Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 1954

/' Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States in 1949

By

B. B. BAYLES Principal Agronomist

and

J. ALLEN CLARK Senior Agronomist Field Crops Research Bran~h

United States Department of Agriculture, Washingtc'll, D. C.

For gale by the Superintendent of Documents, WaehinMlon 25, D. C. • Price 70 cent. 66 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to strong; spike apically awnleted, fusi­ Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, form, middense to dense, inclined; glumes 452,427 acres (fig. 32). glabrous, white with black stripes, mid­ long, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to LOFTHOUSE square; beaks mid wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long, some­ Description.-Plant winter habit mid­ tim,;s incurved; kernels red, midlong, se:;tson, midtall; ste:n white,. midstrong; semlhard, ovate; germ midsized· crease s~lke awnleted, fusIform, mlddense, in­ midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush cllped_; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, midsized, midlong. ml~wlde; should~rs wanting to narrow, History.-Kanqueen (C. 1. 12762) was oblIque; beaks WIde, obtuse, 1 mm. long; developed by Earl G. Clark, the farmer­ awnlets several, 5 to 30 mill. long; wheat breeder of Sedgwick, Kans., and kernels red, mic_llon.g, sof~, ovate; germ first offered for sale in the fall of 1949. small; crease mldwlde, mlddeep; cheeks It was sold in small lots in all sections usually angular; brush small, midlong. of Kansas. There is some confusion as to the VIGO identity of this variety. It frequently has been referred to as white-kerneled Description.-Plant' winter habit, mid­ and often is confused with the Kofod variety. se:;tson, midtall; s~em white, strong; spIke awnleted, fusIform, lax, inclined· History.-A wheat by the name of glumes glabrous, white, long, narrow t~ Lofthouse has been grown in Utah since midwide; shoulders midwide, square to about 1890. The sample from which rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 were grown the plants described above mID. long; awnlets few, 3 to 15 mm. was seed developed at the Purdue University distributed by a Mr. Lofthouse a farmer Agricultural Experiment Station in ex­ at Paradise, Utah, about 16 n{iIes south periments cooperative between the Bot­ of Logan. Mr. Nelson states that in any Department of that Station and the 1893 or 18\)4, in a conversation with Mr. Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases of Lofthouse regarding the best varieties of the United States Department of Agri­ wheat for dry farming, he was told that culture (33). It was selected from a Mr. Lofthouse had received a sample of cross between Fultz Sel. C. 1. 11512 a soft white winter wheat from the United sister selection of Wabash, and Trumbull States Department of Agriculture a year made in 1932. The strain later named or two previously, which promised to Vigo was selected in 1937,and designated produce large yields and was a good as 3241-15. It was distributed in milling wheat. The wheat was hardy Indiana in the fall of 1946. It is recom­ standing the winter better than othe; mf'nded for growing in Indiana southern varieties, and soon became the most Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri. extensively grown winter wheat in north­ ern Utah and southern Idaho. Although the above statement shows that the wheat originally was white-kerneled the wheat grown at Nephi, Utah, since 1\)04 is red-kerneled. ' Distnbution.-Estimated area in 1949, 1,705 acres, grown in Idaho. Synonyms.-Winter La Salle, Winter N ellis. Winter La Salle is thought to be the name under which the wheat later named Lofthouse was sent to Utah by the United States Department of Agriculture. WABASH FIGURE 32.-Distribution of Vigo wheat in Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ 1949. Estimated area, 452,127 acres. soason, midtall to tall; stem white, mid- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 67 strong to strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, lax, nodding; glumes glabrous, white, 6\)1 ,488 acres (fig. 33). midlong, midwide; shoulders wid", square; heaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; checks rounded to angular; brush mirlsizerl, mirllong. IVabash is resistant to some races of leaf rust. H is also resistant to mosaic but is susceptible to flag smut and most races of loos~ smut. History.-Wabash (C. I. 11384) (reg. 324} was selected from C. I. 5308 in cooperative investigations at the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Sta­ tion. C. 1. 5308 originated from a single head received by the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station in 1913. This head apparer1tly was from a natural hybrid between Fultz and an unknown variety, as its progeny segregated for FIGURE 33.-Distribution of Fairfield whea t leaf-rust resistance, chaff, color, and in 1949. Estimated area, 691,488 acres. other characters. A number of leaf­ rust-resistant selections were made from CLARKAN it. The one named lYabash was last selected in 1924 and was carried in early Dcscription.-Plant winter habit, mid­ tests as C. I. 5308-Wh.-l-1-1. It was season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; approved for distribution in1"the-fall of spike awnleted, oblong to fusiform, mid­ 1938 by the Indiana and Illinois Agri­ dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, cultural Experiment SLations. sometimes with. faint black stripes, mid­ Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, long, midwide; shoulders midwide to wide, 22,875 acres, grown in Illinois and Indiana. oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 1 to 8 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical; germ FAIRFIELD midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, short Descnption.-Plant winter habit, mid­ A.) season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; to midlong. (See" fig. 34, spike awnleted, oblong, lax, erect; glumes Clarkanlis moderately resistant to flag glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoul­ smut but is susceptible to mosaic and very ders narrow, rounded; beaks midwide, susceptible to loose smut and bunt. The obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to grain of Clarkan is of unusually high-test 20 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, weight. The texture of Clarkan kernels is~somewhat harder than that for typical ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, soft Wheats. middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­ History.-Clarkan (C. I. 8858) (reg. sized, midlong. (See fig. 31, B.) 316) was developed by a private wheat Fairfield is relatively winter-hardy, breeder, Earl G. Clark, of Sedgwick, resistant to mosaic, to many races of loose Kans., from a natural hybrid found in a smut, and has somc resistancc to leaf rust. field of Blackhull in 1916. It probably It is well adapted for combine harvesting. was a Blackhull X Harvest Queen cross. It has good soft-wheat quality. Clarkan resulted from a plant selected in Hislory.-Fairfield (C. I. 12013) (reg. 1921 and was first known as Clark's No. 332) was developed from a cross between 40. The variety was tested by the Kansas Purkof and Fulhio made in 1926 by the Agricultural Experiment Station and was Agronomy Department of the Purdue distributed by Mr. Clark in 1931, whcn University Agricultural Experiment Sta­ it was recommended by the Kansas tion, at Lafayette, Ind. The strain later station for growing in eastern Kansas named Fairfield was selected in 1932 and (101). during the testing period was designated Distribution.-EstimaLed area in 1949, as Purdue No.6 (64). It was distributed 939,098 acres (fig. 35). in Indiana in the fall of 1942. Synonym.-Clark's No. 40. 68 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

\

A B

FIGURE 34.-A, Clarkan and B, Forward wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1 {) 4 9 69

5 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized to large; crease midwide, mid deep ; cheeks rounded; brush , midsized, midlong. Pennoll is a rather tall gr_J;lwing variety but has withstood lodging very well con­ sidering its height. It has been a pro­ ductive variety in Pennsylvania and has satisfactory soft-wheat quality. History.-Pennoll (C. 1. 12755) was selected from a cross between Valprizo and Nittany by the Agronomy Depart­ ment at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. The selection which resulted in Pennoll was designated as Pa. 114a42 during the testing period. It was , entered in the eastern uniform soft winter FIGURE 3S.-Distribution of Clarkan wheat wheat nursery in the fall of 1949. It was in 1949. Estimated area, 939,098 acres. released in 1951 and it was estimated that 30,000 acres were seeded in Pennsyl­ HARVEST QUEEN vania in the faU of 1952.

Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ PROSPERITY season, tall; stem white, strong; spike awnleted, oblong, dense, erect to inclined; Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid­ season, midtall; stem glaucous when wide; shoulders wide, oblique to square; green, white, strong, coarse; spike awn­ beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets leted, linear-Oblong, broad, middense, few, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels dull red, nodding; glumes glabrous, white, mid­ midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; long, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to crease midwide to wide, mid deep ; cheeks square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. long; rounded; brush midsized, midlong. awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm'.long; kernels red, Harvest Queen is distinct in having tall, midlong, soft,' ovate; germ midsized; bright, strong straw and a thick oblong crease wide, deep; cheeks angular; brush spike. mid ized, midlong. History.-The history of Harvest Queen This variety is marked by its broad, (C. 1. 5314) (reg. 39) is not definitely nodding spike and the very glaucous known. The name "Harvest Queen" was appearance of the entire plant while used early for a white wheat, but this use immature. apparently has been discontinued. The History.-Prosperity (C. 1. 5380) (reg. earlier names, under which the wheat de­ 40) was originated by A. N. Jones, of scribed above was known, were "Black Newark, Wayne County, N. Y. Mr. Sea" and "Red Cross." The name Jones first called it No.8, but later named "Harvest Queen" is claimed by E. S. it American Bronze.9 It was first Marshall, of De Soto, Kans., to have advertised and distributed in 1890 by been applied to the variety by him. He Peter Henderson & Co., seedsmen, of selected a tall, promising stool of the New York City, and was said by them to wheat from some other variety in 1895, be the result of a cross between Martin increased it in 1896, and named it in 1897. and Fultz (98). The name "Prosperity" Distribution.-The estimated area of came into use for the variety about 1895 Harvest Queen decreased from 1,007,600 (3) . acres in 1919 to 8,665 acres in 1949. The Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949. latter acreage was grown in Oklahoma 3,038 acres, grown in Illinois. and Missouri. Synonym.-American Bronze. Synonyms.-Black Sea, Golden Van, Kansas Queen, May Queen, Red Cross, FORWARD Winter Queen. Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ PEN NOLL season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; spike awnleted, oblong-fusiform, mid­ Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, season, tall; stem white, midstrong; spike midlong, midwide; shoulders oblique to awnleted, oblong, dense, inclined; glumes square; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.2 mm. glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoul­ long; awnlets few, 5 to 15 mm. long, ders midwide, oblique to rounded; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, Printed letterheads of Mr. Jones. 70 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083) U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sometimes incurved; kernels red, mid­ Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, long, soft, elliptical; germ midsized; 918 acres, grown in Ohio. crcll$e mid wide, deep; cheeks angular; llrush midsized, midlong. (See fig, 34, RED RUSSIAN 13,) Forward differs from Prosperity in Description.- Plant winter habit, very being earlier and in having shorter late, tall; stem white, coarse, strong; b(>ak::; and longer awnlets, sometimes spike awnleted, clavate, dense, erect to incurvNl. It is resistant to several races inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid­ of loose smut. long, wide; shoulders midwide, oblique to I/i,~l(}r1J.-For ward (C. I. 6691) (reg. square; keel incurved above; beaks wide, ,11) wa.':! originated by the Department obtuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 1 to 10 of Plant Breeding of the Cornell Uni­ mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, v(~r ity Agricultural Experiment Station, ovate, sometimes broadly ovate; germ Hhaca, X. Y., in cooperation with the small to midsized; crease wide, deep; Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. cheeks usually rounded; brush midsized, During tho experimental stages it was midlong to long. knov,,'11 as Cornell Selection 123-32. History.-Red Russian (C. 1. 4509) Concerning the variety, Doctor Love, (reg. 43) undoubtedly is of English origin who was in charge of the cooperative and is, or is derived from, the old Square­ experiments at Cornell, wrote as head wheat. The origin of the variety, follows: 10 however, is undetermined. The name The Forward is a white chaff, "Red Russian" seems to be u sed for the beardless, r ed-kerneled wheat selected variety only in the Pacific Northwest out of a commercial lot of Fulcaster section of the United States. The and Hilder test has proved to be winter variety was introduced into the Palouse hardy and a good yielder. It has out­ section of Washington about 1890 and yielded Fulcaster and bids fair to be has always been best known there under one of our best red-kerneled sorts. the name "Red Russian" (84). Because of lack of winter hardiness, susceptibility Forward is very different from Ful- to bunt, and poor grain quality, the caster from which it was selected and may acreage of Red Russian is decreasing. hayo been a mixture or the result of a Distribution.-The e Hmated area of natural cros". It was first distributed Red Russian decreased from 154,900 for commercial growing in New York in acres in 1919 to 9,139 acres in 1949. the fall of 1920. The latter acreage was in Idaho, vVash­ Dislribution.-The estimated area in ington, and Oregon. '1 D4\), 140,303 acres, grown in 16 Eastern Synonyms.-German Red, ~Iontana I:-'tate:::i, Deal, Red Walia, Squarehead. VALPRTZE NURED Descriplion.- Plant winter habit, mid­ sea"on, midtall; stem white and purple, Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ strollg; spike awnleted, clavate, dense, season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong; erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, in­ midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique to clined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, rOllllded, keels tend to incurve; beaks midwide; shoulders narrow, rounded; wide, obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets beaks midwide, obtuse, 0 .5 mm. long; few, 3 to 12 mm. long; kernels light red, awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm.; kernels red, midlong, 50ft, elliptical, broad and some­ midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; what flattened; germ large; crease wide, crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; deep; checks angular; brush midsized, brush midsized, short. midlong. Nured is resistant to mosaic and to llislory.-Valprize (C. 1. 11539) is a some race of loose smut. I t is moderately splecLiOIl from a cross between Valley resistant to mildew. and Grandprize made in 1912. The final History.- "r ured (C. 1. 12455) was selection was made in 1920. It was developed from a cross between Forward developed by the Cornell University and a selection from Dietz, which is a Agrieult.11I'al Experiment Station at synonym for Fulcaster, at the Cornell Ithaca, .0i. Y., in cooperation with the University Agricultural Experiment Sta­ Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. tion, at Ithaca, N. Y., in investigations Valprizc was distributed to growers in cooperative with the Division of Cereal Hl~l. Crops and Diseases. It was distributed in 1939 as a high-yielding variety in those IB Correspondence of the Division of Cereal Crops areas of New York where a feed wheat and Diseases, dated March 19, 1921. was desired (137). CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 71

