World Bank Document

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

World Bank Document WDP32 July1988 Public Disclosure Authorized 32Ez World Bank Discussion Papers Public Disclosure Authorized Tenancyin SouthAsia Public Disclosure Authorized Inderjit Singh ** D 60.3 .Z63 56 988 .2 Public Disclosure Authorized FILECOPY RECENT WORLD BANK DISCUSSION PAPERS No. 1. Public Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa. John R. Nellis No. 2. Raising School Quality in Developing Countries: What Investments Boost Learning? Bruce Fuller No. 3. A System for Evaluating the Performance of Government-Invested Enterprises in the Republic of Korea. Young C. Park No. 4. Country Commitment to Development Projects. Richard Heaver and Arturo Israel No. 5. Public Expenditure in Latin America: Effects on Poverty. Guy P. Pfeffermann No. 6. Community Participation in Development Projects: The World Bank Experience. Samuel Paul No. 7. International Financial Flows to Brazil since the Late 1960s: An Analysis of Debt Expansion and Payments Problems. Paulo Nogueira Batista, Jr. No. 8. Macroeconomic Policies, Debt Accumulation, and Adjustment in Brazil, 1965-84. Celso L. Martone No. 9. The Safe Motherhood Initiative: Proposals for Action. Barbara Herz and Anthony R. Measham [Also available in French (9F) and Spanish (9S)1 No. 10. Improving Urban Employment and Labor Productivity. Friedrich Kahnert No. 11. Divestiture in Developing Countries. Elliot Berg and Mary M. Shirley No. 12. Economic Growth and the Returns to Investment. Dennis Anderson No. 13. Institutional Development and Technical Assistance in Macroeconomic Policy Formulation: A Case Study of Togo. Sven B. Kjellstrom and Ayite-Fily d'Almeida No. 14. Managing Economic Policy Change; Institutional Dimensions. Geoffrey Lamb No. 15. Dairy Development and Milk Cooperatives: The Effects of a Dairy Project in India. George Mergos and Roger Slade No. 16. Macroeconomic Policies and Adjustment in Yugoslavia: Some Counterfactual Simulations. Fahrettin Yagci and Steven Kamin No. 17. Private Enterprise in Africa: Creating a Better Environment. Keith Marsden and Therese Belot No. 18. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation: Time for a Change. Anthony A. Churchill, with the assistance of David de Ferranti, Robert Roche, Carolyn Tager, Alan A. Walters, and Anthony Yazer (Continued on the inside back cover.) c,,2/C2~ 32ES World Bank Discussion Papers Tenancyin SouthAsia Inderjit Singh The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright ©)1988 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printingJuly 1988 Discussion Papers are not formal publications of the World Bank. They present preliminary and unpolished results of country analysis or research that is circulated to encourage discussion and comment; citation and the use of such a paper should take account of its provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. Because of the informality and to present the results of research with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to Director, Publications Department at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is not required, though notification of such use having been made will be appreciated. The most recent World Bank publications are described in the catalog New Publications, a new edition of which is issued in the spring and fall of each year. The complete backlist of publications is shown in the annual Index of Publications,which contains an alphabetical title list and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions; it is of value principally to libraries and institutional purchasers. The latest edition of each of these is available free of charge from Publications Sales Unit, Department F, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'lena, 75116 Paris, France. Inderjit Singh is the principal economist in the China Department of the World Bank. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Singh, Inderjit, 1941- Tenancy in South Asia / Inderjit Singh. p. cm. -- (World Bank discussion papers ; 32) Bibliography: p. ISBN 0-8213-1091-7 1. Land tenure--South Asia. 2. Agriculture--Economic aspects- -South Asia. I. Title. II. Series. HD860.3.Z63S56 1988 333.3'0954--dcl9 88-17384 - 3.11 - PREFACE* Many argue that tenurial systems in South Asia are a formidable barrier to technologicalinnovation in agriculture and to having the benefits from such innovation reach the tenant. They argue, too, that tenants on small farms -- the poorest of the poor in rural areas -- get even poorer as the benefits of new techniques go to others, robbing tenants of the meager opportunitiesthey formerly had. Inderjit Singh rejects these arguments. In this paper taken from his research on the institutional structures and relation- ships that shape South Asia's rural economy, he examines tenancy in South Asia and challenges the claims that landholding systems and structures are the prime source of the subcontinent's agricultural woes. Singh contends that the adoption of Green Revolution technologies has increased