Intolerance in Faith
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Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Seamus Hughes, Bennett Clifford FEBRUARY 2018
Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Seamus Hughes, Bennett Clifford FEBRUARY 2018 THE TRAVELERS American Jihadists in Syria and Iraq BY Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Seamus Hughes, Bennett Cliford Program on Extremism February 2018 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2018 by Program on Extremism Program on Extremism 2000 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20006 www.extremism.gwu.edu Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................v A Note from the Director .........................................................................................vii Foreword ......................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary .......................................................................................................1 Introduction: American Jihadist Travelers ..........................................................5 Foreign Fighters and Travelers to Transnational Conflicts: Incentives, Motivations, and Destinations ............................................................. 5 American Jihadist Travelers: 1980-2011 ..................................................................... 6 How Do American Jihadist -
Online Islamic Da'wah Narratives in the UK: the Case of Iera
Online Islamic Da'wah Narratives in the UK: The Case of iERA by MIRA A. BAZ A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Religion and Theology College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis is an in-depth study into two of the UK charity iERA's da'wah narratives: the Qura'nic embryology 'miracle' and the Kalam Cosmological Argument. While the embryo verses have received scholarly attention, there is little to no research in the da'wah context for both narratives. Berger and Luckmann's social constructionism was applied to both, which were problematic. It was found that iERA constructed its exegesis of the embryo verses by expanding on classical meanings to show harmony with modern science. Additionally, it developed the Cosmological Argument by adapting it to Salafi Islamic beliefs. The construction processes were found to be influenced by an online dialectic between iERA and its Muslim and atheist detractors, causing it to abandon the scientific miracles and modify the Cosmological Argument. -
Jihadis Without Jihad? Central Eastern Europeans and Their Lack of Pathways to Global Jihad
(FEW) JIHADIS WITHOUT JIHAD? CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPEANS AND THEIR LACK OF PATHWAYS TO GLOBAL JIHAD National Security Programme POLAND Warsaw Prague CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA Bratislava Budapest HUNGARY SYRIA Damascus Baghdad IRAQ www.globsec.org AUTHORS Kacper Rekawek, Head of National Security Programme, GLOBSEC Viktor Szucs, Junior Research Fellow, GLOBSEC Martina Babikova, Junior Research Fellow, GLOBSEC Enya Hamel, GLOBSEC (FEW) JIHADIS WITHOUT JIHAD? CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPEANS AND THEIR LACK OF PATHWAYS TO GLOBAL JIHAD (3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 4 Bottom line up front 6 (Lack of) pathways to radical and extremist islamist jihad in Czech Republic & Slovakia 8 Introduction 8 Case studies 9 (Lack of) pathways to radical and extremist islamist jihad in Hungary 11 Introduction 11 Case studies 12 A transit country? 13 (Lack of) pathways to radical and extremist islamist jihad in Poland 15 Introduction 15 Case studies 15 Conclusions and Recommendations 17 Endnotes 20 4) (FEW) JIHADIS WITHOUT JIHAD? CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPEANS AND THEIR LACK OF PATHWAYS TO GLOBAL JIHAD INTRODUCTION For the last two years, GLOBSEC has been studying The first report was followed by a more detailed the crime-terror nexus in Europe.1 Its research team study of 56 jihadists from 5 European countries. has built up a dataset of 326 individuals arrested Their cases vividly demonstrate the practical ins for terrorism offences, expelled for alleged terrorist and outs of how a pathway towards jihad looks connections, or who died while staging terrorist like in the current European settings,3 or, to put it attacks in Europe in 2015, the peak year of European differently, what does becoming a jihadi entail and jihadism. -
Homeland Security Implications of Radicalization