A

FIGURE 36.-A. Fultz and B. Redhart wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 72 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, [" 1871 the United States Department 19,257 acres, grown in seven States, the of Agriculture distributed 200 bushels largest acreages being in New York and t of the wheat for seed. Pennsylvania. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, FULHIO 377,243 acres (fig. 37). Synonyms.-Bluestem, Bluestem Fultz, Description.-Fulhio is very similar to Hickman, Posey, Slickhead, Snow. Fultz except in having more fusiform heads and slightly longer kernels. History.-Fulhio (C. 1. 6999) (reg. 231) was developed at the Ohio Agri­ cultural Experiment Station (205) from a plant selected from Fultz. The selec­ tion was made at Wooster, Ohio, in 1912. The variety has been commercially grown in Ohio since 1920. It was first distributed as Ohio No. 127 and later Darned "Fulhio." Its superior characters are high yield, good tillering capacity, winter hardiness, fairly stiff straw, and FIGURE 37.-Distribution of Fultz wheat somewhat greater resistance to loose in 1949. Estimated area, 377,243 acres. smut than Fultz. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, TRUMBULJ~ 178,212 acres, grown in six States, the Description.-Trumbull differs from largest acreages being in Illinois, Ohio, Fultz in being pure for winter habit. and Missouri. It. is slightly taller and later and has Synonym.-Ohio No. 127. slightly stronger and less purple stems. It is resistant to several races of loose FULTZ smut. History.-Trumbull (C. 1. 5657) (reg. Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ 50) was developed at the Ohio Agricul­ season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong; tural Experiment Station, Wooster, from spike awnleted, fusiform to oblong, mid­ a plant selected from Fultz. The selec­ dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, tion was grown as early as 1908. After midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide, 8 years of experiments with the variety oblique to square; beaks narrow to mid­ at Wooster, C. G. Williams (229, p. 466) wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, wrote as follows regarding it: 3 to 15 mm. long; kernels pale red, usually short, ovate; germ midsized; The other new introduction is the crease usually midwide, shallow to mid­ Trumbull, a pure-line selection of the deep; cheeks rounded to angular; brush Fultz. 'Wherever the Fultz wheat is midsized, midlong. (See fig. 36, A.) found satisfactory, the Trumbull should It is almost impossible to distinguish succeed. It may be expected to yield Fulhio, Trumbull, and Ashland from 2 to 4 bushels per acre more than the Fultz. Fultz. It possesses the quality of all Fultz does not appear pure for winter pure lines-greater uniformity than the habit of growth, as some plants in it will bulk seed, is fair in bread making and head from early spring seeding, while among the good ones in stiffness of selections from it, such as Ashland and straw. Trumbull, are uniform for winter habit. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, History.-The origin of Fultz (C. 1. 300,954 acres (fig. 38). 1923) (reg. 48) wheat has been recorded by Carleton (37, pp. 199-200), as follows: In 1862, in Mifflin County, Pa., Abraham Fultz, while passing through a field of Lancaster wheat, which is an awned variety, found three spikes of awnless wheat. He sowed the seed from these spikes the same year, and continued sowing a larger amount each year, until he obtained sufficient seed to distribute it pretty well over the country. It soon became a well-marked FIGURE 3a.-Distribution of Trumbull and popular variety, called Fultz from wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 300,954 the Dame of the breeder. " " " In acres. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 73

ASHLAND Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station at Raleigh, in 1929 and was desig­ Description.-According to the Ken­ nated as Alabama Bluestem 89 in early tucky Agricultural Experim!)nt Station testll. It was distributed to farmers in (6, p. 1197), Ashland is very similar in the fall of 1940. ,. character to ordinary Fultz. It has the Distribution.-Estimated area in 1919, good milling qualities of Fultz, and in ad­ 71,894 acres, grown in 12 Southeastern dition yields better, with beLter straw, States. and is fairly resistant to scab and other diseases. Synonym.-Alabama Bluestem 89. History.-Ashland (C. 1. 6692) (reg. RED HART 49) was developed from a plant selected from Fultz at the Kentucky Agricultural Description.-Plant spring intermedi­ Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky., ate habit, early to midscason, midtall; and was distributed to farmers in 1919 stem white, strong; spike awnleted, fusi­ and 1920. form, middense, erect to inclined; gJumes Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, glabrous, white, midlong to long, narrow 128 acres, grown in West. Virginia. to midwide; shoulders narrow, wanting to oblique; beaks narrow, obtuse, 1 mm. FULTZO-MEDITERRANEAN long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, semihard, elliptical; Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ germ midsized; crcase midwide, deep; scason, midtall; stem purple, strong; cheeks angular; brush_'niidsized;'midlong. spikc awnlcted, clavate, dense, erect, (See fig. 36, E.) easily shattered; glumes glabrous, white, Hislory.-Hedhart (C. 1. 8898) (reg. midlong, midwide; shoulders wanting to 283) was selected 'from the southern Flint narrow, oblique; beaks wide, obtuse, or Red May wheat by Coker's Pedigreed 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 1 to 10 mm. Seed Co., Hartsville, S. C. It was first long; kernels red, short to midlong, distributed in 1921. 'Redhart 3 (C. 1. soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease nar­ 11860) was developed from a cross be­ row to mid wide, shallow to middeep; tween Redhart and a variety named cheeks usually rounded; brush midsized, Golden Chaff. Redhart 3, Redhart 4 midlong. (C. 1. 12003), Ilnd Redhart 5 (C. 1. 12004.) Fultzo-Mediterranean is distinct from are reselections of the same line and are Fultz in having very strong stems and earlier than the original Redhart. erect, dense, clavate spikes. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, History.-The origin of Fultzo-Mediter­ 60·1,624 acres, grown in 12 States (fig. 39). ranean (C. 1. 4811) (reg. .51) is not definitely known. Many synonyms are used for the varieLY, oue of which may be the original name. The variety was first distributed as Fultzo-Mediterranean by Everitt's O. K. Seed Store, Indian­ apolis, Ind., in 1898. The variety .w~s evidently named by that firm, and It IS claimed by them to have originated from a cross between Fultz and Mediterranean (76). Fultzo-Mediterranean shows no indica­ tion of having been derived from Mediter­ ranean, although it has many of the characters of Fultz. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, FIGURE 39.-Distribution of Redhart 2 010 ac];es, grown in Missouri. wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 604,624 , Synonyms.-Columbia, Flat Top, New acres_ Columbia, Square .Head. TAYLOR CARALA Description.-Plant spring intermediate Descriplion.-Carala is very similar to habit, midseason, midtall; stem white, Purplest raw, except in having stronger midsLrong; spike awnleLed, fusiform, white stems and in giving higher yields. middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, It is adapted for growing in the same white, midlong, midwide; shoulders mid­ areas as Purplestraw. wide, oblique; beaks midwide, obtuse, History.-Carala (C. 1. 12184) was 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 selected from Alabama Bluestem, a strain mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, of the Purplestraw variety, by the North elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, 74 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S . DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

middeep; 'heeks angular; brush midsized, row to wanting; beaks midwide, obtuse, midlong. 0.5 rom. long; awnlets few, 5 to 10 mm. Taylor is resistant to leaf rust, moder- long; kernels red, midlong, soft to semi­ tely T('sif;tant to stem rust and mosaic, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­ and haH yielded very well in the South. wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush It is sl1s'ccptible to mildew and is ~ot m idsized, midlong. 8ufIiC'ielltlv winter-hardy for growmg Coker 47-27 is resistant to leaf rust north of Virginia and Maryland. It has and moderately resistant to stem rust. soft grain of good quality, although it It is about 2 days later than Hardired averages somewhat higher in protein and is somewhat more winter-hardy content than the older varieties grown than Coastal. in the South. It is lower in protein History.-Coker 47-27 (C. 1. 12563) content than the Atlas strains. was selected at the Coker's Pedigreed History.-Taylor (C. 1. 12461) was Seed Co. at Hartsville, S. C ., from a developod from the cross Trumbull X cross between Fronteira and Hardired Frondof;o made at Arlington Farm, made in 1939. After several years of Rosslvn, Va., by the Division of Cereal selection and testing, it was offered for Crops and Diseases. Selection was con­ sale in the fall of 1950. tinued at Beltsville, Md., where it was designated Y2375. I t was entered in ATLAS 66 the Unifonn Southern "Wheat Nursery in 1946 and its adaptation and value Description.-Plant spring intermedi­ determined cooperatively with the agri­ ate habit, midseason, short to midtall; cultural experiment stations in the South. stem white, strong; spike awnleted, ob­ It was cli!'1tributed by the South Carolina long to clavate, dense, erect; glumes and NQrth Carolina Agricultural Experi­ glabrous, white, midlong, midwidc; ment Stations in t he fall of 1953. shoulders narrow, wanting to rounded; llARDIRED beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to 10 mm. long; Descriplion.-Plant intermediate habit, kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical; midseason, midtall; stem white, mid­ germ midsized; crease midwide, middeepi strong; spike awnleted, fusiform to oblong, cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, (See fig. 40, A.) white, long, nar:row; shoulders wanting Atlas 66 is resistant to leaf and stem to narrow, oblique; beaks midwide, rust and has mild resistance to powdery obtuse, 1 mm. long; awnlcts several, 5 mildew. It has stiff straw and is similar to 20 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, to Leap in time of maturity, or about a semihard, elliptical; germ midsized; crea e week later than Purplestraw. It is midwide, middeep; checks rounded; brush recommended for growing on the Coastal rnidsized, midlong. Plain and Piedmont sections of North IIardired is moderately teslstant to leaf Carolina, but does Dot have sufficient, rust and to some races of mildew. winter hardiness for growing in the Hisior7j.-IIardired 5 (C. 1. 12411) was mountain areas. The grain of Atlas develope'd by the Coker's Pedigreed averages higher in protein content than ~eed Co., Hartsville, S. C., from a cross most varieties. betwe~n Early Red May and a selection History.- Atlas 66 (C. 1. 12561) was from Hope X Hussar made in 1932, by developed cooperatively by the North the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases Carolina Agricultural Experiment Sta­ at 1\lanhattan, Kans. The first dis­ tion and the Division of Cereal Crops tribution was designated as Coker 39-3 and Diseases. Segregating F 4 lines from a until it was named and distributed in cross between Frondo 0 and a selection the fall of 1940. from a cross between Redhart 3 and Noll Several similar strains have since been 28 were sent from the Division of Cereal di ·tributed. Crops and Disease~ Arlington Farm, Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, Va., to Raleigh, N. v., in 1940. Noll 28 ] 09,903 acres, grown in nine Southern was selected at State College, Pa., from States, the largest acreage being in a cross between Hussar and Forward. North Carolina and South Carolina. Atlas 66 resulted from a selection made in North Carolina. It was tested widely as COKER 47-27 N. C. 5466 in the uniform nursery in the Description.-Plant spring intermedi­ Southern States, beginning in 1948. It at.e habit, midseason, midtall; stem was distributed in N orih Carolina in the white, strong; spike awnleted, oblong, fall of 1948 (143). middense to dense, erect; glumes glabrous, Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar- 1,535 acres, grown in North Carolina. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 75

