 140 WABASH 43,66 Winter La Salle 66 WASATCH 48, 124 Winter Nellis 66 WESTAR 47, 117 Winter Queen 69 White Austrahan 59 WISCONSIN PEDIGREE NO. 2. 48,131 White Clawson 97 Wold's White Winter 52 WHITE FEDERATION 43,60 Woods Prolific 64 WHITE FEDERATION 38 43,60 Yellow Gharnovka 157 White Holland 53 YOGO 48, 122 White Lammas 59 YORKWIN 42, 50 White Russian 62 Zimmerman 59 White Sonora 108 Zuni 127

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1954