the demand for labor and boosted real agriculturalwages. The ensuing agriculturalgrowth has broken down many institutional,social, and cultural barriers previously facing the poor. This growth, when combined with measures to increase small farm productivityand wage employment, alleviates rural poverty. Singh sees radical reforms as quick and disruptive solutions to the problems of the rural poor. The real priorities for policymakers are measures to speed agricultural growth and to provide the physical and institutional infrastructureneeded to sustain it. Singh presents tenancy and land reform in a wider context in his forthcoming book "The Great Ascent: The Rural Poor in South Asia". Here the discussion focuses on tenancy's history and its role in the agricultural economy. It also suggests how tenancy promotes or impedes static efficiency and the adoption of new technologies and speculates about the likely evolution of the tenurial system. * I am indebted to Mr T Narain who provided invaluableassistance on the research for this paper. -v- CONTENTS Page THE ORIGINS OF SOUTH ASIA'S TENURIAL SYSTEM ........... ...... 1 TENANCY TODAY: CHARACTERISTICS AND NUMBERS ....... ........... 5 India .......... .*#*..................*.*es................... 8 Bangladesh and Pakistan .......... 18 Conclusions ....... .............. 25 SOME ROLES OF TENANCY IN IMPERFECT RURAL MARKETS............ 27 Tenancy as a Mechanism for Resource Adjustment .......... 27 Tenancy and Incentives . .. ... ............... 29 Tenancy as a Credit System.............................. 30 Tenancy, Risk and Entrepreneurship ...................... 32 Tenancy and Transaction Costs . 35 Tenancy, Indivisibilities, and Economics of Scale....... 36 CAN TENANCY BE EFFICIENT? ....... .. ................... 38 Specification of Inputs. ...............................43 Cost Sharing . .......... 44 Limits on Duration of Leases ............................ 50 Transition to Fixed Rent Tenancy ........................ 53 TENANCY AND NEW AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES ................... 55 Adoption of HYVs and Use of Nutrients ................... 55 Do Tenants Gain from New Technologies?. ................. 62 The Impact of New Technologies on the Tenurial System... 69 ENDNOTES .... ............................................... 74 ANNEX TABLES ................................................ 81 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................... 103 - vi - TABLES Page Table 1: India: Operating Households by Tenancy Status.... 9 Table 2: India: Changes in Tenancy by States Leased-in Area as Percentage of Total Area Cultivated...... 10 Table 3: India: Area Under Different Types of Tenancies, by Size Group of Holding (1961-62 and 1971-72)... 13 Table 4: India: Tenancy in Small Farms (No. of Holdings Leasing in and Area Leased In) By Size Group of Operated Holdings, 1971-72 .... ............ 16 Table 5: Bangladesh: Changes in Tenant Holdings and Area in Bangladesh (1960 19978) ...................19 Table 6: Farm Holdings and Tenancy by Size, 1977.......... 21 Table 7: Pakistan: Regional Changes in Tenancy, 1960-1972 . ... ........... 23 Table 8: India: Association Between Cost Shares and Crop Shares in Sharecropping Tenancies........... 47 Table 9: Bangladesh: Estimated Distribution of Benefits of Fertilizer Use to
Recommended publications
  • Rural Poverty in India: Structure, Determinants and Suggestions for Policy Reform
    Rural Poverty in India: Structure, determinants and suggestions for policy reform Raghbendra Jha ABSTRACT Poverty, particularly rural poverty, has been one of the enduring policy challenges in India. Surely the most important objective of the reforms process would have been to make a significant dent on rural poverty. It is from this that a program of accelerated growth must draw its rationale. In this paper, I discuss the evolution of poverty in India – particularly during the reform period. Then I analyze the structure and determinants of this poverty. The rate of decline of poverty declined during the 1990s as compared to the 1980s. I advance some reasons for this. Policy prescriptions for a more effective anti poverty strategy are discussed. All correspondence to: Raghbendra Jha, Australia South Asia Research Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Fax: + 61 2 61250443 Phone: + 61 2 6125 2683 Email: [email protected] 1 I. Introduction This paper addresses the important issue of anti-poverty policy in India. In analyzing poverty I use the well-known NSS data set; hence concentrating on consumption measures of poverty. The poverty measures used in this paper are all drawn from the popular Foster-Greer- Thorbecke class of functions written as: = − α Yα ∑[(z yi ) / z] / n (1) < yi z where Y is the measure of poverty, yi is the consumption of the ith household or the ith class of household, z is the poverty line1, n is the population size, and α is a non-negative parameter. The headcount ratio, HC, given by the percentage of the population who are poor is obtained when α=0.
