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The Divided Nation a History of Germany 19181990
Page iii The Divided Nation A History of Germany 19181990 Mary Fulbrook Page 318 Thirteen The East German Revolution and the End of the Post-War Era In 1989, Eastern Europe was shaken by a series of revolutions, starting in Poland and Hungary, spreading to the GDR and then Czechoslovakia, ultimately even toppling the Romanian communist regime, and heralding the end of the post-war settlement of European and world affairs. Central to the ending of the post-war era were events in Germany. The East German revolution of 1989 inaugurated a process which only a few months earlier would have seemed quite unimaginable: the dismantling of the Iron Curtain between the two Germanies, the destruction of the Berlin Wall, the unification of the two Germanies. How did such dramatic changes come about, and what explains the unique pattern of developments? To start with, it is worth reconsidering certain features of East Germany's history up until the 1980s. The uprising of 1953 was the only previous moment of serious political unrest in the GDR. It was, as we have seen above, limited in its origins and initial aims-arising out of a protest by workers against a rise in work norms-and only developed into a wider phenomenon, with political demands for the toppling of Ulbricht and reunification with West Germany, as the protests gained momentum. Lacking in leadership, lacking in support from the West, and ultimately repressed by a display of Soviet force, the 1953 uprising was a short-lived phenomenon. From the suppression of the 1953 revolt until the mid-1980s, the GDR was a relatively stable communist state, which gained the reputation of being Moscow's loyal ally, communism effected with Prussian efficiency. -
Nonviolent Struggle and the Revolution in East Germany
Nonviolent Struggle and the Revolution in East Germany Nonviolent Struggle and the Revolution in East Germany Roland Bleiker Monograph Series Number 6 The Albert Einstein Institution Copyright 01993 by Roland Bleiker Printed in the United States of America. Printed on Recycled Paper. The Albert Einstein Institution 1430 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 ISSN 1052-1054 ISBN 1-880813-07-6 CONTENTS Acknowledgments ................... .... ... .. .... ........... .. .. .................. .. .. ... vii Introduction ..............................................................................................1 Chapter 1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF DOMINATION, OPPOSITION, AND REVOLUTION IN EAST GERMANY .............................................. 5 Repression and Dissent before the 1980s...................................... 6 Mass Protests and the Revolution of 1989 .................................... 7 Chapter 2 THE POWER-DEVOLVING POTENTIAL OF NONVIOLENT S"I'RUGGLE................................................................ 10 Draining the System's Energy: The Role of "Exit" ...................... 10 Displaying the Will for Change: The Role of "Voice" ................ 13 Voluntary Servitude and the Power of Agency: Some Theoretical Reflections ..................................................15 Chapter 3 THE MEDIATION OF NONVIOLENT STRUGGLE: COMPLEX POWER RELATIONSHIPS AND THE ENGINEERING OF HEGEMONIC CONSENT ................................21 The Multiple Faces of the SED Power Base ..................................21 Defending Civil -
How the Germans Brought Their Communism to Yemen
Miriam M. Müller A Spectre is Haunting Arabia Political Science | Volume 26 This book is dedicated to my parents and grandparents. I wouldn’t be who I am without you. Miriam M. Müller (Joint PhD) received her doctorate jointly from the Free Uni- versity of Berlin, Germany, and the University of Victoria, Canada, in Political Science and International Relations. Specialized in the politics of the Middle East, she focuses on religious and political ideologies, international security, international development and foreign policy. Her current research is occupied with the role of religion, violence and identity in the manifestations of the »Isla- mic State«. Miriam M. Müller A Spectre is Haunting Arabia How the Germans Brought Their Communism to Yemen My thanks go to my supervisors Prof. Dr. Klaus Schroeder, Prof. Dr. Oliver Schmidtke, Prof. Dr. Uwe Puschner, and Prof. Dr. Peter Massing, as well as to my colleagues and friends at the Forschungsverbund SED-Staat, the Center for Global Studies at the University of Victoria, and the Political Science Depart- ment there. This dissertation project has been generously supported by the German Natio- nal Academic Foundation and the Center for Global Studies, Victoria, Canada. A Dissertation Submitted in (Partial) Fulfillment of the Requirements for the- Joint Doctoral Degree (Cotutelle) in the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences ofthe Free University of Berlin, Germany and the Department of Political Scien- ceof the University of Victoria, Canada in October 2014. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommer- cial-NoDerivs 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) which means that the text may be used for non- commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. -