A

FIGURE 40.-A. ALIas 66 and B. Purplestraw wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 76 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ATLAS 50 Purplestraw at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, Experiment. The Description.-Atlas 50 is similar to selection was made in 1921 and was first Atlas 66 except in being less resistant to distributed for commercial growing in leaf rust and more resistant to mildew 1931. and in having somewhat longer awnlets Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, (5 to 20 mm.). 689 acres, grown in Georgia. History.-Atlas '50 (C. 1. 12534) is a sister selection of Atlas 66, and its history is the same. It was entered in the Uni­ CHANCELLOR form Southern Wheat Nursery in 1947. Description.-Plant intermediate habit, It was distributed in North Carolina in early, midtall; stem purple, strong; spike the fall of 1948 (143). awnleted, fusiform, mid dense to dense, Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, 1,841 acres, grown in North Carolina. narrow; shoulders narrow, wanting to rounded; beaks mid wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. PURPLESTRAW long; awnlets few, 3 to 25 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ Descriplion.-Plant spring intermedi­ small; crcase midwide, middeep; cheeks ate habit, early, midtall; stem purple; rounded; brush small, short. midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform, Chancellor is similar to Purplestraw in middense, inclined to nodding; glumes plant characters except that it is more glabrous, white, short to midlong, mid­ winterislr in habit of growth. It is wide; shoulders narrow to midwide, moderately resistant to leaf rust and is oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, resistant to mosaic, but it is very sus­ 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to ceptible to mildew. It has yielded sig­ 10 mm. long; kernels red, short to mid­ nificantly higher than Purplestraw. long, soft, ovate or sometimes nearly History.-Chancellor (C. L 12333) was oval; germ midsized; crease midwide, developed at the Georgia Agricultural shallow to middeep; cheeks usually Experiment Station aL Experiment, in rounded; brush small to midsized, mid­ cooperation with the Division of Cereal long. (See fig. 40, B.) Crops and Diseases, by crossing a selec­ History.-The origin of Purplestraw tion from (Carina X Mediterranean) X (C. r. 1915) (reg. 53) wheat is undeter­ (Dietz X Carina) with a selection from mined. It is, however, one of the earlier P1068 X Purplestraw 3. Carina, Medi­ yarieties of wheat grown in the United terranean, and P1068a, a sister of Kanred, States. Concerning its early culture, nre resistant to some races of leaf rust. the following information was recorded The strain later named Chancellor was in 1851 by Edmund Ruffin (173, p. 454): designated as No. H1050-12-5-1Q-3 From 1822 to the present time the during the testing period. It was dis­ ~ame kind of wheat has been culti­ tributed in Georgia in the fall of 1947. vated, first known as Mountain Purple­ Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, straw and more lately distinguished 9,941 acres, grown in seven Southeastern as the Early Purplestraw. States. Purplestraw has been an important SANFORD wheat in the southeastern United States for more than 125 years. Description.-Sanford is very similar to Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, Purplestraw in plant and kernel charac­ 100,692 acres, grown in 11 Southeastern teristics but is somewhat resistant to leaf States. rust. Synonyms.-Alabama Bluestem, Blue­ Hislory.-Sanford (C. L 12026) (reg. stem, Early Purplestraw, Georgia Blue­ 336) was developed in cooperative inves­ stem, Georgia Red, Mountain Purple­ tigations of the Georgia Agricultural straw, Ripley. Experiment Station at Experiment, and GASTA the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. It is the result of back crossing leaf-rust­ Description.-Gasta iss i mil art 0 resistant selections from Kanred X Purplestraw except in being later and Purplestraw to Purplestraw twice. The having a more winter habit of growth. second backcross was made in 1928, and It is a higher yielding wheat and more the selections were made in 1934. Two resistant to loose smut than Purplestraw selections, H2640-1-2-3-3-3 and H264- at Experiment, Ga. 1-2-3-3-5, which appeared to be identical Hiatory.-According to Bledsoe (21), in plant characters, yield, and quality, Gasta (C. I. 11398) (reg. 268) was were bulked and increased in 1940. The developed from a head selected from variety was named "Sanford" and dis- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 77 tributed to Georgia farmers in the fall Coastal is resistant to leaf and stem of 1940. rust and has some resistance or toleranco Sanett, a selected Sanford, was dis­ to mildew and septoria glume blotch. tributed by the Marrett Seed Farm of It is susceptible to mosaic. Coastal has Westminster, S. C. a spring growth habit an;! is not winter­ Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, hardy. It is about 1 week later than 164,871 acres, grown in Georgia and Hardired. It is recommended only for seven other Southeastern States. the Coastal "Plain of the Southeast. Synonym.-Sanett. Crain of Coastal averages higher in pro­ tein content than most varieties except FLINT (RED lilA Y) Atlas. Description.-Plant winter intermedi­ IIistory.-Coastal (C. 1. 12463) was ate habit, early to midseason, midtall; selected from a cross between Frondoso stem purple, rnidstrong; spike awnleted, and a selection from a cross between Red­ oblong, dense, erect; glurnes glabrous, hart 3 and Noll 28 at the Coker's Pedi­ white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar­ greed Seed Co., Hartsville, S. C. The row, oblique to square; beaks midwide, crosses were made by the Division of obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. IOllg; awnlets few, Cereal Crops and Diseases at Arlington 2 to 40 mm. long; kernels pale red, short Farm, Va., and F j segregating material to midlong, soft, ovate; germ small; was furnished to cooperators in the fall crease midwide, middeep; cheeks angular of 1940. Noll 28 was a selection from a to rounded; brush midsized, midlong. cross between Hussar and Forward made History.-The origin of Flint (C. 1. at State College, Pa. During the period 6307) (reg. 47) wheat is undetermined. of testing Coastal was designated as It is known to be an old wheat of the Cokers 45-21. It was released in the eastern United States. The early names fall of 1949. for the variety and the literature con­ cerning them are very confusing. A HUSTON White Flint, claimed to have been intro­ duced from Spain in 1814 (92, p. 217), Description.-Plant spring habit, early which became widely grown in the East­ to midseason, midtall; stem faintly purple, ern States from 1830 to 1850, was midstrong; spiJ!:e awnleted, oblong, dense, described by Harmon as awnless, with erect, easily shattered; glumes glabrous, white glumes and hard white kernels. white, midlong, midwide; shoulders want­ There seems to be no winter wheat of that ing to narrow, oblique; beaks narrow, description now grown. The Flint wheat obtuse, 1 to 1.5 mm. long; awnlets several, now in cultivation has red kernels and is 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, short, !oft similar to wheat known as Little Red to semihard, broadly ovate; germ mid­ May, Early May, and Rappahannock. sized; crease midwide, shallow to middeep, These are all old names in American usually pitted; cheeks rounded; bru3h wheat literature. Little Red May is small, mid long, sometimes collared. listed by Killebrew (123, p. 56) as a variety of the above description which This is one of the few soft red spring­ "was brought into Tennessee by Joseph wheat varieties grown in the Unitcd Jacobs from Missouri, no doubt having States. been taken there from Kentucky or History.-According to S. L. Williams, Virginia. " of the Eugene Mill & Elevator Co., Eu­ Much of the Flint wheat now grown is gene, Oreg., Huston (C. L 5208) (reg. 54) known as Red Mayor Little Red. was introduced in the vicinity of Eugene Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, in 1876 by a Mr. Belshaw, who obtained 64,518 acres, grown in 10 Southeastern a sample of the wheat at the Centennial StaLes. Exposition, where it was on exhibition Synonyms.-Early May, Little May, as Bulgarian Red Spring. He sowed the Little Red, Little Red May, May, Rappa­ few kernels in his garden and in this way hannock, Red May. obtained sufficient seed to sow 5 acres. His land was low and heavy, however, COASTAL and the wheat did not prove satisfactory, so he gave the seed to a Mr. Huston Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­ living 16 mile" west on the hill lands, who season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid­ grew it with splendid success and the strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid­ dense, inclined; glumes glabrous, whit(', wheat came to be known as Huston. midlong; beaks 0.5 mm. long; kernels red, Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, midlong, soft, elliptical; germ midsized; 4,687 acres, grown in western Oregon. crease mid wide, mid deep ; cheeks rounded; Synonyms.-Bulgarian, Early Wonder. brush midsized, midlong. Little Red, Ninety-Day. 7 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEP'l'. OF AGRICUL'l'URE

A

I~lGURE 41.-A. Newturk and B. Ridit wheats: Spikes and glumes. X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1 9 4 9 79

SEABREEZE mercial growing in 1926. Its superior characters are good yield and quality and Description.-Plant spring habit, early, resistance to shattering. midtallj stem purple, midstrong; spike Disiribution.-Estimated arert in Hl49, awnleted, oblong to clavate, middense, 82,045 acres, grown in ~lontana, SOllth erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, Dakot.a, North Dakota, and l\Iinllc~ota. midwide; shoulders narrow, wanting to Synonym.-Beardless Turkey. oblique; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets sevcral, 5 to 25 mm. long; RTDIT kernels red, short to midlong, soft, ovate; germ small; crease midwide, mid­ Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ deep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; midlong. spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, in­ Seabreeze was developed for growing clined; glumes glabrous, white, midloYlg, as a feed grain and for grazing in southern narrow to midwide; shoulders mirlwide, Texas. It makes a vigorous leafy growth oblique to square; beaks midwide, acute, during the short days of winter and is 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 12 mm. resistant to many races of stem rust and long; kernels red, midlong, hard, ellip­ leaf rust. It has some resistance to loose tical; germ midsized; crease midwide, smut and mildew. It is very early and middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, is not winter-hardy. midlong. (See fig. 41, B.) History.-Seabreeze (C. 1. 12611) was It is resistant to many races of bunt developed at the Texas Agricultural and to shattering. Ridit was the fir::;t Experiment Station at College Station in variety bred for resistance to bunt to be cooperation with the Divi ion of Cereal distributed for growing in the UniLed Crops and Diseases from a cross between States. a selection from Mediterranean-Hope History.-Ridit (C. r. 6703) (reg. 248) and Gasta made in 1938. Selection 242, was developed from a cross between Tur­ later named Seabreeze, was made at key arid Florence made in 1915 at tho College Station in 1941. It was dis­ 'Vashington Agricultural Experiment Sta­ tributed in Texas in the fall of 1945. tion, Pullman. A selection made in Distribution.-Estimated area in 194-9, 1919 resulLed in the Ridit variety. It was distribut~d for commercial growing 6,750 acres, grown in southern Texas. in WashingLon in 1923. Distribution.-Estimated area in Hl4D, NEWTURR 75,027 acres, grown in Washington, Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ Idaho, and Montana. season, midtall; stem white, weak to Synonyms.- Selection C, Smutless. midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, inclinedj glumes glabrous, PURKOF white, midlong, mid wide; shoulders mid­ Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ wide, oblique to square; beaks wide, season, midtall to tall; stem white, mid­ acute, 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid­ 10 mm. long; kernels red, short to mid­ dense, nodding; glumes glabrous, ""hite, long, hard, ovate; germ very small; short, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to crease narrow to rnidwide, shallow; square; beaks midwide, obtuse, 1 mm. cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. long; awnlets sevetal, 5 to 25 mm. long; (See fig. 41, A.) kernels red, short to midlong, hard, ovate Newturk is high yielding, more resist­ to elliptical; germ midsized; crease mid­ ant to shattering than Turkey, and equal wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush in quality for bread making. midsized, midlong. (See fig. 42, A.) History.-Newturk (C. 1. (935) (reg. Purkof has good winter hardiness, 245) was developed in cooperative ex­ resistance to shattering, and Rome resist­ periments of the Division of Cereal ance to leaf rust. Crops and Diseases and the Oregon and History.-Purkof (C. I. 8381) (reg. l\'[ontana Agricultural Experiment Sta­ 263) was produced from a hybrid b e­ tions. It is the result of a cross between tween Michigan Amber and 1\Ialakof Newton (a selection of Alton) and made in 1912 and last selected in 1915 Turkey, made in 1916 at Moro, Oreg. at the Purdue University Agricultural Selections of this cross were sent to the Experiment Station, LafayeLte, Ind. It Judith Basin Branch Station, Moccasin, was distributed about 1924. l\Iont., in 1920. One of thesc selections Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, (166B-I-6) proved most promising and 62,835 acres, grown in six States, the was named N ewturk. Seed of the N ew­ largest acreages being in Illinois and turk variety was distributed for com- Indiana. 260503-54--6 RO TEC:EDHCAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A B

FIGlJRE 42.-A, Purkof and B, Chiefkan wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 81

CACHE to be from a Blackhull X 80ft wheat hybrid recrbssed v,Tjth Superhard Black­ Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ hull (40). The first cros::; wa:,; made in season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; 1916. The selection which resulted irl spike awnleted, fusjform, lax, erect; Chiefkan was made i~ 1926 und was; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid­ first distributed in 1935. wide; shoulders narrow, rounded; beaks Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets 425,270 acres (fig. 43). several, 5 to 20 mIn. long; kernels red, Synonyms.-Chiefton, Kanhull, T ew­ midlong, hard, ovate; germ small; crease chief. narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush small, short. Cache is resistant to many races of bunt and is moderately resistant to dwarf bunt. It has satisfactory milling and breadbaking quality. History.-Cache (C. I. 11599) was developed at the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases from a cross made in 1927 between Ridit and Utah Kanred. The plant which resulted in Cache was selected in 1931 and was designated as 54a-40 during the testing period (231). It was distributed to growers in 1937. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, 154,464 acres on the dwarf-bunt-infested dry lands of Utah, southern Idaho, Montana, and Washington.