THE HOMELAND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF RADICALIZATION HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, INFORMATION SHARING, AND TERRORISM RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION SEPTEMBER 20, 2006 Serial No. 109–104 Printed for the use of the Committee on Homeland Security Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/index.html U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 35–626 PDF WASHINGTON : 2008 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY PETER T. KING, New York, Chairman DON YOUNG, Alaska BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas LORETTA SANCHEZ, California CURT WELDON, Pennsylvania EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, Connecticut NORMAN D. DICKS, Washington JOHN LINDER, Georgia JANE HARMAN, California MARK E. SOUDER, Indiana PETER A. DEFAZIO, Oregon TOM DAVIS, Virginia NITA M. LOWEY, New York DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of JIM GIBBONS, Nevada Columbia ROB SIMMONS, Connecticut ZOE LOFGREN, California MIKE ROGERS, Alabama SHEILA JACKSON-LEE, Texas STEVAN PEARCE, New Mexico BILL PASCRELL, JR., New Jersey KATHERINE HARRIS, Florida DONNA M. CHRISTENSEN, U.S. Virgin Islands BOBBY JINDAL, Louisiana BOB ETHERIDGE, North Carolina DAVE G. REICHERT, Washington JAMES R. LANGEVIN, Rhode Island MICHAEL MCCAUL, Texas KENDRICK B. MEEK, Florida CHARLIE DENT, Pennsylvania GINNY BROWN-WAITE, Florida SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, INFORMATION SHARING, AND TERRORISM RISK ASSESSMENT ROB SIMMONS, Connecticut, Chairman CURT WELDON, Pennsylvania ZOE LOFGREN, California MARK E. -
Spirit Possession: Exploring the Role of the Textual Tradition in Islam
SPIRIT POSSESSION: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF THE TEXTUAL TRADITION IN ISLAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Humanities By MEGAN RENEE WERTH B.S., Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 2005 2012 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL March 13, 2012 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER "#!$%&'()*$*+,!-#!"./01!(.1..!2.345!',6*67'8!$9:3:4! &;<<.<<:;1=!'>9?;3:1/!45.!(;?.!;@!45.!6.>4A0?!630B:4:;1!:1!*<?0C!-'! DEE'&6'8!*,!&D(6*D7!F%7F*77"',6!+F!6G'!('H%*('"',6$!F+(! 6G'!8'I(''!+F!"0<4.3!;@!GAC01:4:.<J ___________________________ Geoffrey R. Owens, Ph.D. Thesis Director ___________________________ Ava Chamberlain, Ph.D. Director, Master of Humanities Program Committee on Final Examination ___________________________ Mark Verman Ph.D. ___________________________ Awad Halabi, Ph.D. ! ! ___________________________! !!!!!!!!!!!D1B3.K!6J!G<AL!&5J8J! !!!!!!!!!8.01L!I30BA04.!$M5;;? ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ABSTRACT Werth, Megan Renee. M.H. Masters of Humanities, Wright State University, 2012. Spirit Possession: Exploring the Role of the Textual Tradition in Islam. This investigation focuses on locally specific manifestations of spirit possession found in Muslim societies throughout the world. Though allegedly founded on the same textual traditions, historians and anthropologists have observed that ‘popular’ and ‘orthodox’ Islamic practices have given rise to seemingly multiple, religiously inspired responses to societies’ problems and to a variety of ritual acts. In spite of the numerous practices documented by scholars, a hidden narrative emerges, that Islamic spirit possession practices, whether licit or illicit, represent a phenomenon of tandem development between two distinct authorities, coexisting within a greater Islamic worldview. -
Title: Assessing Apostasy, Blasphemy and Excommunication (Takfir) in Islam and Their Modern Application by States and Non-State Actors
Title: Assessing Apostasy, Blasphemy and Excommunication (takfir) in Islam and Their Modern Application by States and Non-State Actors A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Masaki Nagata Supervised by Dr. Mohamed Elewa Badar Brunel Law School Brunel University June 2016 Abstract In certain contemporary Muslim majority states apostasy and blasphemy are not merely religious sins; they are acts which potentially have legal, or extra-legal, consequences. Although apostasy has not been criminalised in many such states, extrajudicial killings of apostates are carried out by some extremist groups and individuals. Such groups always justify these murders of fellow Muslims and non-Muslims on the grounds of apostasy and blasphemy. The concept and use of takfir (excommunication) is also a serious issue in Muslim majority states. Groups such as Daesh (also known as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) rely on takfir to attack fellow Muslims, despite there being no legal basis in Shari’a for the use of takfir or for criminalising apostasy. Although the concept was developed by people, not God, takfir are now being used to bypass rational human judgement. Their use plays a major role in many of the religious issues confronting Muslim majority states, such as the criminalisation of apostasy and blasphemy. This thesis analyses the central issues of apostasy, blasphemy and takfir collectively, as their history and their contemporary use and misuse by extremist groups are inextricably entwined. The key finding is that the right to punish apostasy and blasphemy and to issue declarations of excommunication (takfir), all originally reserved in Islam for God only, have been appropriated by man. -