    [Show full text]
  • David Scott in North-East India 1802-1831
    'Its interesting situation between Hindoostan and China, two names with which the civilized world has been long familiar, whilst itself remains nearly unknown, is a striking fact and leaves nothing to be wished, but the means and opportunity for exploring it.' Surveyor-General Blacker to Lord Amherst about Assam, 22 April, 1824. DAVID SCOTT IN NORTH-EAST INDIA 1802-1831 A STUDY IN BRITISH PATERNALISM br NIRODE K. BAROOAH MUNSHIRAM MANOHARLAL, NEW DELHI TO THE MEMORY OF DR. LALIT KUMAR BAROOAH PREFACE IN THE long roll of the East India Company's Bengal civil servants, placed in the North-East Frontier region. the name of David Scott stands out, undoubtably,. - as one of the most fasci- nating. He served the Company in the various capacities on the northern and eastern frontiers of the Bengal Presidency from 1804 to 1831. First coming into prominrnce by his handling of relations with Bhutan, Sikkim, and Tibet during the Nepal war of 1814, Scott was successively concerned with the Garo hills, the Khasi and Jaintia hills and the Brahma- putra valley (along with its eastern frontier) as gent to the Governor-General on the North-East Frontier of Bengal and as Commissioner of Assam. His career in India, where he also died in harness in 1831, at the early age of forty-five, is the subject of this study. The dominant feature in his ideas of administration was Paternalism and hence the sub-title-the justification of which is fully given in the first chapter of the book (along with the importance and need of such a study).
    [Show full text]
  • Inclusive Growth in India - Learning from Best Practices of Selected Countries
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Aggarwal, Suresh Chand; Satija, Divya; Khan, Shuheb Working Paper Inclusive growth in India - learning from best practices of selected countries Working Paper, No. 375 Provided in Cooperation with: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) Suggested Citation: Aggarwal, Suresh Chand; Satija, Divya; Khan, Shuheb (2019) : Inclusive growth in India - learning from best practices of selected countries, Working Paper, No. 375, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), New Delhi This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/203709 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Geographical Institutions in India
    Governing Council of the Indian Geographical Society President: Prof. N. Sivagnanam Vice Presidents: Dr. B. Hema Malini Dr. Sulochana Shekhar Dr. Smita Bhutani Dr. Subhash Anand Dr. Aravind Mulimani General Secretary: Dr. R. Jaganathan Joint Secretaries: Dr. R. Jagankumar Dr. S. Sanjeevi Prasad Dr. G. Geetha Treasurer: Dr. G. Bhaskaran Council Members: Prof. P.S. Tiwari Dr. M. Sakthivel Dr. V. Emayavaramban Dr. B. Srinagesh Dr. Dhanaraj Gownamani Dr. B. Mahalingam Ms. S. Eswari Member Nominated to the Executive Committee from the Council: Prof. P.S. Tiwari Editor: Prof. K. Kumaraswamy Assistant Editor: Dr. K. Balasubramani Authors, who wish to submit their manuscripts for publication in the Indian Geographical Journal, are most welcome to send them to the Editor only through e-mail: [email protected] Authors of the research articles in the journal are responsible for the views expressed in them and for obtaining permission for copyright materials. For details and downloads visit: www.igschennai.org | geography.unom.ac.in/igs Information to Authors The Indian Geographical Journal is published half-yearly in June and December by The Indian Geographical Society, Chennai. The peer reviewed journal invites manuscripts of original research on any geographical field providing information of importance to geography and related disciplines with an analytical approach. The manuscript should be submitted only through the Editor’s e-mail: [email protected] The manuscript should be strictly ordered as follows: Title page, author(s) name, affiliation, designation, e-mail ID and telephone number, abstract, keywords, text (Introduction, Study Area, Methodology, Results and Discussion, Conclusion), Acknowledgements, References, Tables and Figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Economy of Harappan Civilization 2. Domestication of Amimals