The Impact of Swiss Exile on an East German Critical Marxist
Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 43 Number 3 Article 3 11-2007 The Impact of Swiss Exile on an East German Critical Marxist Axel Fair-Schulz Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Fair-Schulz, Axel (2007) "The Impact of Swiss Exile on an East German Critical Marxist," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 43 : No. 3 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol43/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Fair-Schulz: The Impact of Swiss Exile on an East German Critical Marxist The Impact of Swiss Exile on an East German Critical Marxist by Axel Fair-Schulz Among many East German Marxists, who had embraced Marxism in the 1930s and opted to live in East Germany after World War II (between the 1950s until the end of the GDR in 1989), was a commitment to the Communist party that was informed by a more nuanced and sophisticated Marxism than what most party bureaucrats were exposed to. Among them, for example, the writer Stephan Hermlin as well as the literary scholar Hans Mayer both found their own unique way of accommodating themselves Map showing dividing line to and/or confronting the shortcomings of East between East and West Germany. -
Collective Memory of the Berlin Wall As Represented In
The Wall Still Stands… Or Does It? Collective Memory of the Berlin Wall as Represented in American and German Newspapers A thesis presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University and the Institute for Communication and Media Studies of Leipzig University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees Master of Science in Journalism (Ohio University), Master of Arts in Global Mass Communication (Leipzig University) Katlin M. Hiller August 2018 © 2018 Katlin M. Hiller. All Rights Reserved. This thesis titled The Wall Still Stands… Or Does It? Collective Memory of the Berlin Wall as Represented in American and German Newspapers by KATLIN M. HILLER has been approved for the E.W. Scripps School of Journalism, the Scripps College of Communication, and the Institute for Communication and Media Studies by Michael S. Sweeney Professor, E.W. Scripps School of Journalism, Ohio University Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication, Ohio University Christian Pieter Hoffman Director, Institute for Communication and Media Studies, Leipzig University ii Abstract HILLER, KATLIN M., M.S., Journalism; M.A., Global Mass Communication, August 2018 3752360 The Wall Still Stands… Or Does It? Collective Memory of the Berlin Wall as Represented in American and German Newspapers. Director of Thesis: Michael S. Sweeney Committee Members: Mirna Zakić, Patrick Merziger The fall of the Berlin Wall is widely seen as one of the defining moments of international relations in the twentieth century. The thesis compares and contrasts how the American and German narratives reconstruct and interpret the events of November 9, 1989 and its aftermath. -
One Year After the Revolution: Politics and Policies of Education in the Eastern German States
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 356 152 SO 022 246 AUTHOR Reuter, Lutz R. TITLE One Year after the Revolution: Politics and Policies of Education in the Eastern German States. INSTITUTION Bundeswehr Univ., Hamburg (Germany). REPORT NO ISSN-0175-310x PUB DATE Mar 91 NOTE 35p.; A publication of the Pedagogy Division. Revised version of a paper presented at the Annual Conference of the German Studies Association (15th, Los Angeles, CA). PUB TYPE Viewpoints (Opinion/Position Papers, Essays, etc.) (120) Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Educational Change; Educational Quality; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Political Socialization; *Revolution; Social Change; *Socialism IDENTIFIERS East Germany; *Germany ABSTRACT Complaints about changes in East German education following the break-down of the communist system are widespread. Critics are d.ssatisfied with:(1) the rapid pace of change;(2) the lack of genuine East German solutions; (3) the loss of the German Democratic Republic's (GDR's) identity; (4) dominance by Western Germany; and (5) the lack of West German sensitivity to the east's problems. Over time, easterners realized that GDR's rigid socialist education system had to be changed. The scope of political indoctrination in the schools and the dearth of meaningful education and training, combined with growing instability in the Soviet Union, left little room for gradual change. Strong support for conservatives in western Germany in the long run helped keep Helmut Kohl,a strong proponent of reunification, in power. There was little significant effort to improve East German education. East and West German concepts of egalitarianism differed greatly, with the East promoting uniformity and the West employing a structurally differentiated system of educational "tracks." The post-reunification goals of academic freedom and decentralization will require further changes. -
El Caso Honecker Y El Partido Comunista De Chile: Una Visión Desde Las Páginas De El Siglo (1991-1994), Izquierdas, 49, Octubre 2020: 1468-1492