CHIEFKA FIGURE 43.-Distribution of Chiefkan wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 4,25,270 acres. Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ season, midtall; stem white, midstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform to oblong, mid­ MICUIKOF dense to lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ white, usually with black streaks, mid­ season, midtall; sLem white, midstrong; long, midwide; shoulders midwide, ob­ spike awnleted, oblong, dense, erect to lique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 inclined; glumes glabrous, white, short, mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to 15 mm. midwide; shoulders midwide, square to long, partly incurved; kernels red, mid­ elevated; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. long, hard, ovate to elliptical; germ long; awnlets several, 3 to 12 mm. long; ll1idsized; crease midwide, middeep; kernels red, short, hard, ovate with trun­ cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. cate tip; germ midsized; crease midwide, Kernels of Chiefkan are usually sway­ middeepi cheeks rounding; brush mid­ backed, that is, they have a depression sized, midlong. on the back mid way between the brush History.-Michikof (C. 1. 6990) (reg. and germ. (See fig. 42, B.) 233) was developed (227) at the Purdue Chiefkan is moderately resistant to University Agricultural Experiment Sta­ leaf and stem rust but is very susceptible tion, Lafayette, Ind., from a cross made to loose smut and bunt. It has a high in 1912 between Michigan Amber and test weight. It differs in breadbaking Malakof. The final selection was made characteristics from typical hard red in 1915, and the variety has been com­ winter wheat and is generally disliked mercially grown since about 1920. by millers in the hard winter-wheat arel;L. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, Kanhull, a si ter ejection, differs from 580 acres, grown in Illinois. Chiefkan in having longer, narrower glumes, taller straw, and longer heads, MOSIDA in being later, and in giving lower yields. The two are difficult to distinguish Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ in the field. season, short to midtall; stem white, History.-Chiefkan (C. I. 11754) was strong; spike awnleted, oblong, dense, bred by Earl G. Clark, of Sedgwick, erect, easily shattered i glumes glabrous, Kans., who also developed Blackhull and white, midlong to long, narrow to mid­ Clark an wheats. It is reported by him wide; shoulders narrow, oblique to 82 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

~quare; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. long; SVPRE]UE aWlIlets several, 5 to 25 mm. long; kernels red, midlong, semihard to hard; germ mid­ Description.-Supreme differs from Red sized; crease wide, middeep; cheeks Bobs in being taller and slightly later, in rounded; brush midsized, midlong. having lighter green leaves and stems when young, and in being more uniform. History.-Mosida (C. 1. 6688) (reg. (See fig. 44, A.) 2-17) was produced from a cross made at History.-SlIpreme (C. I. 8026) (reg. t he Colorado Agricultural Experiment 257) is a selection from Red Bobs made Station between Fultzo-Mediterrallean by Seager \\-heeler at Rosthern, Sas­ and Turkey in 1916. The segregating katchewan, Canada. The variety has material was taken to the Idaho Agri­ been grown commercially in Canada cultural Experiment Station, Moscow, since 1922 and in Montana since 1924, where the selection that is now called seed having been obtained by the Mon­ l\Iosida was made in 1D18. It was dis­ tana Agricultural Experiment Station, tributed for commercial growing in north­ Bozeman, in March 1922. It ontyields ern Idaho in 1924. This variety is well Marquis in Montana, is 4 to 7 days adapted to the cutover lands of northern earlier, and has stronger stems. Idaho hut is not adapted in areas where Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, shattering is apt to occur. 74,386 acres, grown in l\lontana, North Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, Dakota, South Dakota, \Vyoming, Min­ 14,335 acres, grown in Idaho, Oregon, nesota, and New Mexico. \VashingtoIl, and Montana. Synonym.-Beardless Turkey. REDMAN Description.-Plant spring habit, early, short to midtall; stem white, strong; RED nOlls spike awnleted, fusiform, lax to middense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong Description.-Plant spring habit, early, to long, midwide, shoulders narrow to midtall; stem white, midstrong to strong; midwide, oblique to rounded; beaks mid­ spike awnless, fusiform, middense, erect; wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets glume8 glabrous, white to yellowish, mid­ several, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, long, miclwide; shoulders wide, oblique short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease to square; beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm. midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush long, sometimes nearly wanting; apical midsized, lllidiong. (See fig. 44, B.) awnlets usually wanting; kernels red, Redman is slightly earlier than Thatch­ usually short, hard, oval to ovate, with er, is resistant to stern rust (except race truncate tip; germ midsized; crease mid­ 1513) and to bunt, and to some races of wide to wide, middeep to deep; cheeks leaf rust and loose smut. It is equal to angular; brush midsized, short. Thatcher in milling and breadbakillg This variety has several types of quality. plants. Red Bobs is very susceptible to History.-Hedman (C. 1. 12638) was stem rust. developed at the Dominion Laboratory of Hlstory.-Red Bobs (C. 1. 6255) (reg. Cereal Breeding at 'Winnipeg, Manitoba, 50) was originated from a head selection Canada, from a cross between Hegent and made in a field of Bobs wheat by Seager Canus made in 1934 (150). The original \\"heeler in 1910 at Maple Grove Farm, distribution was designated as R. L. H,o~thern, Saskatchewan, Canada. It 1834.1 (C. 1. 12496) and was distributed waH distributed for the first time in 1918, in 1945. A selection from this strain was ami its history was recorded the following designated as R. L. 1834.7 (C.!. 12638) year by W. N. Burns in the National and increased for distributior! in 1947. Alfalfa Journal (31). A history of this Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, variety has been recorded by Buller 136,057 acres, grown in Minnesota, North (28, pp . .'259-275). It is evidently the Dakota, South Dakota, l\Iontana, and result of a natural field hybrid between ·Wisconsin. Redman was also estimated Bobs and a red-kerneled variety. Early grown on 643,200 acres in Manitoba and Triumph, a selection made from Red Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1!149 (186). Bobs by Seager Wheeler, is very similar to Red Bobs and is here considered a GARNET synonym. Description.-Plant spring habit, early, Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, short to midtall; stem white, slender, 4,851 acres, grown in Montana. It was weak to midstrong; spike awnleted, fusi­ also estimated (186) grown on 1,480,000 form, mid dense to lax, inclined, ea.~ily acres in Alberta, Canada. shattered; glumes glabrous, white, long, Synonym.-Early Triumph. narrow; shoulders wanting to rounded; CLASSIFicATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN :I 949 83

A

FIGURE 44.-A'., Supreme and B, Redman wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels. X 3. 84 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE beaks narrow, acute, 1 mm. long; awnlets 260) was originated from a cross made at several, 3 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, short to midlong, hard, elliptical; germ Canada, in 1905, by C. E. Saunders, and large; crease narrow, midwide; cheeks was distributed for commercial produc­ rounded; brush small, midlong. tion in the Prairie Provinces of Canada Garnet is very early and is resistant to in the spring of 1920. bunt. The quality of the grain is not The parentage of Garnet has been equal to that of Marquis. recorded by Newman and vVhiteside History.-Garnet (C. r. 8181) (reg. (151) as follows:

Ladoga 1888 Red Fife Onega 1891 Gehun

PrestonI Early IRiga I PrestonI A 1905 Riga M

GarnetI

Garnet was first grown at experiment white, strong; spike awnleted, oblong to stations in the United States in 11)25 and fusiform, middense, erect; glumes gla­ was first introduced from Canada by brous, white (with coffee-colored stains), commercial growers in about 1928. short to midlong, midwide; shoulders mid­ Distnbution.-It was not reported in wide, rounded to square to elevated; the United States in 1949, but an esti­ beaks narrow, obtuse to acute, 0.5 to 1 mated (186) 640,900 acres were grown in mm. long; awnlets many, 5 to 20 mm. Alberta, Canada. long, incurved; kernels light red, short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­ COMET wide, mid deep ; cheeks angular; brush midsized to large, midlong. (See fig. 45, Description.-Plant spring habit, early, A.) short to midtall; stem white, strong; spike Thatcher is resistant to stem rust awuleted, oblong, middense, erect; glurnes (except race 15B) but is susceptible to glabrous, white, midlong, midwide to leaf rust. It has a short stiff straw and wide; shoulders wide, rounded to square; is resistant to lodging and shattering. beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets It has strong gluten and is very satisfac­ several, 3 to 25 mm. long; kernels red, tory for breadmaking. Its test weight midlong, hard, ovate; germ large; crease is relatively low. middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, History.-Thatcher (C. 1. 10003) (reg. midlong. 277) was developed in cooperative experi­ lIistory.-Comet (C. 1. 11465) (reg. ments of the Minnesota Agricultural 315) was developed in cooperative experi­ Experiment Station and the Division of ments of the Division of Cereal CropB Cereal Crops and Diseases. It is the and Diseases and the Montana Agricul­ result of a so-called double cross; i. e., tural Experiment Station from a cross of from a cross between a selection of Mar­ Marquis and Hard Federation made in quis X Iumillo and a selection of Marquis 1921. It has been extensively used in X Kanred made in 1921 at University breeding, but it has not been distributed Farm, St. Paul, Minn. The plant selec­ for commercial growing in Montana or tion, which resulted in Thatcher, was in other States of the hard spring wheat made in 1925 and was first grown in field re)l;ion. Comet was tested in the western plots in 1929 (95). It was distributed regional nursery for a number of years for commercial growing in 1934. and was distributed for growing in central Thatcher proved to be very resistant Oregon in 1940. to stem rust in the severe epidemics of Distnbution.-Estimated acreage in 1935 and 1937, and its aCfp.age increased 1949, 1,000 acres, grown in Oregon. very rapidly both in the United States THATCHER and in Canada, where it was officially approved for distribution in 11)37. Description.-Plant spring habit, early Distribution.-Estimated area in the to midseason, short to midtall; stem United States in 194\), 3,370,823 acres CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES QROWN IN 1949 85

\I

A B

FIGURE 45.-A, Thatcher and B, Marquis wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 86 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(fig. 46). It was estimated~that 15,336,- Dislribuiion.-Estimated area in 1949, 900 acres were grown in the Prairie 282,076 ·(acres, grown in four States Provinces of Canada in 1949 (186). (fig. 47).

FIGURE 47.-Distribution of Ncwthateh ..... : . wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 282,076 .... :: r-----..:l_. acres. ,':', . MARQUILLO Descriplion.-Plant spring habit, early to midseason, short to midtall; stem white, midstrong to strong; spike awn­ leted, fusiform, middense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, sometimes showing Iltreaks ofibrown or black, midlong, mid­ FIGURE 46.-Distribution of Thatcher wheat wide;J'shoulders midwide, rounded to in 1949. Estimated area, 3,370,823 elevated; beaks wide, acute, 1 to 1.5 mm. a('res. long; awnlcts many, 0 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, midlong to long, hard, ovate; NEWTHATGH germ large; crease middeep; cheeks angu­ Descriplion.-Plant spring habit, early lar; brush midlarge, midlong, collared. to midseason, midtall; stem white, IVfarquillo is resistant to stem rust and strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, mid­ moderately resistanL to hessian fly. The dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, grain produces a yellowish flour and in short, midwide; shoulders midwide, that respect is undesirable. The vatiety, rounded; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm. as shown by Powers (164), is not entirely long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long; stable. kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ mid­ History.-Marquillo (C. 1. 6887) (reg. sized; crease midwide, middeep; cl1eeks 237) was produced in cooperative experi­ angular; brush midsized, midlong. ments between the Minnesota Agricul­ Newthatch is resistant to stem rust tural Experiment Station and the Division (except race l1?B), loose smut, and bunt, of Cereal Crops and DiRcases, at Univer­ but it is susceptible to some races of leaf sity Farm, St. Paul, Minn. It is the rust and to fusarial head blight (scab). result of a cross between l\iarquis and It is resistant to lodging and has good Iumillo durum made in 1914. The milling and breadmaking properties. selection II-lo-H, later named Mar­ History.-Newthatch (C. I. 12318) quillo, was made in 1918 and was first (reg. 335) was developed in cooperative distributed in 1928. experiments of the Minnesota Agricul­ Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, tural Experiment Station and the Divi­ 1,053 acres, grown in Minnesota. sion of Cereal Crops and Diseases. It Synonym.-Minnesota No. 2202. was produced by back crossing in which the initial cross between Hope and CARLEEDS (NORDHOUGEN) Thatcher was made in 1930. The F, was backcrossed to Thatcher in the green­ Description.-Plant spring habit, early house during the winter of 1930-31. The to midseason, midtall to tall; leaves second backcross was made to Thatcher pubescent; stem white, midstrong; spike in the summer of 1931. Seven sLrains aWllleted, fusiform, middense, erect, easily selected in the F5 generation from the shattered; glumes glabrous, yellowish second backcross were found to be similar white, midlong, wide; shoulders wide, and were bulked to produce the variety oblique to square; beaks wide, obtuse, Newthatch. All seven strains were de­ 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 rived from a single F2 plant. They were mm. long; kernels red, midlong, hard, first grown in rod-row trials in 1939. elliptical; germ midsized; crease wide, Newthatch was released to growers in middeep; cheeks angular; brush large, 1944 (11). midlong. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1 949 87