Horizontal Reciprocal Radicalization a Comparative Analysis of Two Cases in a Norwegian Context
Candidate number: 109 Horizontal Reciprocal Radicalization A comparative analysis of two cases in a Norwegian context Philippe Aleksander Orban UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN Department of Comparative Politics Master’s thesis in Comparative Politics Course code: Sampol 350 Word count: 35 597 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 6 2. Theoretical framework ……………………………………………………………............ 9 2.1. Radicalization: literature and definitions…………………………………………….. 9 2.1.1. Clarifying non-violent actions……………………………………………….... 11 2.1.2. A sidenote on political violence………………………………………………. 12 2.2. Ideology……………………………………………………………………………… 13 2.2.1. Radicals……………………………………………………………………….. 14 2.2.2. The radical right…………………………………………………………......... 13 2.2.3. Radical Islamism……………………………………………………………… 15 2.3. The process of radicalization……………………………………………………....... 17 2.3.1. Social psychology…………………………………………………………….. 18 2.3.2. Social Movement Theory…………………………………………………….. 18 2.4. The concept: Cumulative Extremism……………………………………………….. 20 2.5. Understanding Cumulative Extremism trough Social Movement Theory………….. 22 2.6. Cumulative Extremism: conceptual disagreement………………………………….. 24 2.7. Cumulative Extremism: Pathways of influence…………………………………….. 24 2.7.1. Non-violent interactions.................................................................................... 25 2.7.2. Violent interactions........................................................................................... 27 2.8. Cumulative Extremism revised.................................................................................. -
Islamic Radicalization in Norway: Preventative Actions
ISLAMIC RADICALIZATION IN NORWAY: PREVENTATIVE ACTIONS Tuva Julie Engebrethsen Smith (Research Assistant, ICT) Spring 2015 ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to analyse the process of radicalization of Muslims in Norway. The paper begins by outlining the Muslim population, demographics, mosques, organizations, as well as political participation. The paper further presents a theoretical approach to radicalization while looking at the issue of radicalization in Norway. After this section, follows some case studies of Norwegian foreign fighters in Syria and supporters of terrorist attacks in Africa. At last, the government´s response to radicalization in Norway is outlined, with a following conclusion that explains the increase of among Norway´s population. The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 PART 1: DEMOGRAPHY 5 Religion and Norway 5 Education 6 Socio-economic Conditions 7 Statistics Muslim Presence Norway 9 Muslim Community in Norway 11 Native Norwegians, Media, and Opposition to Muslims 11 Political Participation 15 Mosques and Islamic Centers 17 Central Jamaat Ahle Sunnat (CJAS) 17 Tawfiiq Islamic Center (TIC) 19 Islamic Cultural Centre (ICC) 20 Idara Minhaj ul-Quran (IMQ) 21 Organizations 22 The Prophet´s Ummah 22 Islam Net 25 PART 2: RADICALIZATION IN NORWAY 27 Theoretical Approach to Radicalization 27 Causes of Radicalization 28 Social Movement Theory 29 Radicalization -
And the Tenuous Public Space of Muslims in Latin America and the Caribbean
Hamsa Journal of Judaic and Islamic Studies 5 | 2019 Muslims and Jews in Latin America The Global “War on Terror” and the Tenuous Public Space of Muslims in Latin America and the Caribbean Ken Chitwood Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/hamsa/443 DOI: 10.4000/hamsa.443 ISSN: 2183-2633 Publisher CIDEHUS - Centro Interdisciplinar de História Culturas e Sociedades da Universidade de Évora Electronic reference Ken Chitwood, “The Global “War on Terror” and the Tenuous Public Space of Muslims in Latin America and the Caribbean”, Hamsa [Online], 5 | 2019, Online since 31 March 2019, connection on 16 September 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/hamsa/443 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ hamsa.443 This text was automatically generated on 16 September 2021. Hamsa est mise à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. The Global “War on Terror” and the Tenuous Public Space of Muslims in Latin A... 1 The Global “War on Terror” and the Tenuous Public Space of Muslims in Latin America and the Caribbean Ken Chitwood 1 On 31 October, 2017 the FBI surmises that Uzbeki national Sayfullo Habibullaevic Saipov drove a rented truck into cyclists and runners along the Hudson River Park bike path in Lower Manhattan, New York. Al-Dawla al-Islamiyya took responsibility for the attack in its newsletter, al-Naba, and claimed Saipov as one of their own — a “soldier of the Caliphate” who responded to its call to attack “citizens of the Crusader countries.” Eight people were killed. -
TM October 12, 2017
THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION OCTOBER 12, 2017 VOLUME XV, ISSUE 19 p.1 p.4 p.6 p.10 Alexander Sehmer Animesh Roul Ryszard Machnikowski Brian Glyn Williams and and Arkadiusz Legieć Robert Troy Souza BRIEFS Pakistan’s Jamaat-ud- The Favored Conflicts The Fall of a Jihadist Dawa Positions Itself of Foreign Fighters Bastion: A History of for Politics from Central Europe the Battle of Mosul (Oc- tober 2016 – July 2017) LIBYA: ISLAMIC STATE STILL HOLDING OUT Meanwhile, Hashem Abedi, the younger brother of the Libyan-British national who carried out an attack in May Alexander Sehmer on concertgoers in Manchester in the United Kingdom, remains under arrest in Tripoli. The authorities accuse Fighters with Islamic State (IS) are clinging on in Libya him of having planned to carry out attacks in the capital. despite the loss of their stronghold in Sirte last year. The He is reportedly linked to the arrest last month of a country’s continuing political crisis has given the extrem- Tripoli-based imam, who was detained over allegations ists time and space to regroup. that he used his mosque in the capital to seek out IS recruits (Libya Herald, September 11). In the last few months, IS fighters were spotted manning checkpoints on the coastal road from Sirte, where they IS built up its operations in Sirte between 2015 and have carried out kidnappings (Libya Observer, Sep- 2016, with analysts warning that the city could become tember 3; Middle East Eye, September 7). IS’ own publi- the next base for the group after Mosul and Raqqa. -
SALAFISM in AMERICA History, Evolution, Radicalization
SALAFISM in AMERICA History, Evolution, Radicalization ALEXANDER MELEAGROU-HITCHENS October 2018 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... ii Glossary of Terms ..................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 I. Understanding Salafism ....................................................................................................... 6 I.I What is Salafism? .............................................................................................................. 6 I.II Categorizing Salafism ..................................................................................................... 9 Quietists ................................................................................................................................... 9 Activists .................................................................................................................................. 11 Jihadis .................................................................................................................................... 14 I.III Salafism and Extremism ............................................................................................ -
Volume X, Issue 6 December 2016 PERSPECTIVES on TERRORISM Volume 10, Issue 6
ISSN 2334-3745 Volume X, Issue 6 December 2016 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 10, Issue 6 Table of Contents Welcome from the Editors 1 Articles Jihadi Terrorism in Europe: The IS-Effect 3 by Petter Nesser, Anne Stenersen and Emilie Oftedal Criminal Pasts, Terrorist Futures: European Jihadists and the New Crime-Terror Nexus 25 by Rajan Basra & Peter R. Neumann With a Little Help from my Friends: an Exploration of the Tactical Use of Single-Actor Terrorism by the Islamic State 41 by Clare Ellis IS and the Jihadist Information Highway – Projecting Influence and Religious Identity via Telegram 48 by Nico Prucha “I Just Said It. The State”: Examining the Motivations for Danish Foreign Fighting in Syria 59 by Jakob Sheikh Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq and the Socio-Economic Environment They Faced at Home: A Comparison of European Countries 68 by Philip Verwimp Terrorism and Beyond: Exploring the Fallout of the European Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in Syria and Iraq 82 by Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn The French "Iraqi Networks" of the 2000s: Matrix of the 2015 Terrorist Attacks? 97 by Jean-Pierre Filiu Plebeian Jihadism in Denmark: An Individualisation and Popularization Predating the Growth of the Islamic State 102 by Ann-Sophie Hemmingsen Patterns of Involvement among Individuals Arrested for Islamic State-related Terrorist Activities in Spain, 2013-2016 109 by Carola García-Calvo and Fernando Reinares Jihadism in Norway: a Typology of Militant Networks in a Peripheral European Country 121 ISSN 2334-3745 i December 2016 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 10, Issue 6 by Brynjar Lia and Petter Nesser Countering Violent Extremism with Governance Networks 135 by Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen Why States Fail to Counter Foreign Fighter Mobilizations: The Role of Intelligence Services 140 by Timothy Holman The Future of Jihadism in Europe: A Pessimistic View 156 by Thomas Hegghammer II.