Erna Ulloa – Cristián Medina: El Caso Honecker y el Partido Comunista de Chile: una visión desde las páginas de El Siglo (1991-1994), Izquierdas, 49, octubre 2020: 1468-1492 El Caso Honecker y el Partido Comunista de Chile: una visión desde las páginas de El Siglo (1991-1994)* The Honecker Case and the Commuist Party of Chile: a view from the pages of El Siglo (1991-1994) Erna Ulloa Castillo** Cristián Medina Valverde*** Resumen: El artículo busca establecer cómo el diario El Siglo, órgano del Partido Comunista de Chile (PCCh), abordó el denominado “Caso Honecker”. Analiza la manera en que éste medio abordó un caso complejo que enfrentó diplomáticamente a Chile a partir de 1991 con la Alemania de Helmut Kohl y la Rusia de Boris Yeltsin, luego del ingreso de ex líder germano-oriental a su embajada en Moscú en diciembre de 1991. La investigación aborda la visión de un sector político e ideológico cercano, más que a la propia figura de 1468 Honecker, a lo que él representó como líder de un sistema que había desaparecido -la RDA- y con el que se tenía una deuda de gratitud – Nibelungentreue- por su ayuda durante el exilio. El estudio se complementa con fuentes diplomáticas inéditas del Archivo General Histórico del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile (AGHMINREL), Archivo Patricio Aylwin y entrevistas. Palabras Claves: El Siglo, Prensa chilena, Caso Honecker, Partido Comunista de Chile Abstract: The article seeks to establish how the newspaper El Siglo, organ of the Communist Party of Chile (CCP), addressed the so-called “Honecker -
Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL Women’s Discontent in the German Democratic Republic During the Honecker Era being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Hull by Kate Elizabeth Boyce, BA, MA September, 2006 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the AHRC for their generous support in funding my PhD, without which this thesis would not have been possible. I would also like to thank the German Historical Institute for their scholarship, which funded two of my research trips. Thanks also to the staff at the German Language School in Berlin for helping me in my difficult quest to bring my A Level German up to standard. I am also very grateful to my friends in Berlin – especially Miriam and Marco, Esther and Eleanor who not only provided me with accommodation but also with great company! Louise Hope kindly checked some of my German translations for which I am very appreciative. A special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Peter Grieder, for his valuable suggestions and unwavering encouragement and also to Dr. Julian Haseldine, Director of Postgraduate Studies in the Department of History at the University of Hull, for his helpful advice. I am extremely grateful to my colleagues Judy Burg and Helen Roberts at Hull University Archives for their kindness and patience during the final stages of this PhD. Finally, my fiancé Ben, my Mum and Dad, sisters Fiona and Sam and my grandparents have been great sources of strength and inspiration and I would like to thank them for being there for me. -
The East German Revolution of 1989
The East German Revolution of 1989 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Ph.D. in the Faculty of Economic and Social Studies. Gareth Dale, Department of Government, September 1999. Contents List of Tables 3 Declaration and Copyright 5 Abstract 6 Abbreviations, Acronyms, Glossary and ‘Who’s Who’ 8 Preface 12 1. Introduction 18 2. Capitalism and the States-system 21 (i) Competition and Exploitation 22 (ii) Capitalism and States 28 (iii) The Modern World 42 (iv) Political Crisis and Conflict 61 3. Expansion and Crisis of the Soviet-type Economies 71 4. East Germany: 1945 to 1975 110 5. 1975 to June 1989: Cracks Beneath the Surface 147 (i) Profitability Decline 147 (ii) Between a Rock and a Hard Place 159 (iii) Crisis of Confidence 177 (iv) Terminal Crisis: 1987-9 190 6. Scenting Opportunity, Mobilizing Protest 215 7. The Wende and the Fall of the Wall 272 8. Conclusion 313 Bibliography 322 2 List of Tables Table 2.1 Government spending as percentage of GDP; DMEs 50 Table 3.1 Consumer goods branches, USSR 75 Table 3.2 Producer and consumer goods sectors, GDR 75 Table 3.3 World industrial and trade growth 91 Table 3.4 Trade in manufactures as proportion of world output 91 Table 3.5 Foreign trade growth of USSR and six European STEs 99 Table 3.6 Joint ventures 99 Table 3.7 Net debt of USSR and six European STEs 100 Table 4.1 Crises, GDR, 1949-88 127 Table 4.2 Economic crisis, 1960-2 130 Table 4.3 East Germans’ faith in socialism 140 Table 4.4 Trade with DMEs 143 Table 5.1 Rate of accumulation 148 Table 5.2 National -
"Ein Staat Der Jugend": the Politics of Socialist Patriotism and National Consciousness in Shaping Youth Policy in the German Democratic Republic, 1961-1967