Carleeds is resistant to stem rust but selections from the progeny of all the susceptible to leaf rust. Its test weight crossbred wheats which had been pro­ is somewhat low. The kernels appear to duced at Ottawa up to that time. be somewhat softer than those of the Some of these had been named and leading varieties of hard red spring others were under mrtnbers. Though wheat, :;1nd, in commercial tests, the they had all been subjected to a certain gluten characteristics are said to be amount of selection, each of them con­ different from those of the better sisted of a mixture of related types. varieties. In some cases all the types present History.-The origin of Carleeds (C. L were similar. In other instances strik­ 11801) is uncertain. It was developed by ing differences were observed. The Carl Nordhougen, of Leeds, N. Dak., grain which had descended from the and distributed in 1936. Mr. N ordhougen cross referred to above was found by states that he is not certain regarding the careful study of individual plants exact parentage, as he did not make a (especially by applying the chewing record of his crosses, but thinks it may test to ascertain the gluten strength be the result of crossing two selections and probable breadmaking value) to from a Hope X Marquis hybrid and in be a mixture of similar-looking varieties turn crossing a selection from this double which differed radically in regard to cross with Florence. The variety appears gluten quality. One of the varieties to have the resistance of Hope to stem isolated from this mixture was sub­ rust. sequently named :L\1arquis. Its high Disiribution.-Estimated area in H)49, breadmaking strength and color of 8,004 acres, grown in North Dakota and flour were demonstrated in the tests Minnesota. made at Ottawa in the early months of Synonym.-Nordhougen. 1907, and all the surplus seed was at once sent to the Indian Head Experi­ llIARQUIS mental Farm for propagation. Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­ It will be clearly seen from the above season, midtalI; stem white, midstrong; account that the question "\Vhen was spike awnleted, fusiform, dense, erect to l\larquis wheat originated ?" can never inclined; glumes glabrous, white to be answered. It came into existence yellowish, short, wide; shoulders midwide probably at Ottawa between the years to wide, usually square; beaks wide, 1895 and 1902. It remained, however, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to mixed with other related sorts until 10 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard, discovered by the writer in 1903. It ovate, with truncate tip; germ midsized; was first grown in a pure state in 1904, crease wide, deep; cheeks angular; brush when a few seeds were sown in a midsized, midlong. (See fig. 45, E.) sheltered garden on the Central Ex­ History.-Marquis (C. 1. 3(41) (reg. perimental Farm. Even then, how­ 57) is of hybrid origin, having been ever, its fine qualities were only partly originated by the cerealists of the Do­ known, and it was not until the minion Department of Agriculture at the cerealist's baking tests of 1907 were Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, completed that he decided to send out Canada. The crossing that resulted in this wheat for trial in Saskatchewan. Marquis was done under the direction of Its success in the prairie country was \Villiam Saunders, but the credit is due phenomenal. C. E. Saunders for selecting, naming, Marquis wheat wa~ firRt sent to the testing, and distributing the variety. Pra.irie Provinces of Canada in 1907, He has given an account of its origin in where it was thoroughly tested at experi­ the following words (176, pp. 118-120): ment stations. At Indian Head and All ,the details in regard to the Rosthern, Saskatchewan, and at Brandon, origin of Marquis are not available, Manitoba, it very significantly outyielded but it is one of the descendants of a all other varieties. By 1911 the variety cross between an early-ripening Indian had become commercially established in wheat, Hard Red Calcutta (as female) Canada. and Red Fife (as male). The cross Attention was first attracted to Mar­ * * * was made by Dr. A. P. Saunders, quis wheat in the United States through probably at the Experimental Farm its having won premiums at several at Agassiz, in the year 1892. The expositions. Seed was introduced by the crossbred seeds, or their progeny, were United States Department of Agriculture transferred to Ottawa, and [when the] in 1912 and 1913, and the variety was writer of this report was appointed in thoroughly tested at numerous experiment 1903 to take charge of the work of stations in the spring-wheat sections. cereal breeding, he made a series of These and other experiments, reported 88 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE by Ball and Clark (15, 16), proved the RESCUE variety to be widely adapted. In the meantime, in consequence of much De8cription.-Plant spring habIt, mid­ publicity, a strong demand for seed arose. season to late, tall; stem white, weak, A considerable quantity was brought solid; spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, into the country for sowing in 1913. Much inclined; glumes glabrous, white, mid­ lar!l;er quantities were imported in 1914. long, midwide; shoulders midwide, ob­ The importations of these 2 years, with lique; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. the Reed homegrown in 1913, were long; awnlets several, 3 to 8 mm. long; sufficient to sow about half a million kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ acres in l!H4. Most of the imported small; crease narrow, shallow; cheeks seed was sold in Minnesota, North rounded; bruoh small, short. (See fig. Dakota, and Montana. Smaller quanti­ 49, A.) ties were sold in other spring-wheat Rescue has solid stems and is resistant StateR. In this way the Marquis variety to the western whcat stem sawfly. It became widely distributed in a very is somewhat resistant to stem rust but is short time. In 19HJ, only 7 years after susceptible to leaf rust and bunt. It its introduction, it made up at least 60 ha.'1 a low protein content and water percent, or nearly 12,000,000 acreR, of absorption and is not considered equal the total spring-wheat acreage of the to Thatcher in breadbaking quality, United States. For more than 15 years although the loaf volume is good. it was the most widely grown spring History.-Rescue (C. 1. 12435) was wheat. Following the severe rust epi­ developed at the Dominion Experiment demic of 1935, much of the acreage of Station at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, :\larquis was replaced by Thatcher. Canada, from a cross between Apex and Dislribulion.-Estimated area in 1949, S-615 made at Ottawa in 1938. It was 882,382 acres (fig. 48). Marquis was selected for resistance to wheat stem also grown, it was estimated (186), on sawfly and has solid stems like the S-615 1,292,600 acres in the Prairie Provinces parent, which was introduced from New of Canada in 1949. Zealand. It was designated as Swift

FIGURE 48.-DiEtribution of Mar'luiH wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 882,382 acres. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 89

A B

FIGURE 49.-A. Rescue and B, Cadet. wheals: Spikes and gJum.es. X 1; kernels. X 3. 90 'I'8CBNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Current ,No. 4)88 (150). Two bushels CADET of seed were furnished to the Montana 'tation ill the fall of 1944. 0ne bushel Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­ was fall-planted at Mesa, Ariz., and 35 season, midtalI; stem white, strong; spike bu'-'hcls were returned to Montana in time awnleted, oblong to fusiform, middense, to plant in the spring of 1945. This erect; glumes glabrous, white, short, mid­ S\1~lm('r crop produced 900 bushels. wide; shoulders midwide, oblique to In the fall of 1045 the Montana Seed rounded; beaks midwide, acute, 0.5 mm. Gro\\'cr~ contracted for the fall seeding long; awnlets several, 5 to 20 mm. long; of 100 acres at Yuma, Ariz. As a result of kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ growing two crops in each of 2 years, midsized; crease wide, deep; cbeeks 60,000 bushels w ere available for seeding angular; brush midsized, midlong. (See in l\Iontana in 1947. fig. 49, B.) Distribution.-Rescue is grown in the Cadet is resistant to stern rust (except sawfly-infested areas of Saskatchewan, race 15B) and to some races of leaf rust, Canada, and of Montana and north­ loose smut, and mildew. It has good western North Dakota. 1,730,000 acres straw and does not shatter easily. It is were grown in Saskatchewan in 1949 about 3 days later than Thatcher and (186), and 916,147 acres in the United grows taller. I t has excellent milling and States (fig. 50). breadbaking properties. History.-Cadet (C. I. 12053) (reg. 343) was developed from a cross between Merit and Thatcher made in 1936 in the greenhouse of the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases at Washington, D. C. It was selected for several generations at experiment stations in North Dakota and Montana. An Fs selection, 1290A- 1-76-7-3-1, N. No. 1597, after thorough testing, was named "Cadet" and distrib­ uted in 1946 in North Dakota. FWURE SO.-Distribution of Rescue wheat Distrib'l.ltion.-Estimated area in 1949, in 1949. Estimated area, 916,147 acres. 626,282 acres, grown in four States (fig. 51). APEX

Dcscription.-Plant spring habit, mid~ l'icason, bhol't to midtall; stern white, mid­ ::::trongj spike awnlcted, fusiform, mid­ dense, erect; glumes glabrous, white, short to midlong, midwide; shoulders wide, oblique. t o rounded; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease narrow to midwide, middeepj cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. FIGURE 51.-Distribution of Cadet""'wheat Apex is resistant to stern rust (except in 1949. Estimated area, 626,282~acres . race ISH) and loose smut and to some races of bunt. I ts breadmaking quality RUSHMORE is satisfactory. llistory.-Apex (C. 1. 11636) (reg. 320) Dcscription.-Plant spring habit, early, "'a.' developed from a cross between an short to mid tall ; stem purple, strong; F. plant of H-44 X [Marquis-Iumillo X spike awnleted, fusiform, middense, erect; Kanrcu-}\[arquis] and Marquis made in glumes glabrous, white, midlong, mid­ 1!J27 at t.he University of Saskatchewan, wide to wide; shoulders midwide, rounded Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Mar­ to square; beaks midwide, acute, 0 .5 mm. quis thus entered the pal'entage four long; awnlets several, 3 to 10 mm. long; times. Apex was released for commercial kernels red, short to midlong, hard, growing in 1937 when about 1,500 acres ovate; germ midsized; crease mid wide, were grown in Saskatchewan (150). middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­ Dislribution.-Estimated area in 1949, sized, midlong. (See fig. 52, A.) 7,220 acres, grown in Montana and North Rushmore is resistant to stern rust Dakota. Apex was also grown, it was (except race 15B), loose smut, bunt, and estimated (186), on 239,300 acres in to some races of leaf rust. It is early, Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1949. has stiff straw, and has yielded well in CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 91

•

A

FIGURE 52.-A. Rushmore and B, Regent wheats: Spikes and glumes. X l; k ernels. X3. 92 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Houth D,akota. It has good milling and Renown is resistant to stem rust (except b,rpadbaking characteristics. race 15B), bunt, and powdery mildew Hisfor!/.-Rushmore (C. 1. 12273) and is moderately resi. tant to leaf rust. (~nl1th Dakota 2280) was selected from a It has satisfactory breadmaking quality. ('ro.":" between Rival and Thatcher made History.- Renown (C. 1. 11709) (reg. at Brool'jugs, S . Dak., in 1937 (8kn. It 325) was produced at the Dominion Rust wl)s cntpred in the uniform hard red Research Laboratory, ·Winnipeg, Mani­ , spring-wheat nursery in 1942. About toba, from a cross between H -44-24 (a 4,800 bush els were distributed in South sister selection of Hope) and Reward nakota in 1949. made in 1926 (150). The selection (Rust Distribution .- Estimated area in 1949 Laboratory No. 716A), which was later 19,031 acr es, grown in South Dakota; named Renown, was made in 1927. :;\ or! h Dakota, Montana, and Minnesota. :About 6,000 acres were grown in Canada III 1937. The seed released in 1937 was SAUNDERS of slightly inferior grain quality and Descriplion.- Plant spring habit, early, higher in carotenoid content than most short; sfern p urple, strong; spike awn­ hard red spring-wheat varieties but a let('<1, fu.'iform, middense, erect; glumes reselection (Rust Laboratory 716-6) (C. glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; shoul­ I. 11947) made in 1932 was found in der:-; midwide, rounded; beak midwide, experimental te ts to be more satisfactory obtlls<', 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 and was released in 1939. to 20 mIll. long; kernels red, short, hard Distribution.- Estimated area in 1949 ova te; In'rm rnidsized; crease narrow: 20,376 acres, grown in Minnesota, North "'hallo\\'; checks rounded; brush mid­ Dakota, and 1ontana. It was also esti­ f' iz('cl, midlong. mated (186) that Renown was grown on 155,500 acres in Manitoba, Canada in ~allndcn; iH r esistant to stem rust «('.·rcpt, race ] 5B) and loose smut and ]949. ' mociprately resistant to bunt, root rot REGENT ami black chaff. It is susceptible t~ :oollle rareR of leaf rust. Saunders has Des.cription.-Plant spring habit, early satisfactory milling and breadmaking to mldseasoD, short to midtall; stem quality. The kernels closely resemble purple, midstrong; spike awnleted ob­ tho:,e of 1\Iarquifl. It matures 2 to 3 long, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous days earlier t h an Thatcher. white, midlong, midwide; shoulders nar~ row, wanting to oblique; beaks narrow, I . History.-Saunders (C. 1. 12567) (C. A. N. 3516) (reg. 344) was developed acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 10 from aero, s between Brandon selection mm. long; kernels dark red, midlong, C 2G 41. 7 fr o m Hope X Reward and hard, ovate; germ small; crease wide, Thatcher m ade at Central Experimental deep; cheeks angular j brush midsized Farm, Otta wa, Ontario, Canada, in midlong. (Sec fig. 52, B.) , 1938. It, was designat ed a s CT 406 (81). Regent is resistant to stem rust (except race 15B) and bunt and to some races of It Wll~ lieensed in 1947 and released for cOllllllcrcial production in 1948. Saun­ leaf rust. It is of high quality for bread­ dprfl was bred to r eplace Garnet and Red makiflg. Bobs in northern Alberta and northwest­ History.- Regent (C. I. 11869) (reg. ern Saskatchewan and is recommended 327) was developed from a cross between ill that region. H-44 and Reward made in 1926 at the Dislribulion .- Saunders was not re­ Dominion Rust Research Laboratory at ported in the U nited States in 1949 but Winnipeg, Manitoba. Selection R. L. was grown on an estimated 1,265,000 ~75.1, which resulted in Regent, was made acre:.: ill A.lber ta, Canada (186). III 1932 (150). It was first released in 1939, when about 11,000 bushels were RENOWN Description.- Plant spring habit, early to miciseason, short to midtall; leaves puhcs('cnt; stem purple, midstrong; spike a wnleted, fusiform, middense, erect; glumes (glaucou s and light green before maturity) glabrous, white, midlong, mid­ wide; shoulder s midwide to wide, rounded; beak:, wide, a cute , 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 10 m m. long; kernels dark red, short, hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, mid deep; cheeks rounded; brush FIGURE 53.-Distrihution of Regent wheat m idsized, midlong. in 1949. Estimated area, 441,392 acres. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 93