    Economy of Harappan Civilization 1. Agricultural and Animal husbandry The Harappans grew wheat and barley on a large scale. The other crops grown by them were pulses, cereals, cotton, dates, melons, pea, sesamum and mustard. No clear evidence of rice has been found, except from Rangpur and Lothal were some grains of rice were obtained. Harrapan people were mostly peasants and thus the Harappan civilization was an agro-commercial civilization. Evidences of hoe and plough have been found in Kalibangan and Banawali. 2. Domestication of Amimals Harrapans domesticated sheep, goat, buffalo and pig. They also knew about tiger, camel, elephant, tortoise, deer, various birds, etc. However, they didn’t know about lion. Humpless bull or unicorn was the most important animal for them. They didn’t know about horse, except a jaw bone of horse has been recovered from Surkotado in Gujarat in upper layers of excavation. The Harappans were the earliest people to produce cotton because cotton was first produced in this area. The Greeks called it sindon, which is derived from sindh. 3. Crafts The Harappan culture belongs to the Bronze Age, as the people were very well acquainted with the manufacture and use of bronze.They manufactured not only images and utensils but also various tools and weapons such as axes, saws, knives and spears. Weavers wore clothes of wool and cotton. Leather was also known to them but no evidence of silk has been found. Harappans used to make seals, stone statues, terracotto figurines, etc. Selas were the greatest artistic creation of India valley People. The structures made up of burnt bricks and mud bricks suggest that brick laying was an important craft.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxation and Investment in India 2018
    Taxation and Investment in India 2018 India Taxation and Investment 2018 1 Contents 1.0 Investment climate 1.1 Business environment 1.2 Currency 1.3 Banking and financing 1.4 Foreign investment 1.5 Tax incentives 1.6 Exchange controls 2.0 Setting up a business 2.1 Principal forms of business entity 2.2 Regulation of business 2.3 Accounting, filing and auditing requirements 3.0 Business taxation 3.1 Overview 3.2 Residence 3.3 Taxable income and rates 3.4 Capital gains taxation 3.5 Double taxation relief 3.6 Anti-avoidance rules 3.7 Administration 3.8 Other taxes on business 4.0 Withholding taxes 4.1 Dividends 4.2 Interest 4.3 Royalties 4.4 Branch remittance tax 4.5 Wage tax/social security contributions 4.6 Other 5.0 Indirect taxes 5.1 Goods and services tax 5.2 Capital tax 5.3 Real estate tax 5.4 Transfer tax 5.5 Stamp duty 5.6 Customs duties 5.7 Environmental taxes 5.8 Other taxes 6.0 Taxes on individuals 6.1 Residence 6.2 Taxable income and rates 6.3 Inheritance and gift tax 6.4 Real property tax 6.5 Social security contributions 6.7 Other taxes 6.8 Compliance 7.0 Labor environment 7.1 Employee rights and remuneration 7.2 Wages and benefits 7.3 Termination of employment 7.4 Labor-management relations 7.5 Employment of foreigners 8.0 Deloitte International Tax Source 9.0 Contact us 1.0 Investment climate 1.1 Business environment India is a federal republic, with 29 states and seven federally administered union territories; the country operates a multi-party parliamentary democracy system.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL FISHERIES POLICY, 2020 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. the Indian
    NATIONAL FISHERIES POLICY, 2020 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The Indian fisheries sector is set in a unique and diverse set of resources ranging from the pristine waters of the Himalayas to the sprawling Indian Ocean.The fisheries biodiversity of the country encompasses a wide spectrum of physical and biological components that support the livelihoods of millions of people. Fisheries resources are set in different ecosystems.With growing population and the increasing demand for fish protein, the need for sustainable development of aquatic resources is now felt much more than ever before. To meet the compelling demands and to ensure a growth trajectory that fulfils the requirements of today and leaves an equally better fishery for tomorrow, it is necessary to develop a sound National Fisheries Policy (NFP) framework, which is based on the cardinal principles of equity and equality and adopts a people centric and participatory approach; mainstreams gender,and maintains inter-generational equity. 1.2. The National Fisheries Policy 2020 would offer a strategized way forward to develop, harness, manage and regulate capture and culture fisheries in a responsible and sustainable manner. The Policy will ensure a productive integration with other economic sectors, such as agriculture,coastal area development and eco-tourism, to meet the goals of the ‘Blue Economy’.Whilecenter-state and inter- state cooperation, socio-economic up-liftmen and economic prosperity of fishers and fish farmers’ especially traditional and small-scale fisheries are at the core of the Policy. The Policy mirrors national aspirations and the developmental goals set before the nation. 2. BACKGROUND-FISHERIES SECTOR IN INDIA 2.1 Fisheries are an importantsourceoffood, nutrition, employment and income in India.