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History History, Department of 12-2011 "Ein Staat der Jugend": The Politics of Socialist Patriotism and National Consciousness in Shaping Youth Policy in the German Democratic Republic, 1961-1967 Regina K. Ernest University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss Part of the European History Commons Ernest, Regina K., ""Ein Staat der Jugend": The Politics of Socialist Patriotism and National Consciousness in Shaping Youth Policy in the German Democratic Republic, 1961-1967" (2011). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History. 45. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/45 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. “EIN STAAT DER JUGEND”: THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST PATRIOTISM AND NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN SHAPING YOUTH POLICY IN THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, 1961-1967 by Regina K. Ernest A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: History Under the Supervision of Professor James D. Le Sueur Lincoln, Nebraska December, 2011 “EIN STAAT DER JUGEND”: THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST PATRIOTISM AND NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN SHAPING YOUTH POLICY IN THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, 1961-1967 Regina Kae Ernest, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2011 Adviser: James D. Le Sueur In attempts to bridge the increasing gap between youth and socialism in the German Democratic Republic in the 1960s, the Socialist Unity Party (SED) modified its youth policy by encouraging a socialist patriotic consciousness rather than solely emphasizing socialist development. -
East German Military Aid to the Sandinista Government of Nicaragua, 1979–1990
StorEastk Germanmann Military Aid to the Sandinista Government of Nicaragua East German Military Aid to the Sandinista Government of Nicaragua, 1979–1990 ✣ Klaus Storkmann When the East German minister for national defense, Army General Heinz Hoffmann, planned to travel to Nicaragua in 1982, he had a speech prepared for the rally in Managua. Although the trip was canceled on short notice at the request of Managua, Hoffmann’s preserved manuscript sheds interesting light on the policy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) toward Central America. The document emphasizes the similarities between the situations in the GDR and in Central America: Although thousands of kilometers lie between our two countries, we feel it is clear that the U.S. imperialists are preparing a new campaign here in Central America which is part of their global war against progress and peace on all conti- nents, part of their “crusade” against socialism and the national liberation move- ments and against the independence of the peoples!...Itisnecessary to foil those aggressive machinations. In your efforts, dear comrades, you can still rely on the support of the GDR.1 The manuscript alludes to the obligation and promise of further assistance: “We will continue to support the people of Nicaragua and its Sandinista Peo- ple’s Army in whatever way we can and in accordance with the geographic conditions and...also assist in developing the capability to put up a defense against any imperialist attacks.”2 Archival documents pertaining to the visit of the Nicaraguan defense minister, Humberto Ortega, to the GDR in late April 1983 also contain many ideological comments and at the same time provide insights into the motives for the assistance. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles East
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles East German Journalists and the Wende: A history of the collapse and transformation of socialist journalism in Germany A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Morgan Morille Schupbach Guzman 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION East German Journalists and the Wende: A history of the collapse and transformation of socialist journalism in Germany by Morgan Morille Schupbach Guzman Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor David Sabean, Chair This dissertation utilizes archival sources and interviews to examine the transformation of the journalism profession in East Germany from the collapse of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) through the unification of the two German states. During this period of dramatic political and social upheaval, East German journalists navigated the divide between socialist journalism of the GDR and democratic journalism of the Federal Republic. By embedding the history of this professional transformation within a broader narrative of the history of the collapse of communism in Germany and Eastern Europe, this dissertation identifies how the actions of journalists were largely determined by outside forces. Socialist journalism in East Germany was envisioned as a means to use the media to control the public, but in practice the ii model primarily succeeding in controlling the journalists. As a result, the profession was at the mercy of larger social and geo-political tensions and was hampered by persistent and lingering structures of control that delayed the ability of journalists to undertake any substantive efforts of reform. However, once those structures eroded, there was a brief window where journalists were freed to reform the profession, and many envisioned a future for a democratic socialist journalism that embraced journalistic freedoms but held true to socialist principles of equality and social justice.