A B

FIGURE 54.-A, Rex and B. Cornell 595 wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 94 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE di"tributed in Manitoba and eastern for resistance to some races of bunt. It 8a,katchewan. waR released for commercial growing in Vistribution.-Estimated area in 1949, 1933. Because of its resistance to lodg­ 141,392 acres (fig. 53). An esLimated ing, shattering, and some races of bunt (186) 984,000 acres were grown in and its combination of early maturity Manitoba, Canada. and winter hardiness, all of which result in good yields, Rex has been extensively KITCHENER grown in the Pacific Northwest. Rex was found not to be pure for plant Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­ height, and a strain (Rex M1) pure for season, midtall to tall; stem purple, the shorter and earlier type was increased ~trong; spike awnleted, oblong to sub­ and distributed in the fall of 1938. clavate, middense, erect; glumes glabrous, Distnbution.-Estimated area in 1949, yellowish white, short, wide; shoulders 427,413 acres (fig. 55). midwide, oblique to square; beaks mid­ wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, short, hard, ovate, with truncate tips; germ midsized; crease wide, middeep; cheeks angular; brush midsized, midlong. Kitchener differs from Marquis in being taller and later and in having a broader spike, purple straw, and a slightly longer and more rectangular kernel. History.-Kitchener (C. 1. 4800) (reg. 66) was originated from a head selected in a field of Marquis by Seager Wheeler in 1911 at Maple Grove Farm, Rosthern, 8aRkatchewan, Canada. It was increased and tested for yield by Mr. Wheeler for a period of 4 or 5 years and then dis­ tributed (226, pp. 8-9). Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, FIGURE 55.-DisLribuLion of Rex wheat in 1,078 acres, grown in Colorado. 1949. Estimated area, 427,413 acres. REX CORNRT.L 595 Description.-Plant winter habit, early, Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ short to midtall; stem white, strong; spike season, midtall; stem mostly purple, awnless, oblong, middense, inclined; strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, lax, glumes glabrous, brown, short to midlong, erect; glumes glabrous, brown, mirllong, midwide to wide; shoulders wide, rounded midwide; shoulders narrow, wanting to to square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. rounded; beaks narrow to midwide, ob­ long; awnlets usually wanting or 1 to 3 tuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several,S to mm. long; kernels yellowish white, short 20 mm. long; kernels white, midlong, to midlong, soft, oval; germ midsized; crease wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 54, A.) Rex is resistant to some races of bunt and is very resistant to lodging and shattering. Grain of Rex is difficult to mill. History.-Rex (C. 1. 10065) (reg. 276) was developed at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, Moro, and the Pendleton Branch Experiment Station, Pendleton, Oreg., in cooperative experi­ ments of the Oregon Agricultural Experi­ ment Station and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. It was selected from a cross between \Vhite Odessa and Hard Federation which was made in 1921. The plant selection that resulted FIGURE 56.-Distribution of Cornell 595 in Rex was made in 1926. It was found wheat in 1949. Estimated area, 335,894 to carry the factors from White Odessa acres. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 95

soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­ lIistory.-Dawson (C. 1. 3342) (reg. wide, deep; cheeks angular; brush mid­ 69) .was originated in 1881 by Robert sized, midlong. (8ee fig. 54, B.) Dawson, of Paris, Ontario, Canada (189, Cornell 595 has a very stiff ·straw and p. 8). It was selected (232, p. 11) from is resistant to mosaic and to some races "a field of Seneca or Claws9n in which he of loose smut and mildew. It is also found one plant quite diatmct and much reKistant to Septaria tritici and has good Ruperior to the rest of the crop. Mr. soft-white-wheat quality. Dawson sowed the grain from this plant Hislory.-Cornell 595 (C. 1. 12372) was and has continued to grow this wheat developed at the Cornell University since that time." Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, N. Y., in investigations cooperative with 58,390 acres, grown in Michigan, Ohio, the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases N ew York, Illinois, Indiana, Pennsyl­ from crossing an FJ between Honor and vania, and 'Visconsin. Forward with N ured, then backcro~sing Synonyms.-American Banner, Dawson this FJ to Honor. The best of many se­ Golden Chaff, Golden Bronze, Golden lections was distributed in 1942 as .Chaff. Cornell 595 (137). Distributian.-Estimated area in 1949, GOLDCOIN (FORTYFOLD) 335,894 acres (fig. 56). Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ SeaRon, short to midtall; stem purple, GENESEE strong; spike awnleted, clavate, middense, Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ erect to inclined, easily shattered; glumes season, midtall; stem white, strong; glabrous, brown, long, midwide; shoulders spike awnleted, oblong, middense, erect; midwide, oblique to square; beaks wide, glumes glabrous, brown, short, midwide; obtuse, 1 mm. long; awnlcts several, 5 to shoulders midwide, square; beaks mid­ 15 mm. long; kernels white, short to mid­ wide, obtuse, 0.6 mIll. longi awnlets 1 to long, soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease 3 mm. long; kernels whIte, short to midwide, middeep; cheeks usually midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized to rounded; brush small, midlong, collarcd. large; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks The distinctive characters of Guldcoin rounded; brush midsized, midlong. wheat are the purple straw, clavate Genesee has a stiff straw, is resistant spikc, and coHared brush. (See fig. to some races of loose smut, and has good 57, A.) soft-white-wheat quality. History.-Goldcoin (C. I. 4156) (reg. History.-Genesee (C. 1. 12653) was 74) is probably a descendant from the developed in cooperative investigations Redchaff or Redchaff Bald wheat men­ at the Cornell University Agricultural tioned in early agricultural literature as Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y., being groWIl in the Genesee Valley of from the cross (Honur-Forward X Honur) New York, as early as 1798. The fol­ X Y orkwin. During the testing period lowing history of Redehaff was rccorded it. was designated as Cornell 828a1-2-3. by Allen (8, p. 153) in 1885: It was distributed in the fall of 1951 (114). The old Genesee Red-chaff is a bald, white wheat, first cultivated in the DAWSON same region in 1798, and for a long time Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ it was the decided favorite. Since seaRon, midtall; stem white, strong; spike 1820, however, it has been very subject awnleted, linear-oblong, middens(l, in­ to rust and blast, but when circum­ dined; glumes glabrous, light brown, stances are favorable it is still found to midlong, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to be highly productive. Its transfer to square; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. other localities may therefore be long; awnlets several, 3 to 20 mm. long; attended with great success. kernels white, short to midlong, soft, For a more complete history, especially ovate to oval; germ midsized to large; of the synonyms of Goldcoin, sce Tech­ crease midwide to wide, middeep; cheeks nical Bulletin 459 (43). usually angular; brush midsized, midlong. Distribution.-Estimated arca in 1949, Dawson differs from Goldcoin chiefly in 359,678 acres, grown in six States (fig. having white straw, an oblong spike, and 58). The acreage haR decreased greatly no collar around the brush. This variety in recent years. is very resistant to the hcssian fly found Synonyms.-Fortyfold, Junior No.6, in California. Klondike, Whitc Clawson. 260503-54--7 96 'l'ECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

: . A B

F1GURE 57.-A, Goldcoin and B. Federation wheats: Spikes and glumes. X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 97

FIGURE 58.-Distribution of Golden and Goldeoin wheats in 1949. Estimated area, 593,877 acres.

GOLDEN New South Wales [Australia], from a crORS between Purplestraw [Austral­ Description.-·Golden cIiffers from Gold­ ian] and Yandilla. Yandilla il'l a crOR~ coin in being slightly later and in having between Improved Fife and I~tewah, shorter and stronger stems, more erect, an Indian variety. The production of dense, and clavate spikes. It is less this wheat was probably the grcateHt of easily shattered and is much more "'fr. Farrer's many triumphs in wheat uniform. breeding, for none of his many succeSR­ Hlstory.-Seventy-five heads were ful crossbred wheats have enjoyed such selected from a field of Goldcoin at the a wide measure of popularity as Sherman Branch Experiment Statiun, Federation. Moro, Oreg., in 192:~. After several years' tests selection ~o. 43, with ker­ Federation was first introduced into nels very similar to Goldcoin, waH chosen the United StateH by the United Statcs as the best of the group. It was named Department of Agriculture (211, P. I. Golden (C. 1. 10063) (reg. 286) and was :~8347) in I!H4 from Western Australia. distributed to farmers in Union County The variety first showed promise ill nurs­ and in Morrow County, Oreg., in 1930 ery experiments at the Rherman Branch and in Latah County, Idaho, in 1!J31. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, 234,199 acres, grown in Oregon, ~Wash­ ill I!;t OIl , and Idaho (fig. 58). Undoubt­ edly much of the acreage reported as Goldcoin in these States is Golden.

FEDERATION Description.-Plant spring habit, early to midseason, short; stem white, strong; spike apically awnleted, oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, brown, short, wide; shoulders wide, oblique to square; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm. long; aWlllets few, 1 to 3 mm. long; kernels white, usually short, soft, broadly ovak; germ midsized, crease usually narrow, shallow; cheeks rounded; brush mid­ sized, midlong. (See fig. 57, B.) Federation is a high-yielding variety in the western United States. Although a spring variety, it is fairly hardy and is fall-sown in mild climates. lIisiory.-Federation (C. I. 4i34) (reg. 77), according to RichardHon (171, reprint, pp. 124-126): FIGURE 59.-Distribulion of Federation . . . was produced by the late Mr. wheat in 19,t9. Estimated area, 564,841 Farrer, \Vheat Bxperimentalist, of acres. 98 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

E"'periment Station, Moro, Oreg., in and in having curled flag leaves and hard 1916. The first distribution to farmers kernels. for commercial growing was from that History.-Hard Federation (C. 1. 4(80) station in the spring of 1920. (reg. 79) was originated by selection from Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, Federation in Australia. The following 561,841 acres, grown in six States (fig. 59). history was recorded (4, p. 664) in 1914: In consequence of the variations FEDERATION 41 from ordinary type exhibited by the Description.-Fodcmtion 41 is resistant strain of Federation wheat now being to several races of bunt, but is otherwise grown at Cowra Experiment Farm, it similar to Federation. has been deemed advisable to apply a Hislory.-Federation 41 (C. 1. ] 2230) distinct name to it, and Hard Federa­ was developed by the California Agricul­ tion has been selected as the most tural Experiment Station at Davis by appropriate. The departure from type compositing 130 F3 bunt-resistant lines was first noticed by Mr. J. T. Pridham, grown in 1941 from the backcross (Mar­ Plant Breeder, in 1907 or 1908, one of tinXWhite Federation3) X Fcderation 6 the plants selected from the stud plots (201). It was distributed in 1942 and being observed to thresh grain of re­ probably comprises II.lost of the acreage markably hard and flinty appearance. in California reported as Federation. The plant had the distinctive brown head and general appearance of Fed­ RAMONA 44 eration in the field, but the grain was of a class that had never been seen in Description.-Plant spring habit, early, this variety before. The seed was short; stem white, midstrong; spike awn­ propagated, and in 1010 the occurrence less, fusiform to oblong, middense to lax, of white heads was noticed, and from erect; glumes glabrous, brown, short, then till 1912 distinctly white heads wide; shoulders wide, square; beaks mid­ were common among the brown, but in wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets 1913 there were no white-eared plants, wanting; kernels white, midlong, semi­ and it is hoped that the seed will now hard, ovate; germ midsized to large; be true to type. crease midwide, mid deep ; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. Hard Federation was introduced from Ramona 44 is resistant to several races New South 'Vales, Australia, in August of bunt and of stem and leaf rust. It is 1915, by the United States Department about 3 days later than Ramona but is of Agriculture (211, P. I. 41079). It was similar in morphological characters. first grown at the Sherman Branch History.-Ramona 44 (C. 1. 12390) Experiment Station, Moro, Oreg., in was developed in the baekcrossing pro­ 1916. Experiments conducted in Oregon gram of the California Agricultural and California from 1917 to 1919 (56) Experiment Station at Davis in coopera­ showed it to be a high-yieldirlg, dry-land tion with the Division of Cereal Crops wheat. It was distributed for commer­ and Diseases. It is a composite of 126 cial growing ill 1920. Fa lines derived from (Martin X 'Vhite Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, Federation 3) X Ramona 6 crossed on 34,025 acres, grown in four States, (Hope X White Federation 6) X Ramona3 Oregon, 'Vashington, I d a h 0, and grown in 1944. It was released in 1945 Montana. as Ramona 44. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, lIARD FEDERATION 31 189,967 acres, grown in California, Description.-This selection differs Arizona, and Nevada. from Hard Federation in having slightly taller, stronger, and more glaucous liARD FEDERATION stems, in being more uniform in time of heading and height, and in being later. Description.-Plant spring habit, early, History.-Hard Federation 31 (C. 1. short; stem white, strong; spike awnless, 8255) (reg. 288) proved to be the best of oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, 85 head selections made from a field of brown, short, wide; shoulders wide, Hard Federation on the Sherman Branch square; beaks narrow, acute, 0.5 mm. Experiment Station, Moro, Oreg., in long; awnlets usually wanting; kernels 1921. It was distributed for growing in white, short, hard, ovate, with truncate the Grande Ronde Valley of eastern tip; germ large; crease midwide, middeep, Oregon in 1928, where it has replaced the frequently pitted; cheeks angular to Hard Federation variety. rounded; brush large, midlong. Distribution.-It is likely that most of Hard Federation differs from Federa­ the acreage reported as Hard Federation tion in being earlier and slightly shorter is really Hard Federation 31. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEA'l' VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 99