    [Show full text]
  • Doing Business Guide India
    Edition No. 1 January 2019 Doing Business Guide India This guide has been produced by the Morison KSi Indian member firms About This for the benefit of their clients and associate offices worldwide who are Guide interested in doing business in India. Its main purpose is to provide a broad overview of the various issues that should be considered by organisations when considering setting up business in India. The information provided cannot be exhaustive and – as underlying legislation and regulations are subject to frequent changes – we recommend anyone considering doing business in India or looking to India as an opportunity for expansion should seek professional advice before making any business or investment decision. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this guide, no responsibility is accepted for its accuracy or completeness. The information in this guide is up to date as at the edition date. For more information, please contact: SCV & Co. LLP Bhuta Shah & Co. LLP www.scvindia.com www.bhutashah.com Sachin Vasudeva Sneha Padhiar [email protected] [email protected] T: +91 11 26499111 T: +91 22 43439172 B-41 Lower Ground Floor 901/902 Regent Chambers Panchsheel Enclave Nariman Point New Delhi 110017 Mumbai 400 021 India India Disclaimer: Morison KSi is a global association of independent professional firms. Professional services are provided by individual member firms. Morison KSi does not provide professional services in its own right. No member firm has liability for the acts or omissions of any other member firm arising from its membership of Morison KSi.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridging Livelihoods and Forest Conservation in Protected Areas: Exploring the Role and Scope of Non-Timber Forest Products
    Bridging Livelihoods and Forest Conservation in Protected Areas: Exploring the role and scope of non-timber forest products Field experience from Satchari National Park, Habiganj, Bangladesh A dissertation paper submitted for the partial fulfillment of B.Sc. (Honors) in Forestry Submitted by Sharif Ahmed Mukul Registration no: 2001631031 Bridging Livelihoods and Forest Conservation in Protected Areas: Exploring the role and scope of non-timber forest products Field experience from Satchari National Park, Habiganj, Bangladesh Research Paper Prepared and Submitted by Sharif Ahmed Mukul Registration no. 2001631031 Department of Forestry School of Agriculture and Mineral Sciences Shahjalal University of Science and Technology May, 2007 ii Certification This is to certify that this paper entitled, ‘Bridging Livelihoods and Forest Conservation in Protected Areas: Exploring the role and scope for non-timber forest products’ is an original paper prepared by Registration no. 2001631031 (Session 2001- 02) based on his field study at Satchari National Park, Habiganj, Bangladesh for the partial fulfillment of his B.Sc. (Hons.) in Forestry degree at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh. He has completed the work under my supervision and I do hereby approve the style and contents of this paper. A.Z.M. Manzoor Rashid Assistant Professor Department of Forestry iii Declaration This is to declare that, it is an original paper prepared by myself based on my one year field investigations at Satchari National Park, Habiganj, Bangladesh; to submit as a requirement for the partial fulfillment of B. Sc. (Hons.) degree in the Department of Forestry at School of Agriculture and Mineral Sciences of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mirror (Vol-3) ISSN – 2348-9596
    The Mirror (Vol-3) ISSN – 2348-9596 1 The Mirror (Vol-3) ISSN – 2348-9596 Edited by Dr. Anjan Saikia Cinnamara College Publication 2 The Mirror (Vol-3) ISSN – 2348-9596 The Mirror Vol-III: A Bilingual Annual Journal of Department of History, Cinnamara College in collaboration with Assam State Archive, Guwahati, edited by Dr. Anjan Saikia, Principal, Cinnamara College, published by Cinnamara College Publication, Kavyakshetra, Cinnamara, Jorhat-8 (Assam). International Advisor Dr. Olivier Chiron Bordeaux III University, France Chief Advisor Dr. Arun Bandopadhyay Nurul Hassan Professor of History University of Calcutta, West Bengal Advisors Prof. Ananda Saikia Indrajit Kumar Barua Founder Principal President, Governing Body Cinnamara College Cinnamara College Dr. Om Prakash Dr. Girish Baruah School of Policy Sciences Ex-Professor, DKD College National Law University, Jodhpur Dergaon, Assam Dr. Daljit Singh Dr. Yogambar Singh Farswan Department of Punjab Historical Deparment of History & Archaeology Studies Punjabi University, Patiala