MOKING Purdue No.1 is somewhat resistant to leaf rust but is susceptible to mosaie, Description.-Plant winter habit, early flag smut, and loose SIIlut. It is also to midseason, midtall; stem white, mid­ resistant to winterkilling by both low strong; spike awnleted, fusiform, dense, temperature and heavin~ inclined; gillmes glahrous, brown, mid­ History.-Purdue No.1 (C. 1. 11380) long, midwide to wide; shoulders midwidc is from a cross between Michigan Amber to wide, square LO rounded; beaks mid­ and Rudy made at the Purdue University wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlcts Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafa­ several, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels red, yette, Ind., in 1909. The selection that short, soft, broadly elliptical; germ resulted in Purdue No. 1 was made in midsized; crease midwide, shallow; cheeks 1925. It was first grown on farms in rounded; brush midsized, midlong. 1934. Moking differs from Clarkan in having Distribution.-Estimated area in 194\), Qrown chaff and slightly weaker straw. 1,148 acres, grown in Indiana. It is resistant to flag smut. History.-Moking (C. I. 12556) was CURRELL developed by the private breeder, Earl G. Clark, of Sedgwick, Kans. The Description.-Plant winter habit, early parentage is unknown, but its resem, to midseason, midtall; stem usually blance to Clarkan suggests that variety as purple, midstrong; spike awnleted, fusi­ one parent. It was distributed in 1946 form, middense, inclined; glumes gla­ as Clark's 40R169 and later named brous, brown, midlong, narrow to midwide; Moking. shoulders midwide, oblique to square; Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, beaks usually wide, sometimes nearly 2,200 acres, grown in Oklahoma. wanting, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels dull red, short to midlong, soft, ovate; germ midsized; RED WAVE crease' narrow to midwide, shallow to Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ middeep, distinctly triangular; cheeks season to late, midtall to tall; stem usually rounded; brush small, midlong. white, midstrong; spike awnleted, broadly (See fig. 60, A.) fusiform, middense, nodding; glumes History.-The history of Currell (C. I. glabrous, brown, midlong, wide; shoulders 3326) (reg. 90) has been recorded by wide, rounded to oblique, sometimes Carleton (37, p. 202) as follows: nearly square; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. Currell Prolific wheat was selected long; awnlets several, 5 to 15 mm. long; by W. E. Currell, of Virginia, from a kernels red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ field of Fultz in 1881. The original midsized; crease midwide to wide, mid­ seed was from three spikes. In 1884 deep, sumeLimes pitted; cheeks usually it was first sold for seed. angular; brush midsized, midlong. History.-Red Wave (C. I. 3500) Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, (reg. 82) originated by A. N. Jones, 87,891 acres, grown in eight Stutes, the Le Roy, Genesee County, N. Y., in 1906 largest acreages being in Missouri, Ken­ as the result of a cross between Early tucky, and Tennessee. Hed Clawson and an unnamed crossbred Synonyms.-Currell's Prolific, Dunbar, wheat of Russian parentage (98, 1910 Gill, Golden Chaff, Pearl Prolific, Perfec­ issue) . tion, Prolific, Red Gill, ned Prolific, Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, Tennessee Prolific. ] 0,290 acres, grown in six States. Synonyms.-Indiana Red \Vave, Jones DALDROCK Red Wave. Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ season, midtall to tall; stem purple, PURDUE NO.1 midstrung tu strong; spike awnleted, fusi­ Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ form, middense, inclined to nodding; season, midtall; stem white, midstrong glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, mid­ to strong; spike awnleted, oblong, mid­ wide; shoulders wide, oblique to round­ dense, erect to inclined; glumes glabrous, ing; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. brown, sometimes with black stripes, long; awnlets few, 3 to 12 mm. long; rnidlong, midwide; shoulders wide, kernels red, midlong, soft, elliptical; rounded to square; beaks midwide, germ midsized; crease wide, deep; cheeks obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several to angular; brush midsized midlong. many, 5 to 25 mm. long, partly incurved; History.-Baldrock (C. I. 11538) (reg. kernels light red, midlong, soft, elliptical; 271) was produced (71) by the Michigan germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; Agricultural Experiment Station, East cheeks angular; brush midsized, short. Lansing, from a field hybrid between 100 TECHNICAL B U LLETIN lOS3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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FIGURE 60.-A, Currell and B, Poole wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 101

Red Rock and an unknown variety. history of this wheat was reported by Many awnless selections were made from E. H. Collins (61, p. 7), who was offering these hybrids and tested from 1917 to the seed for sale in 1898: 1922. Baldrock is one of these strains. In answers to questions allow me to It was increased and 145 bushels were distributed to farmers in 1931. say. that the Red Russian wheat I Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, ad vertise in the Farmer wa" sdec1 cd by an agent sent by the American Sef'o 10,149 acres, grown in Michigan. Co., of Rochester, N. Y., to RW:lsia POOLE to secure their best wheat. It was introduced in this section by a promi­ Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ nent mill in Indianapolis * * *. season, midtall; stem purple, midstrong; This variety was grown by the Ohio spike awnleted, usually fusiform, some­ Agricultural Experiment Station as early times nearly oblong or linear oblong, as 1888 (102, p. 29). It was distributed wide, middense to lax, usually nodding; widely by Peter Henderson & Co. (98), glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, wide; seedsmen, of New York City, and J . A. shoulders wide, oblique to square; beaks Everitt & Co. (76), seedsmen, of Indian­ wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets apolis, Ind., in the early nineties. several, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels red, Dislribulion.-Estimated area in"!1949, midlong, soft, ovate to oval, frequently 335 acres, grown in Missouri. • elliptical, flattened; germ small to mid­ sized; crease midwide, middeep to deep; PURCAlIl cheeks usually rounded; brush small to midsized, midlong. Description.- Plant winter habit, early, Poole is distinguished from Red ·Wave short; stem purple, midstrong to strong; by its purple stems. The kernels are spike awnleted, oblong, middense to rather narrow, flattened, and rounded in dense, erect; glumcs glabrous, brown, outline. (See fig. 60, B.) short to midlong, midwide; shoulders History.-The origin of Poole (C. 1. midwide, oblique; beaks midwide, ob­ 3488) (reg. 92) is undetermined, but it tuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets several, 5 to has been an important variety in Ohio 25 Inm. long; kernels red, short, soft, and Indiana since about 1880. It was ovate; germ midsized; crease rnidwidc, grown by the Ohio Agricultural Experi­ mid deep ; chtreks rounded; brush rnid­ ment Station as early as 1884 (130, p . 15). sized to large, midlong. Harvest King was distributed by J. A. Purcam is a very early variety with a Everitt & Co. (76), seeds men, of Indian­ winter habit of growth, short stiff apolis, Ind., from 1894 to about 1900. straw, and high resistance to leaf rust. There is no information regarding the It has satisfactory soft-wheat quality origin of the variety, and it probably is but is very susceptible to loose smut and only a lot of seed of the Poole variety. mosaic. As the wheat was widely advertised under H1;story.-Purcam (C. r. 12295) was this name, it is now grown nearly as developed by the Purdue Agricultural widely as Harvest King and other names Experiment Station in cooperation with as under the name "Poole." the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases Distribution.- The estimated area in from a cross made in 1932 between 1949, was 44,122 acres, grown in 12 Purplestraw and a selection from a cross Eastern States. (2758Al-3-14) between Chinese (C. I. Synonyms.-Beechwood, Harvest King, 6223) and Michigan Amber. Indiana Hedge Prolific, Hundred Mark, Mortgage selection 3217- 29, an F7 selection made in Lifter, Nissley, Red Amber, Red Chaff, 1937, was one~of several sent to Arlington Red Fultz, Red King, Red Russell, Experiment Farm in Rosslyn, Va., 'Vinter King. in 1940. After showing promise at Arlington Farm and Beltsville, 1\fd., it RUSSIAN RED was included in the Uniform Southern Wheat Nursery in 1943 and named Purcam. Descriplion.-Russian Red differR It was distributed by the Clemson slightly from Poole in having more Agricultural Experiment Station in South persistent glumes that have more tri­ Carolina in the fall of 1951. angular shoulders and longer beaks (1 to ].5 mm. long). REO MAY (MICIITGAN AMBER) History.-Russian Red (C. 1. 5928) Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ (reg. 94) usually is grown under the name season, midtall to tall; stem purple, mid­ "Red Russian," but as other varieties strong; spike aWllleted, usually oblong, are known by this name it is here"desig­ mid dense, erect :to ,inclined; ' glumes 'gla­ nated as Russian Red.,:! The following brous, brown, short (. tOl midlong, wide; 102 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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FIGURE 61.-A, Red May and B, Thorne wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 103 shoulders wide, usually square; beaks owing to the fact that Michigan Amber narrow, triangular, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets wheat has been grown farther north than few, 3 to 15 mm. long; kernels red, usually the Red May since about 1870. short, soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease Michigan Wonder is the name under midwide to wide, middeep . to deep; which the variety is g~wn in Missouri. cheeks usually angular; brush usually It w'as reported as one of the highe"t small, midlong. yielding wheats at the Missouri Agricul­ Red May differs from Poole in being tural Experiment Station in 1 9 11 (1 45, earlier and in having a broader and more p. 211). The writers' specimens are the oblong spike and wider glumes with same as Red May, except that the heads squarer shoulders. (See fig. 61, A.) are slightly more erect. History.-Red May (C. 1. 5336) (reg. Orange wheat was reported as having 97) is believed to be identical with or been introduced into Monroe County, N. descended from the Red or Yellow Lam­ Y., from Virginia in 1846 (93, p. 286). mas. Several writers have suggested the In 1858 Klippart (124) reported Orange identity. Tracy (210) mentions Yellow wheat as a beardless, white-grained winter Lammas as being a synonym of Red May .. wheat grown in Ohio. The wheat now Lammas was mentioned by Kornicke and grown as Orange, however, has red kernelH 'Werner (126, pp. 253, 290) as being a very and apparently is identical with Red May. old English wheat grown prior to 1699. It was reported as one of the excellent­ Both the Red and Yellow Lammas were yielding awnless varieties of wheat for grown in Virginia many years before the Missouri in HnO (66, p. 67). For a more Revolutionary War. A white May wheat complete history of the synonyms of Red of a later period, according to Cabell May, see Technical Bulletin 459 (43). (32, p. 14), was grown in Virginia as early Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, as 1764. A more recent history of Red 139,723 acres, grown in 12 States. May indicates that it was originated by Synonyms.-Beechwood, Early May, General Harmon from the Virginia White Jones "Longberry, May, Michigan Amber, May (a white-kernoled wneat) about 1830 Michigan Wonder, Orange, Purdue No. (92, p. 226). This wheat has been grown 4, Red Amber, Red RepUblic. quite widely under the name "Red May" since 1845. THORNE Although more commonly used, espe­ cially in Indiana, the name Michigan Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ Amber seems to be of a later date than season, midtall; stern faint purple, mid­ Red J\{ay and for that reason the latter strong to strong; spike awnleted, oblong is preferred. The writers' samples of the to fusiform, middense, erect to inclined; variety are similar to Red May, with the glumes glabrous, brown, midlong, mid­ possible exception of being a . few days wide; shoulders midwide, oblique; beaks later in maturity. This might be easily wide, obtuse, wanting to 0.5 mm. long;

FIGURE 62.-Dislrihution of Thorne wheat III 1949. Estimated area, 3,447,661 acres. 104 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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.FIGURE 63.-A, Red Chief and B. Triplet wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 169

(227) \VIANCKO, A. T. Where two or more page numbers 1923. MICHIKOFF WHEAT, A HARD RED WINTER WHEAT FOR are given, therefore, the name is a INDIANA. Purdue Univ. synonym of more than one variety. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 112, 4 pp., illus. Name .; Page (228) \VILLIAMS, C. G. Acme______145 1905. EXPERIMENTS WITH WIN­ Alabama Bluestem______76 TER WHEAT. Ohio Agr.· Alabama Bluestem 89______73 Expt. Sta. Bul. 165, pp. Alberta Red______127 37-65, illus. AtBlT ______147,150 (229) ALICEL ______, 147, 148 1916. WHEAT EXPERIMENTS. American Banner______95 Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. American Bronze ______69 298, pp. 447-484, illus. ANDERSON ______46,103 (230) APACHK ______47,121 1920. THE GLADDEN AND OTHER APEX ______45,90 VARIETIES. OF WHEAT. Argentine______127 Ohio Farmer 146(6): 3. ARNAUTKA ______152,156 (231) WOODWARD, R. \V., AND TINGEY, ASHLAND ______44,73 D. C. ATLAS 50 ______44, 76 [1944.1 CACHE, A BEARDLESS, ATLAS 66______44, 74 SMUT-RESISTANT WINTER AUSTIN ______50, 145 WHEAT. Utah Agr. Expt. Australian______59 Sta. Bul. 312, 10 pp., AWNED ONAS______46,108 illus. BAART ______47, llO (232) ZA VITZ, C. A. BAART 38 ______47,110 1894. EXPERIMENTS WITH WIN­ BAART 46 ______47,110 TER WHEAT. Ontario Agr. BALDROCK ______46,99 Col. Expt. Sta. Bul. 97, Baldwin______143 15 pp., illus. Bartels Best______144 (233) ZHUKOVSKY, P. M. Bearded Bluestem______114 1928. A NEW SPECIES OF WHEAT. Beardless Turkqy ______79, 82 Trudy Prikl. Bot., Genet., Beechwood ______101,103 i Selek. (Bul. App!. Bot., Beloturka______157 Genet., and Plant Breed­ BIG CLUB 43 ______147,150 ing) 19(2); [591-66, illus. Bishop's Pride______52 [In Russian. English Black-Bearded Durum______154 summary, pp. 65-66.1 Black Chaff______132 (234) BLACKHAWK ______47, 111 1933. LA TURQUIE AGRICOLE BLACKHULL ______48,132 (PARTIE ASIATIQUE-ANA­ Black l\Iediterranean______141 TOLLE). Pp. 155-224, iIlus. Black Sea______69 Moscow and Leningrad. BLUE JACKET ______48,132 [In Russian. French sum­ llluestem ______59,72,76,145 mary, pp. 800-820.1 Bluestem Fultz______72 BREVOR ______42, 52 BRILL ______49,143 INDEX TO VARIETIES AND Bronze Turkey______144 SYNONYMS Bulgarian ______72,127 BUNyIP ______42,57 Burbank's Quality______60 Recognized varietics are In cap­ Burbank's Super______106 itals; varietal synonyms are III BUTLER ______47,115 capitals and lower case, and com­ CACHE ______44,80 mon names of species llre in italic CADET ______45,90 Canadian Progress______115 capitals. Of the two page refer­ CANUS ______49,135 ences given for recognized varieties, CARALA ______44,73 the first refers to the key and the CARLEEDS ______45,86 second to the description, history, CARLETON ______152,155 CASCADE ______42,57 distribution, and synonymy. Each CERES ______49,135 page reference given for a synonym CHANCELLOR ______44,76 is to the recognized variety for CHEyENNE ______48,124, which the name is a synonym. CHIEFKAN ______44,80 170 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEfT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name Page Name Page (hiefton______81 Fortyfold______97 CLARKAN ______. ______43,67 FORWARD ______43,69 Clark's Black HuIL ______• 132 FULCASTER ______'17, 114 ('lark's No. 40______67 FULHIO ______44, 70 CleathE'r~ Red______144 FUL TZ ______44, 70 CLUB lVHEAT______146 FULTZO-MEDITERRANEAN__ 44,73 COMiTAL ______44,77 GALGALOS ______46,106 COKER 47-27 ______44,74 GARNET ______45, 82 Columbia______73 GASTA ______44,76 COMANCHE ______47,120 GENESEE ______4S,9S COMET ______45,84 Georgia Bluestem______76 COM.1WN TVHEAT______40 Georgia Red______76 ('onoway ______144 German Amber.______113 COR~ELL 595 ______45,!H German Red ______70 Crail Fife______106 Gharnovka______158 Crimean______127 Gill______9!J Cumberland Vallcy______114 GIPSY ______47,111 Cu III rni ngs ______143 GLADDEN ______47,111 ('{TRRELL______46, 99 Glea~on______52 ('urrell's Prolific ______- 09 GOENS~ ______49,141 D-5 ______154 Going______143 D-fi~ ______154 GOLDCOIN ______45,95 Dane's Early Triumph______117 GOLDEN ______4S,97 D.\\\80N ______45,95 Golden Bronze ______95 Daw~on Golden Chaff______95 Golden Chaff ______.. ______95,99 DEFIANCE ______42,53 Golden Van______69 De IllX(' Red Chief. ______106 Goosc______158 DENTON ______50,144 GreeIlHboro______S2 DI('1\LOW ______42, S9 GREESON ______42,52 DIetz ______114 Haeberle ______118 Dietz Longberry ______114 Haeberle's Early______118 Duffy______114 HalL ______~ _ 143 Dunbar______99 HARD FEDERATION ______45,98 Dunlap______143 HARD FEDERATION 3L ____ 4S,98 Durtl'n No. 5______154 HARD IRED ______74 DUller}... I TVHEAT______151 Ha~Lings Prolific______64 F.J.rly Baart______110 Harvcst King ______101 K\RLY BLACKHULL ______47,117 HARVEST QUEEN ______43,6!J Early Dain ~ ______117 Hedge Prolific______101 Early Hardy______118 HENRY ______49,136 Early Kan:- ______118 Hickman______72 Early ;\lay ______64,77,101 Holland ______53 Early Premium______117 HOPE ______49,136 r· \IlLY PREMIUM ______43,64 H undred-and-Onc______127 Early Purplestraw ______76 Hundred Mark______101 harly Red ______~ ______.____ 143 H llngarian______127 Early Rice______64 H USTON ______44, 77 Early Ripe______143 Hybred______143 Early Russian______118 HYBRID 63 ______147,150 Early Triumph______82, 117 HYBRID 128 ______147,149 Farly Wonder. ______77 HYMAR ______147,149 ElNKORN______40 IDAED ______42, 53 ELGIN ______147,149 Improved Turkey______127 ELMAR ______147,149 Indiana Red \Vave______99 KU}\IER______37 Indiana Swamp______113 FAIRFIELD ______43,67 IOBRED ______49, 143 Farmers Trust______145 IOHARDL ______. ______49,143 FEDEUATION ______4S,97 IOTURK ______48,130 FEDERATION 4L ______4.5,98 Iowa Bred______143 Fi~______106 IOWIN ______48,132 Fishhead ______106 Ironclad BlackhuIL______144 Flat Top______73 Irwin Dicklow______60 FLINT ______44, 77 JENKIN ______147,151 FLORENCE. ______43,60 Jim Holly______60 CLASSIFICATION OF WHIDAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 171

Name Page Name Puge Johnson______158 l\IOSIDA______. ______44,80 JONES FIFE ______46,106 Mountain Purplestraw ______76 Jones Longberry ______, __ _ 103 NAllOB ______41l,140 Jones Red Wave______99 N. D. Ns. No. 1656.84.______135 Jones Winter Fife ___ . ______106 Nebraska No. 50 ______-':______124 Junior No. 6______\)7 NEBRASKA NO. 60 ______48,128 Kanhull______81 NEBRED ______48,128 KANQUEEN______43,64 NEWCASTER ______47,113 Kanred______131 NewchieL ______81 KANRED ______48,130 New Columbia______73 Kansas Queen______69 NEWTHATCH ______45,86 KARMONT ______48, 127 NEWTURK ______44,79 KAWVALK ______47,113 New Victory______53 KENTANA ______50,146 Niagara ______111,113 Key's Prolific______145 Nicaragua______158 Kharkof______127 Nick SpeciaL______144 King ______---- ___ 114 NIGGER ______49,140 KIOW A ______47, 122 Ninety-Day ______77,108 KITCHENEIL ______45,94 Nissley ______101 Klondike______97 NITTANY ______47,115 KOMAR ______49,136 No. 1656______135 KUllANKA ______152,156 Nordhougell ______87,11.5 Ladd Durum______154 NUDEL ______47,115 Lancaster______114 NUGGET ______152,154 Lancaster Red______145 Number 6100______111 LEAP______43, 64 NURED ______44,70 LEAPLAND ______43,64 Ohio No. 127______72 Leap's Prolific______64 ONAS ______42,55 Lebanon______111 ON AS 41. ______42, 55 LEE ______49,140 Orange______103 Lehigh ______145 Oregon Red Chaff ______151 LEl\IHL ______42, 55 OREGON ZIl\!MERMAN ______42,55 Little May ______64, 77 ORFED ______46,108 Little HeeL ______77 ORIENTA ______48,133 Little Red May______77 Owen ______143 LOFTHOUSE ______43,66 P-762______131 MAJOR ______42,59 PACIFIC llLUESTEM ______42,57 MalakoL ______127 PACIFIC BLUESTEM 37 ______42,59 MAMMOTH RED ______47,114 Palouse Bluestem______5!J MARFED ______42,-57 PAWNEE ______47,118 MAR MIN______48, 122 Pearl Prolific ______99 lHAHQUILLO ______45,86 Peck______114 MARQUIS ______45,87 PELISS ______152, 154 ~rarvelous______114 Pelissier ______154 May ______64,77,103 Penn. No. 44______115 ~Iay Queen______69 PENNOLL______43, 69 MEDITERRANEAN ______50,144 PENTAD______152 l\Iichigan Amber. _____ c______103 Pererodka______157 Michigan Wonder______103 PerfectioIl______99 MICHIKOF ______44,80 P~rson______158 MIDA ______41l,138 PILCRA W ______. __ 43, 60 MilleL______145 Pilcraw EIlormous ______. 62 l\lINDUM ______152,158 PILOT ______-H\,136 Minnesota No. 1507______123 Pioneer Turkey______127 Minnesota No. 2202______86 POLISH TVHEAT______40 Minnesota Reliable ______127 PONCA ______47,118 MINTER ______48,123 POOLE ______46,101 l\IINTURIU ______. 48,123 P08ey______72 i\liracle______114 Poso 44 ______150 Missouri Bluestem______145 POSO 48______147, 150 l\lissouri Early Premiu-n______64 POULARD TVHEAT______37 i\IOKING ______46,99 PRAIRIE ______41l, 143 Montana DeaL______70 PREMIER ______49,140 l\IONTANA NO. 36 ______48,128 Premium______117 Mortgage Lifter. ______101, 145 Pringle's Defiance______53 172 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name Page Name Page PROGRESS ______47,115 Rupp______144 Prolific______99 RUSHMORE ______, 45,90 Prosper ______.______115 Russian______127 PROSPERITY______43,69 Russian Amber______113 PURCAM ______46,101 Russian Red ______108 PURDUE NO. L ______46,99 RUSSIAN RED ______46,101 Purdue No. 4______103 SALINE ______47, III PURKOF ______44,79 Sanett______77 FPRPLESTRAW ______44,76 SANFORD ______44,76 Quality______60 SAUNDERS ______45,92 QUANAH ______47,121 SEABREEZE ______44,79 Queen Wilhelmina______53 Selection C______79 ItAMONA 44______45,98 SENECA______46, 103 Rappahannock______77 SEVIER ______49,141 Red Amber ______101,103 Shelby Red Chaff______143 ItED BOBS ______45,82 SHERMAN ______48,130 ItEDCHAFF ______147,151 SIBLEY 81. ______48,131 Red Chaff ______101,108,143,144,145 Sil ver King ______106 Red Chaff Bearded______143 SIOUX.. ______48,128 Red Chaff Club______151 Slickhead______72 RED CHIEF ______46,103 Smutless______79 Red Cross______69 Snow______72 Red Durum______154 SONORA ______46,108 Ited Fultz______101 SPELT______37 R(:'d GilL ______99 SPINKCOTA ______49,133 Red Hall______143 Squarehead______70 REDHART ______44,73 Square Head______73 REDHULL ______49,144 STAFFORD ______.47, 133 ItED INDIAN ______47,113 Standby______145 ItED JACKET ______49,144 STEWART ______152,155 Ited King______101 Stoner______114 REDMAN ______45,82 STURGEON ______49,133 Red May ______64,77 Super______106 ItED MAY ______46,101 Superhard______132 Red Mediterranean______145 Superhard BlackhulL ______132 Red Prolific ______- ______99 Su perred ______106 Ited Republic______103 Super Red ChieL______106 RED ROCK ______50,145 SUPREME ______45,82 Red Rudy______143 SUPREMO ______50,146 Red RusseIL______101 Swamp______145 Red Russian ______'____ 127,143 Taganrog______157 RED RUSSIAN ______43,70 Taruanian______127 Red Sea______145 TAYLOR ______44,73 l~ed Top ______" ______145 TENMARQ ______48,130 Red Walla______70 Tennessee Prolific______99 RED WAVE ______46,99 THATCHER ______45,84 Red Wonder______114 Theiss______127 REGENT ______45,92 Thompsol1______62 Reliable ______111 Thompson Club______62 RELIANT ______,______48,128 THORNE ______46,103 RELIEF ______48, 123 TIMOPHEEVL______40 RENOWN ______45,92 T. N, 1006______105 REQUA ______49,141 TRIPLET ______46, 106 RESCUE ______45,82 TRIUMPH ______47,117 REWARD ______46,106 TRUMBULL. ______44,70 REX ______45,94 TURKEY ______48,126 RICE ______43,60 Turkey Hybrid______151 RID IT-______44, 79 Turkey Red______127 RINK ______42,53 Turkish Red______127 RIO . ______48, 128 Ulta______127 Ripley______76 UTAC ______147,151 RIVAL ______49,138 UTAH KANRED ______48,131 Romanella______127 VAHART ______43,64 ROYAL ______47,111 VALLEY. ______47,113 RUDY ______- 49,140 V ALPH.IZE ______43, 70 CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 173

Name Page Name Page Velvet Ch_alf ______106,108 WHITE WINTER ______42, 52 VERNUM ______152,154 WICHITA ______47,117 VESTA ______49,135 Wild Goose ______158 Victory ______53 WILHELMINA ______--- ___ 42,53 VIGO ______43,66 Winter Fife ______'= ______106 V. P. 1. 13L ______------47,115 Winter King ______101, 114, 140 WABASH ______43, 66 Winter La Salle ______66 WASATCH ______48,124 Winter Nellis______66 WESTAR ______47,117 Winter Queen______69 White Australian______59 WISCONSIN PEDIGREE NO. 2_ 48,131 White Clawson______97 Wold's White Winter______52 WHITE FEDERATION ______43,60 Woods Prolific______64 WHITE FEDERATION 38 _____ 43,60 Yellow Gharnovka______157 White Holland______53 YOGO ______48, 122 White Lammas______59 YORKWIN ______42,50 White Russian______62 Zimmerman______59 White Sonora______108 Zuni______127

U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OffiCE: 1954