H.N. Bahuguna Garhwal University Dr. Ramchandra Prasad Yadav Dr. Vasudev Badiger Associate Professor, Satyawati Professor, and Department of studies College University of Delhi in Ancient History & Archaeology Dr. Rupam Saikia, Director Kannada University, Karnataka College Development Council Dr. Rup Kumar Barman Dibrugarh University Professor, Department of History Dr. K. Mavali Rajan Jadavpur University, West Bengal Department of Ancient Indian Dr. Suresh Chand History Culture & Archeology Special Officer & Deputy Registrar copyrights Santiniketan Incharge-ISBN Agency Dr. Rahul Raj Ministry of Human Resource Development Department of Ancient Indian Government of India, New Delhi History Culture & Archaeology Dr. Devendra Kumar Singh Banaras Hindu University Department of History Dr. Uma Shanker Singh Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Department of History Madhya Pradesh Dyal Singh College Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • District Health Society Begusarai
    DISTRICT HEALTH ACTION PLAN 2012-2013 DISTRICT HEALTH SOCIETY BEGUSARAI-1- Foreword This District Health Action Plan (DHAP) is one of the key instruments to achieve NRHM goals. This plan is based on health needs of the district and recognizing the importance of Health in the process of economic and social development and improving the quality of life of our citizens, the Government of India has resolved to launch the National Rural Health Mission to carry out necessary architectural correction in the basic health care delivery system. After a thorough situation analysis of district health scenario this document has been prepared. In the plan, it is addressing health care needs of rural poor especially women and children, the teams have analyzed the coverage of poor women and children with preventive and primitive interventions, barriers in access to health care and spread of human resources catering health needs in the district. The focus has also been given on current availability of health care infrastructure in public/NGO/private sector, availability of wide range of providers. This DHAP has been evolved through a participatory and consultative process, wherein community and other stakeholders have participated and ascertained their specific health needs in villages, problems in accessing health services, especially poor women and children at local level. The goals of the Mission are to improve the availability of and access to quality health care by people, especially for those residing in rural areas, the poor, women and children. I need to congratulate the department of Health and Family Welfare and State Health Society of Bihar for their dynamic leadership of the health sector reform programme and we look forward to a rigorous and analytic documentation of their experiences so that we can learn from them and replicate successful strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Investment in Healthcare Legal, Regulatory and Tax Overview
    MUMBAI SILICON VALLEY BANGALOR E SINGAPORE MUMBAI BKC NEW DELHI MUNICH N E W Y ORK Investment in Healthcare Legal, Regulatory and Tax Overview May 2020 © Copyright 2020 Nishith Desai Associates www.nishithdesai.com Investment in Healthcare Legal, Regulatory and Tax Overview May 2020 [email protected] DMS Code - 563358,1 © Nishith Desai Associates 2020 Investment in Healthcare Legal, Regulatory and Tax Overview About NDA We are an India Centric Global law firm (www.nishithdesai.com) with four offices in India and the only law firm with license to practice Indian law from our Munich, Singapore, Palo Alto and New York offices. We are a firm of specialists and the go-to firm for companies that want to conduct business in India, navigate its complex business regulations and grow. Over 70% of our clients are foreign multinationals and over 84.5% are repeat clients. Our reputation is well regarded for handling complex high value transactions and cross border litigation; that prestige extends to engaging and mentoring the start-up community that we passionately support and encourage. We also enjoy global recognition for our research with an ability to anticipate and address challenges from a strategic, legal and tax perspective in an integrated way. In fact, the framework and standards for the Asset Management industry within India was pioneered by us in the early 1990s, and we continue to remain respected industry experts. We are a research based law firm and have just set up a first-of-its kind IOT-driven Blue Sky Thinking & Research Campus named Imaginarium AliGunjan (near Mumbai, India), dedicated to exploring the future of law & society.
    [Show full text]